Translation of The Story of Dawan

Dawan was discovered by Zhang Qian. Zhang Qian, a native of Hanzhong, was a Langguan in the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (140- 145). At this time, the son of heaven asked the surrendered Huns, saying that the Huns attacked and defeated the Moon King and used his skull as a wine vessel. The Vietnamese fled, so they often resented the Huns, but they had no friends to fight with them. At this time, the Han Dynasty was trying to attack the Huns. Hearing these words, it wants to send a special envoy to contact the Vietnamese. However, going to Yueshi had to pass through Xiongnu, so I recruited people who could do the task. Zhang Qian responded as Langguan, defected to Yueshi, and left Longxi with Ganfu, the former slave of Xiongnu from Tangyi. When passing through Xiongnu, he was caught by Xiongnu and turned to Khan. Khan kept Zhang Qian, saying, "Yueshi is in the north of us. How did the Han Dynasty send envoys? " ? If you want to send a special envoy to South Vietnam, can the Han Dynasty promise? "He detained Zhang Qian for more than ten years, married him and had children, but Zhang Qian kept Jeff, the special envoy of the Han Dynasty, and did not lose him. Zhang Qian stayed in the Huns, and the Huns gradually relaxed their care for him. Zhang Qian was able to escape to Renyue with his entourage, and ran to the west for dozens of days to reach Dayuan. Dawan heard that the Han Dynasty was rich and wanted to communicate with the Han Dynasty, but failed. Now I am very happy to see Zhang Qian, so I asked Zhang Qian, "Where do you want to go? Zhang Qian said, "I was sent to Yueshi to work for the Han Dynasty, but the Huns stopped me. Now that we have escaped from the Huns, I hope the King will send someone to lead the way and escort us to the Moon people. If we can really reach the Yue people, then we will return to the Han Dynasty, and the property given to the king by the Han Dynasty is unspeakable. "Dayuan thought Zhang Qian's words were true, so he set out for Zhang Qian and sent someone to be his guide and interpreter, so that he could reach a comfortable home. Kangju sent him to Da Yue again. At this time, King Yue had been killed by Xiongnu and made his prince king. The king conquered the summer and lived here. This place is rich and fertile, rarely invaded by the enemy, and has a comfortable and happy mood. I think I am far away from the Han Dynasty, and I have no intention of taking revenge on the Huns. Zhang Qian didn't get the clear attitude of Yueren to the attack of Huns in Han Dynasty from Yueren to Daxia. Zhang Qian lived in Yue for more than a year before returning to China. He marched along Nanshan and tried to return to Chang 'an from where the Qiang people lived, but he was caught by the Huns. After living in Xiongnu for more than a year, Khan died. The Xiongnu King Zuo Guli attacked the Prince for Khan, which led to chaos in the country. Zhang Qian took the opportunity to escape to the Han Dynasty with his wife and Tang Yi's father. In the Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian was made a doctor in Taizhong, and the father of Tang Yi was made a monarch. Zhang Qian is strong, broad-minded, honest and trustworthy, as savage as he is. Tang Yi's father is a Hun. He is good at archery. Whenever he is poor and dangerous, he shoots birds and animals for food. At first, Zhang Qian had more than 100 followers when he went to China. Thirteen years after leaving the Han Dynasty, only he and Gan Fu returned to the Han Dynasty. Zhang Qian visited Dayuan, Da Yue, Daxia and Kangju. It is said that there are five or six big countries next to these countries. He has been stating the situation to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and hundreds of thousands of soldiers are fighting with bows. It is close to a big flood, with no boundary and no coast. Probably the North Sea. Dayue's home is about two or three thousand miles north of Guishui and west of Dawan. It is summer in the south, rest in the west and comfortable residence in the north. This is a country where people don't live in one place. People migrate with the need of grazing, just like the custom of Xiongnu. There are also1200,000 soldiers fighting with bows. Once upon a time, when he was strong, he despised the Huns until he became Khan and defeated the Vietnamese. When the Huns were old enough to go to Khan, they killed the King of Yue and used his skull as a wine vessel. At the beginning, the Yue people lived between Dunhuang and Qilian. After being defeated by the Huns, most people left here far away, passed the Dawan, attacked Daxia to the west, defeated it, and made it surrender to the Yue people. So they made their capital in the north of Guishui and made it Wang Ting. The remaining