Lesson 65438 +00-22, the first semester history notes of senior one, urgent! ! (People's Education Edition) If you write well, you will get extra points.

In BC 1 year and BC 22 1 year, Ying Zheng, the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, destroyed the Six Kingdoms and established the first unified centralized feudal dynasty in China history-Qin Dynasty, ending the separatist situation in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

2. The measures to consolidate reunification (strengthen centralization) in the Qin Dynasty were political: the emperor was the supreme ruler, commanding the national military and political power; Establish a system of "three publics and nine ministers" in the central government. Prime Minister Qiu and imperial envoys (three officials) are in charge of administration, military affairs and supervision respectively; The local county system is implemented, and the main officials are directly appointed and removed by the emperor. Function: It marks the formal establishment of China's autocratic centralization, which was used by later feudal dynasties. Economically: unified measurement, the currency used in the whole country is round square hole (half a copper) money; Culturally, "the same script": The Qin Dynasty stipulated that the national standard script was Xiao Zhuan, and later promoted official script. The unification of writing, currency and weights and measures facilitates the development of economy and culture and promotes the development (function) of a unified country. Ideologically, strengthening ideological control and accepting Li Si's suggestion of burying Confucian scholars (especially Confucian scholars who denigrate Qin politics and books except Qin history, medical skills, divination and planting) have caused serious damage (influence) to China ancient culture. Militarily, "cars are on the same track", and the width of two wheels of a unified vehicle is 6 feet, which is a long road. General Meng Tian was ordered to attack the Huns in the north and build the Great Wall. Qin Changcheng started from Lintao in the west and Liaodong in the east (role: reduce wars, make all ethnic groups live in peace and protect the economic and cultural development of the Yellow River basin. ); Set up South Vietnam, enter Lingnan, and set up Nanhai, Guilin and Xiangxiang. Dig a canal to connect Hunan with Lishui, and connect the Yangtze River with the Pearl River. The territory of the Qin Dynasty: the sea in the east, southwest Gansu and northern Yunnan in the west, the South China Sea and northern Vietnam in the south, and the Great Wall in the north.

3. Reasons for the demise of the Qin Dynasty: Due to the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty, the corvee was heavy (repairing the Great Wall, repairing the equator, operating Lingnan, building palaces, building tombs, etc.). ), heavy taxes (accounting for two-thirds of farmers' income) and harsh criminal laws (family punishment, sitting together, etc.). Allusion: A deer is a horse (related to Qin Ershi and Zhao Gao). Time of Peasant Uprising at the End of Qin Dynasty: 209 BC Leader: Chen Sheng, Guangwu Uprising Location: osawa Township Slogan: "It is better to have seeds than princes." This was the first large-scale peasant uprising in the history of China, and its revolutionary pioneer spirit inspired the working people of later generations to resist the brutal rule. Allusions: "Cutting firewood for soldiers, uncovering poles for flags", "Fish belly painting" and "Foxes singing over bonfires". In 206 BC, the Qin Dynasty fell.

4. The background of the Chu-Han dispute: In 207 BC, Xiang Yu crossed the rubicon in Julu, and defeated Qin Jun with less. Time: 206 BC-202 BC Characters: Liu Bang and Xiang Yu's allusion: "Xiang Zhuang's sword dance is intended to pay tribute to the public", which means that Xiang Yu set up a "Hongmen banquet" to harm Liu Bang.

Establishment of the Western Han Dynasty: Time: 202 BC, Character: Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu) established the Western Han Dynasty, with its capital in Chang 'an.

In the early years of Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu practiced the policy of recuperation. Wendi and Jingdi continued to pursue the policy of recuperation, attached importance to the development of agriculture, reduced penalties, advocated thrift, maintained social stability, and developed rapidly, forming a situation in which Wendi and Jingdi were in power. The implementation of the recuperation policy promoted the economic recovery and development of the Western Han Dynasty and laid the foundation for its prosperity.

6. Reform of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: Background: In order to strengthen centralization (the purpose of reform) and realize effective rule over national politics and ideology (unification), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion and implemented unification. The main contents of the reform are: cutting off the relative power (dividing the internal and external dynasties) and strengthening the imperial power; Reduce imperial power (accept Zhu's suggestion to implement promotion decree) and strengthen centralization; Strengthen the supervision power of the central government (set up a secretariat) and strengthen the economic power of the central government (casting five baht). Economically, he accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting hundreds of schools and respecting Confucianism alone" and set up imperial academy (the highest institution of learning in ancient China) with the Five Classics of Confucianism as the main teaching material (influence: Confucianism has since become the political guiding ideology of China in past dynasties, which has a positive effect on spreading Confucian culture and improving the quality of bureaucrats); Militarily; Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent north to attack Hungary. Running to the frontier: During the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions. The first time was in BC 139, with the purpose of contacting Da Yue to attack the Huns. The second purpose is to unite Wusun to attack Xiongnu and strengthen economic and cultural exchanges with all ethnic groups in the western regions. In 60 BC, Xuan Di, the emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, changed the captain of the envoy to the commander-in-chief of the western regions, which became the beginning of Xinjiang's formal ownership by the central government. In the south, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up Huiji County and Nanhai Nine Counties. There are also counties in the southwest (now Yunguichuan). Function: improving ethnic relations and promoting economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups have played a positive role in laying a national territory and consolidating and developing a unified multi-ethnic country.

8. In AD 25, Liu Xiu established the Eastern Han Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital. When Liu Xiu was in power, the political situation was more stable, the economic situation improved obviously, and the national strength became stronger and stronger, which was called "Guangxu Zhongxing" in history.

9. The sowing tool in the Western Han Dynasty was a rickshaw; In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Du Fu-shi invented the water raft and used hydraulic blast to smelt iron, which was 1000 years earlier than that in Europe.

10. At the end of Qin Dynasty, Mao Dunhan, the leader of Xiongnu, established a unified military regime of slavery in Mongolian grassland, realizing the great unification of nomadic people in northern China for the first time.

In BC 1 1 and BC 1 19, Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty sent Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to attack the Huns in the north.

12. During the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Han Yuan married Wang Qiang (Wang Zhaojun) to Uhaanyehe, the leader of Xiongnu, which strengthened the relationship between China and Hungary and made great contributions to their friendly coexistence and economic and cultural exchanges.

13 in 73 ad, the government of the eastern Han dynasty sent Ban Chao to the western regions, and Ban Chao operated in the western regions for 30 years, helping all ethnic groups in the western regions get rid of the slavery of the Huns and restoring and strengthening the ties between the western regions and the mainland.

14. The famous Silk Road in history runs from Chang 'an to the west, passes through Hexi Corridor in Gansu and today's Xinjiang, and reaches as far as Central Asia, South Asia and West Asia, as well as countries on the east coast of the Mediterranean, southern Europe and North Africa. Zhang Qian, the envoy of the Western Regions, made the greatest contribution to the opening of the Silk Road.

15 is a classic of Zhou Kuai Suan in the Western Han Dynasty, and Jiu Zhang Arithmetic in the Eastern Han Dynasty is a famous mathematical work, which has had a considerable influence on the development of ancient mathematics in the world.

16. The famous doctors in the Eastern Han Dynasty were Zhang Zhongjing and Hua Tuo. Zhang Zhongjing's medical masterpiece Treatise on Febrile Diseases was regarded as a medical classic by later generations, and Zhang Zhongjing was honored as a "medical sage". Hua Tuo invented the anesthetic "Mafeisan". He was the first doctor in the world to operate under general anesthesia, and was called the originator of surgery by the later Buddha. He also made up a set of "Five Birds Play" for physical exercise.

17. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun improved papermaking, which played an inestimable role in the spread and development of human culture. Zhang Heng invented a seismograph which can measure earthquakes.