small number of Vietnamese who can't leave, keep the place where Nanshan and Qiang people live, and are called people. Rest in peace about a thousand miles west of Da Yue. Their custom is to settle in one place, cultivate fields, grow rice and wheat and produce wine. Its town is like a big source. It governs hundreds of towns, and Fiona Fang is the largest country with thousands of miles of territory. There is a market near Guishui. People transport goods by cars and ships for business transactions, sometimes to nearby countries or thousands of miles away. They used silver as coins, and the coins were cast to look like the king's face. After the king died, they changed coins because they wanted to imitate the king's face. They draw horizontal lines on leather as words. It has a branch in the west and Chae Yeon and Li Xuan in the north. The branch is thousands of miles west of the rest, near the West Sea. It's hot and humid there. People farm fields and grow rice. There is a big bird whose eggs are as big as an urn. There are many people, and some places often have small princes, which are under the jurisdiction of rest services. Consider it a peripheral country. People who adjust the country are good at magic. The rest of the old people are said to have weak water and queen mother, but they have never seen them. Summer is in the south of Guishui, more than 2000 miles southwest of Dawan. Its custom is that people live in one place with towns and houses. It's the same as the custom in Dawan. There is no great monarch, but often every town has a little monarch. The army of this country is weak and afraid of war. People are good at business. When Dayue moved west, it defeated Daxia and ruled the whole Daxia. There are many people in summer, about one million. Its capital is called Blue City. There is a trade market here. Sell all kinds of goods. There is a drug country in the southeast in summer. Zhang Qian said, "I saw Joan's bamboo palm and Shu Bu in summer and asked them,' Where did you get these things?' People in Daxia said,' Our merchants bought it in the country where they were poisoned. The drug country is about thousands of miles southeast of Daxia. The custom there is that people live in the same place, which is almost the same as summer, but the terrain is low and humid and the weather is hot. Its people ride elephants to fight. There is one near the flood. I estimate that Daxia is twelve thousand miles away from the Han Dynasty, in the southwest of the Han Dynasty. The poison country is thousands of miles southeast of Daxia, and there are Shu County products, so it is not far from Shu County. Nowadays, if you go to the summer, if you pass through the Qiang people's residential area, the terrain is dangerous, and the Qiang people hate it; Go further north and you will be captured by the Huns. It should be a straight road from Shu, and there are no intruders. "The son of heaven heard that Dayuan, Daxia and Rest in Peace are big countries, producing many strange goods to live in, and the people settled in one place, which is quite similar to the life of the Han people, and their troops are weak and attach great importance to the property of the Han Dynasty. There are Yueshi, Kangju and other countries in the north. Their army is very strong, but they can be induced to worship Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty by giving gifts and benefits. Moreover, if we can really get them and make them belong to us morally, then we can expand the territory of Wan Li, attract people with different customs through translation, and spread the prestige and kindness of Emperor Wu throughout the world. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was happy and thought that Zhang Qian was right, so he ordered Zhang Qian to send a secret agent from Shu County and Qianwei County, and set out at the same time in four ways: all the way from Yan State, all the way from Ran State, all the way from immigrant country and all the way from Qiong State, which covered a thousand miles. As a result, the road to the north was blocked by Di and Ru, and the road to the south was blocked by Yi and Kunming. Countries like Kunming have no monarch, are good at robbing thieves, and often kill and rob envoys of the Han Dynasty, but the envoys of the Han Dynasty failed to pass after all. However, it is said that there is a country where people ride elephants more than 1000 miles west of Kunming, called Yunnan and Vietnam. Some merchants who smuggled goods from Shu County have been there, so the Han Dynasty began to communicate with Yunnan and Vietnam because they wanted to find a way to summer. At the beginning, the Han dynasty wanted to open the southwest, which wasted a lot of money and gave up without opening the road. It was not until Zhang