18. Buddhism originated in ancient India and was introduced to the Central Plains of China in the late Western Han Dynasty. Taoism was a religion that rose in China during the Eastern Han Dynasty, and one of its founders was Zhang Ling. Wang Chong wrote Lun Heng, pointing out that there are no ghosts and gods in the world.

19 The Historical Records written by Sima Qian, an outstanding historian in the Western Han Dynasty, is an immortal historical masterpiece and an excellent literary work, which records the history of more than 3,000 years from the Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Historical Records is China's first biographical general history, and it is praised by Lu Xun as "a historian's swan song, and Li Sao has no rhyme".

20. Silk paintings unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha are ancient art treasures of China. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum are the largest art treasures unearthed in the world so far, and they are outstanding representatives of sculpture art in Qin and Han Dynasties.

Three Kingdoms, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties

2 1, Cao Cao's battle to unify the north with fewer victories was the battle of Guandu. In 208, Cao Cao led a great army to the south and fought a decisive battle with the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei in Chibi. He was defeated and returned to China, known as Battle of Red Cliffs in history. This battle laid the foundation for the formation of the Three Kingdoms.

In 22 and 220, Cao Pi established the State of Wei, with Luoyang as its capital; 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor and founded his country in Chengdu, known as Shu Han in history; In 222, Sun Quan became king, with the title of Wu and the capital of Jianye. Formed a tripartite confrontation between the three countries. (Memorize the positions and capitals of Wei, Shu and Wu in the situation map of the Three Kingdoms)

During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu, was a famous politician.

In 25 and 230, Sun Quan sent Wei Wen to lead a fleet of 10,000 people to Yizhou (now Taiwan Province Province), which strengthened the ties between Yizhou and the mainland.

In 26 and 266, Sima Yan established the Western Jin Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital; In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty unified the whole country, ending the split situation since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In 3 16, Liu Yuan, the leader of Xiongnu, led his troops into Luoyang, and the Western Jin Dynasty perished.

In 27.3 17, Si Marui established the Eastern Jin Dynasty, with its capital in Jiankang; In 383, former Qin Fu Jian led an army to attack the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the battle of Feishui, the Eastern Jin army defeated the former Qin army with fewer troops, and the allusion related to this war is that there is no wind, no trees, and it is beyond reach.

28. The four regimes in the Southern Dynasties were Song, Qi, Liang and Chen in turn, and their capitals were all in Jiankang.

29. During the Southern Dynasties, Yangzhou and Jingzhou were the areas with the largest production of silk products in the south of the Yangtze River, and important commercial cities such as Jiankang and Jiangling appeared. Panyu (now Guangzhou) became an overseas trade center.

30. During the Eastern Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties, a large number of northern ethnic minorities moved southward, which promoted the economic development in the south of the Yangtze River. The vast majority of mountain Vietnamese in Wu moved from the mountainous areas to the plains to develop Jiangnan with the Han people. Agriculture has developed, but it is still not as good as the north. The main ethnic minorities are Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di and Qiang (5).

3 1. The five regimes of the Northern Dynasties were Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Zhou.

32. The Eastern Han Dynasty, the Cao Wei Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty and the Northern Wei Dynasty were all based in Luoyang.

33. During the Southern Dynasties, Zu Chongzhi, an outstanding mathematician in ancient China, was the first scientist in the world to accurately calculate the value of pi to seven decimal places, which was 1 100 years earlier than Europe. His book is being written.

34. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Jia Sixie, a famous agronomist in ancient China, wrote The Book of Qi Yao Min, which is the earliest and most complete agricultural work in China.

35. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, Li Daoyuan, an outstanding geographer in ancient China, wrote a comprehensive geography book-Notes on Water Mirrors.

36. China calligraphy has gradually become a specialized art since the Eastern Han Dynasty: Zhong You founded regular script in Cao Wei; Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was honored as a "book saint", and his masterpiece was Preface to Lanting, which was known as "the best running book in the world".

37. The representative works of Gu Kaizhi, a painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, include The Picture of Female History and The Picture of Luoshen.

38. Grotto art is an outstanding representative of sculpture art. Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes were the most successful grottoes in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.