Qian said that Southwest Yi could pass through the Great Summer that the Han Dynasty resumed opening up Southwest Yi. Zhang Qian, as a captain, followed the general Wei Qing to attack the Huns, because he knew where there were aquatic plants, so the army could not sleep, and the emperor made Zhang a prince. This happened in the sixth year of Yuan Shuo (BC 193). Now Khan has just been beaten very tired by the Han dynasty, and the place originally controlled by the evil king is unguarded. The barbarian custom is to covet the property of the Han Dynasty. If we can really give Wusun a rich fortune at this time and attract him to move eastward to live in a place controlled by the original evil king of Xiongnu, and become brothers with the Han family, according to the situation, Kunmo should be acceptable. If he accepts this arrangement, then it is to cut off the Huns' right arm. After the alliance with Wusun, countries such as Daxia in the west of Wusun can attract them to be foreign ministers. "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty thought that Zhang Qian was right, appointed him as a corps commander, led three hundred people, each with two horses, tens of thousands of cattle and sheep, and carried tens of millions of money and cloth; There are also some deputy envoys of Jeff, who will be sent to neighboring countries if the road can be opened. Zhang Qian has arrived in Wusun, and Wang Kunmo of Wusun received the envoys of the Han Dynasty. As with the courtesy of Huns Khan, Zhang Qian was ashamed. Knowing that barbarians are insatiable, he said, "If the emperor gives a gift, if you don't thank him, you will return it." Kunmo got up to thank humbly and accepted the gift, and other practices remained unchanged. Zhang Qian explained the purpose of his visit to Kunmo, saying, "If Wusun can move eastward to the hometown of the evil king of Xiongnu, then the Han Dynasty will send a vassal's daughter to marry Kunmo. "At this time, the kingdom of Wusun has been divided, and the king is old and far away from the Han Dynasty. I don't know its size. Originally, it belonged to Xiongnu for a long time and was close to Xiongnu. Ministers are afraid of Huns and don't want to move. The king can't decide alone. Zhang Qian therefore failed to get the clear attitude of King Wusun. Kun Mo has more than ten sons, one of whom is Dalu, who is tough and good at leading troops. He led more than ten thousand cavalry to live in another place. Dalu's brother is a prince, and the prince has a son named Cen Jia, and the prince has long since died. When he died, he said to his father, Kun Mo, "Be sure to marry Cen as the prince, and don't let others replace him. "Kunmo agreed to him sadly, and finally let Cen marry the prince. Dalu was angry that he couldn't take the place of the prince, so he gathered his brothers and led an army to rebel, plotting to attack Cenjia and Kunmo. When Kun Mo was old, he was often afraid of killing Cen by the road, so he gave Cen more than 10,000 cavalry and let them live in other places. Kunmo has more than 10,000 cavalry to defend himself. In this way, although Wu Sunguo was divided into three parts, it still belonged to Kun Mo on the whole, so Kun dared not discuss the matter with Zhang Qian alone. Zhang Qian sent envoys to Dawan, Kangju, Da Yue, Daxia, Rest in Peace, Tidu, Yutian, Xu Kun and other neighboring countries. Wu Sunguo sent a guide and an interpreter to send Zhang Qian back to China. Zhang Qian and Wu Guo Sun sent dozens of messengers with dozens of horses, and went back to thank the emperor of the Han Dynasty, by the way, let them peek at the situation of the Han Dynasty and understand the vastness of the Han Dynasty. Zhang Qian returned to Han, served as a big library, and was ranked as the Ninth Qing. More than a year later, he died. Wu Sun's emissary had seen that there were more people and more money in the Han Dynasty. When he went back to report to the king, Wu Sun paid more and more attention to the Han Dynasty. After more than a year, most of the envoys sent by Zhang Qian to communicate with countries such as Daxia returned to the Han Dynasty with people from the countries they went to. As a result, the northwest countries began to have contacts with the Han Dynasty. However, this exchange was initiated by Zhang Qian. Therefore, the envoys to the western countries in the future are all called Bo Wanghou, so as to win the trust of foreign countries, and foreign countries trust the envoys of the Han Dynasty. After the death of Zhang Qian, Duke of Wang Bo, Huns heard that the Han Dynasty had contacts with Wusun. They were very angry and wanted to attack Wu Sun. Wu Sun went to the Han Dynasty, from the south to Dawan and Da Yue, and envoys followed. Wu Sun was afraid and sent messengers to offer horses to the Han Dynasty, hoping to marry the daughter of the Han Dynasty vassal and become brothers with the Han Dynasty. When the son of heaven asked his ministers, they all said, "We must ask them to give the betrothal gift first, and then we can marry the daughter of Zhuangke. "At first, the son of heaven opened the Book of Changes for divination, and the book wrote:" God horse should come from the northwest. "After the son of heaven got Wu Sun's good horse, he named it" Tianma ". Dawan's blood horse became more and more powerful, so he named Wusun Ma Gaiming "Xiji" and renamed Dawan Horse "Tianma". At this time, the Han dynasty began to build the Great Wall Pavilion barrier to the west of the mausoleum, and initially set up Jiuquan County to communicate with the northwest countries. So he sent messengers to rest and chose the poisonous country of Cai, Yi and Heng. However, the emperors of the Han Dynasty liked horses in Dawan, so there was an endless stream of envoys to Dawan. There are hundreds of diplomatic envoys in each group, and there are at least one hundred. Everyone brings about the same things as Prince Bo. Since then, missionary work has become a common practice. The number of people sent is reduced. There are more than a dozen groups of envoys sent by the Han Dynasty every year, and there are five or six groups when there are few. Far away, the emissary will come back in 1989, and near, he will come back in a few years. At this time, the Han Dynasty had already perished in South Vietnam, and Sichuan and southwest countries were shocked and asked the Han Dynasty to set up officials for them and visit the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. So the Han Dynasty set up Yizhou, (xρ,), Zhang (zāng, dirty), Ke, Shenli, Wenshan and other counties to move to summer. So within a year, the Han Dynasty sent more than ten groups of envoys from these newly established counties, including Bai Shichang and Lu, to Daxia, but they were stopped by Kunming, the envoys were killed, the money and things were robbed, and finally they failed to reach Daxia. So the Han dynasty sent three auxiliary sinners, plus tens of thousands of soldiers from Bashu, two generals, Pai and Wei Guang, to attack those who blocked the messengers of the Han dynasty in Kunming, killing tens of thousands of prisoners and leaving one after another. Later, the Han Dynasty sent an envoy to Kunming to rob and kill, and finally failed to communicate with the Great Xia. On the way to the north via Jiuquan for summer vacation, there have been many messengers, and foreigners are more satisfied with the cloth and property of the Han Dynasty and no longer feel precious about these things. Because the prince of Bo gained the respect of the officials and nobles for opening up the road to the outside world, officials and foot soldiers who followed him later rushed to write books, stating exotic things, strange things and foreign interests, and asked to act as ambassadors. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty thought that foreign countries were far away and not everyone wanted to go, so he accepted their request and gave it to Jeff, recruiting officials and people regardless of their origins, staffing them and sending them to preach, so as to expand the road of communication with foreign countries. Those who come back from missionary work can't help embezzling cloth, silk and property, and things that deviate from the emperor's meaning. The emperor thought that they were familiar with the work of the Western Regions and emissaries, and often delved into their crimes, so as to provoke them, make them pay the price of atonement, and ask them to act as emissaries again. Since then, mission events have emerged one after another, and they easily broke the law. Those officials and foot soldiers often praise foreign things repeatedly. Those who talk big are awarded Jeff as ambassador, while those who talk big are appointed as messengers, so those who talk nonsense and have no virtue compete to follow them. Those emissaries are all children of the poor. They take the gifts given by the government to the western countries as their own, and want to sell them at a low price for personal gain in foreign countries. Foreign countries also hate that everything the envoys of the Han Dynasty said was untrue. They estimated that the army of the Han Dynasty was too far away to reach it, so they cut off their food and made the envoys of the Han Dynasty suffer. The envoys of the Han Dynasty lived in poverty and were cut off from supplies. As a result, they have deep grievances against the countries in the western regions and even attacked each other. Loulan and Gushi are both small countries, and they are located in the traffic arteries, so the blow to Wang Hui, the messenger of the Han Dynasty, is particularly severe. Xiongnu's assault troops also stopped attacking the envoys sent by the Han Dynasty to western countries from time to time. The messengers scrambled to explain the harm of foreign countries. Although all countries have towns, they are weak and vulnerable to attack. So the Emperor sent Prince Zhao Ponu to lead tens of thousands of cavalry and soldiers from all counties to the Hungarian River to attack the Xiongnu, and the Xiongnu all left. In the second year, when Gu was attacked, Zhao Ponu and more than 700 hussars arrived first, and captured King Loulan and Gu alive. Besiege Wusun, Dawan and other countries with victorious military power. After returning to the Han Dynasty, Zhao Ponu was named Zhuo Yehou. Wang Hui went to preach many times, and Loulan got into a dilemma. He told the son of heaven about it, and the son of heaven sent his troops and ordered Wang Hui to help Zhao Ponu defeat the enemy, so he made Wang Hui a good candidate. So pavilions were built in the Han Dynasty from Jiuquan to Yumenguan. King Wusun hired a thousand horses to marry a girl from the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty sent the daughter of Liu Jian, the royal Jiangdu king, to marry Wusun, and Kunmo, the king of Wusun, married her. Xiongnu also sent the princess to marry Kunmo, who took her as his left wife. "I am old," Cuomo said. He ordered his grandson Cen to marry the princess. Wusun is rich in horses, but those rich people have as many as four or five thousand horses. At first, the envoys of the Han dynasty went to rest, and the king of rest ordered the people concerned to lead 20 thousand cavalry to meet the enemy on the eastern border. The eastern border is thousands of miles from the king. When you get to the king, you have to pass through dozens of towns, where there are a sea of people and a very large population. When the envoys of the Han Dynasty returned, they sent envoys to observe the vastness of the Han Dynasty with them, and presented the big birds' eggs and their jugglers to the Han Dynasty. As for the small countries west of Dawan, such as huā, Huan, Dayi, Guggenheim, Suzhou and so on. To the east of Dawan, all the envoys of the Han Dynasty came to pay tribute and visit the son of heaven. The son of heaven is very happy. The envoys of the Han Dynasty tried their best to explore the source of the Yellow River, which originated in Yan State, where the mountains were rich in jade, and the envoys collected these jade. According to the textual research of ancient books, the emperor named the mountain where the Yellow River originated as Kunlun Mountain. At this time, the son of heaven was visiting the seaside many times, and every time he asked foreign guests to follow him, and all the crowded towns had to pass by. And give them money and prepare rich gifts for them to show the wealth of the Han Dynasty. So he engaged in corner activities on a large scale, performed grotesque dramas and exhibited many monsters, which attracted many people to watch. The emperor rewarded them with gathering wine into a pool and hanging meat into a forest, and let foreign guests visit the materials stored in warehouses all over the country to show the vastness of the Han Dynasty and make them stunned. After adding magic skills, the horn and the strange play have new tricks every year, and these skills are getting more and more prosperous, which is when they began. Foreign emissaries in the western regions have been constantly changing. The envoys of the countries west of Dawan thought they were arrogant and comfortable, and the Han Dynasty could not restrain them with courtesy to make them obey Hou's orders. From the west of Wusun to the rest of the countries, because they were close to the Huns, the Huns gave Ren Yue trouble, so the Xiongnu messengers took Khan's letters, and these countries took turns to provide them with food, not daring to stop them from suffering. As for the arrival of envoys in the Han Dynasty, there was no food and drink without taking out cloth and goods, and there was no mount without buying livestock. So this happened because the Han Dynasty was far away. In the Han dynasty, people had money and things, so they had to buy things to get what they wanted, but it was also because they were more afraid of Hun emissaries than Han emissaries. Countries around Dawan use grapes to make wine, and the rich have more than 10,000 stones of wine, which will not be bad for decades. The local custom is especially fond of drinking, and horses like alfalfa. The messengers of the Han Dynasty retrieved the seeds of grapes and alfalfa, so the emperor began to plant grapes and alfalfa on fertile land. There are more heavenly horses and more foreign emissaries. Grapes and alfalfa were planted next to the palace garden in the Han Dynasty, and there is no end in sight. From Dawanxi to rest in peace, countries have different languages, but their customs are roughly the same and they can understand each other. People there have deep eyes and thick beards, are good at doing business, and even argue over a penny. Local customs respect women, women speak, and husbands resolutely obey and dare not violate them. There is no silk and pigment everywhere, and I don't know how to cast money and utensils. When the deserters of the messengers of the Han Dynasty surrendered to them, they were taught to cast weapons and artifacts. They got gold and silver from the Han Dynasty and used them to make utensils, not coins. The number of envoys to the Western Regions in the Han Dynasty gradually increased. Most of the envoys who followed him since childhood reported their familiar situation to the emperor and said, "There are good horses in Dawan. In Ershi, they hid it and refused to give it to the envoys of the Han Dynasty. "The son of heaven has long liked the horses in Dawan. Hearing this news, his heart is full of sweetness. He sent a strong man conductor and others to the twentieth city to ask King Dawan for a good horse, with his daughter and golden horse. There are many things from the Han Dynasty in Dawan country. Wang Wan and his ministers discussed with each other and said, "The Han Dynasty was far away from us, but many people died in our country after Yanze. If it comes from the north and is invaded by Huns, it lacks aquatic plants in the south. And there are often no towns, and the diet is very scarce. Hundreds of envoys from the Han Dynasty came to each batch, and often more than half of them died because of lack of food. How can we send troops under such circumstances? They are helpless to us. The horse of the Second Division is the BMW of Dawan. "He refused to give it to the Han Dynasty messenger. The messenger of the Han Dynasty was furious and casually threatened to smash the golden horse and leave. The aristocratic officials in Dawan were very angry and said, "The envoys of the Han Dynasty look down on us too much!" He drove away the envoys of the Han Dynasty, ordered Yu in the East to stop, killed the envoys of the Han Dynasty and robbed them of their property. So the son of heaven was furious. Those who sent envoys to Dawan, such as Yao, all said that Dawan was weak. If we can really lead a Han army with less than 3,000 people and shoot them with strong bows and crossbows, we can capture all their troops alive and defeat Dawan. Because the son of heaven once sent Long Ye Hou to attack Loulan, he led 700 cavalry to capture Loulan and captured the king of Loulan, so the son of heaven thought that Yao was right and wanted his favorite Li Fujia to be appointed as the general of the second division, so the son of heaven appointed his younger brother Li Guangli to dispatch 6,000 cavalry belonging to the country and tens of thousands of unruly teenagers from various counties and countries to crusade against Dayuan. The purpose is to get a good horse back from Ercheng, so it is called "General Ercheng". It turns out that in the army, Hao is the commander of the army, not a captain, and he is in charge of military affairs. This year was the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 104). At this time, the plague of locusts in Kanto was serious, and locusts flew to Dunhuang in the west. The army of the General of the Second Division has passed the salt marshes in the west, and all the small countries passing by are afraid, and each sticks to the castle and refuses to provide food for the Han army. The Han army attacked the city and could not attack it. You can only get food if you capture the lower city. If you can't attack it, you must leave there in a few days. When the Han army arrived in Yucheng, the soldiers caught up with thousands of people, all hungry and tired. They attacked Yucheng, Yucheng defeated them, and the Han army suffered many casualties. I consulted with Li Duo and Zhao Shicheng and said, "If you can't attack Yucheng, let alone take its capital?" So he led the troops back, and two years passed. When they retreated to Dunhuang, only one-tenth of the soldiers were left. They sent messengers to report to the Emperor: "It's a long way, and food is often scarce. The foot soldiers are not afraid of fighting, but only worried about starvation. A few people are enough to capture Dawan alive. I hope to retreat temporarily. Send more troops to crusade in the future. "The son of heaven was furious after hearing this, and sent messengers to stop them at Yumenguan, saying that whoever dared to enter Yumenguan in the army would be beheaded. The general of the second division was afraid and stayed in Dunhuang.