A brief history of nursing development in traditional Chinese medicine (chronological induction)

Traditional Chinese medicine nursing has a long history as a traditional Chinese medicine. Since the emergence of human beings and diseases, there has been medical care and nursing, and medical care is homologous. For the convenience of narration, the development history of TCM nursing is divided into seven periods.

germination period

About 6.5438+0.7 million years ago, our ancestors gradually accumulated a lot of nursing knowledge in the struggle against diseases in order to live and survive. For example, the ruins of houses with gates excavated from Xi 'an banpo village show that the ancients knew how to build houses to avoid storms and wildlife. Making clothes from animal skins and barks can protect people from cold and evil spirits. After the clan commune, with the struggle between tribes, when injured, the external care method of covering the wound with mud, leaves and grass stems was adopted. After settling down, through long-term observation and experiment of animals and plants, I realized more animals and plants and drugs and used them for patients. Historical Records records the example of Shennong tasting a hundred herbs.

The basic formation period of nursing science

In Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, with the development of social productivity and culture, nursing also developed accordingly. For example, the word "Mu" recorded in Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed from Wang Yin's tomb in Anyang, Henan Province, is very similar to people taking a bath in a basin, indicating that people had the hygienic habit of taking a bath regularly at that time.

In the Zhou Dynasty, people already knew how to dig wells and take care of their diet. For example, it is recorded in Zuo Zhuan that "the soil is thick and deep, so it is not ill to live in it" and "the soil is thin and the water is shallow ... and its evil is easy to die", which shows the relationship between living conditions such as water and soil and human health. And began to carry out activities such as rodent control, pest control and environmental sanitation improvement.

In the Spring and Autumn Period, people have understood the relationship between climate change and diseases in the four seasons. For example, Zhou Li recorded that the onset of the four seasons is the first: "The onset of the four seasons is the first, the itch and scabies in summer, the malaria cold in autumn, and the cough in winter", indicating that the climate change in the four seasons affects people's health, and the climate disorder leads to the epidemic of diseases. It reminds people to pay attention to meteorology and daily life, adapt to the four seasons climate and avoid the occurrence of diseases.

There is a saying in Zhou Ji Tian Guan: "People's diseases are treated separately, and all books are treated when they die." It shows that the treatment and nursing of different disciplines have been started at that time, and the recording system of medical documents such as treatment and writing death reports has been established.

Another sign of the basic formation of nursing in this period is that nursing and treating patients no longer resort to witchcraft divination, but judge the quality of diseases through objective examination and observation. For example, Zhouji records that five tones (horn, sign, palace, business and feather), five tones (shout, laugh, sing, cry and groan) and five colors (blue, purple, blue, white and black) are used to judge the quality of a disease. This is based on the theory that the five tones and five colors of traditional Chinese medicine are combined with the five internal organs of liver, heart, spleen, lung and kidney, and the pathological changes and good or bad luck of the five internal organs can be inferred by observing the sound and complexion. At the same time, with the development of culture, the knowledge of acupuncture and medicine has also been developed, thus expanding the ways and methods of drug administration.

The establishment period of theoretical system

During the Warring States period, seven countries competed for hegemony, a new feudal system was established, and a situation of "a hundred schools of thought contend" appeared in the ideological and cultural field.

Huangdi Neijing, the earliest monograph of medical theory in China, systematically summarized the achievements of ancient medicine and nursing experience, comprehensively expounded the physiological and pathological changes of human body and the diagnosis, treatment and nursing of diseases by using simple materialism and dialectics at that time, and initially laid the theoretical foundation of TCM nursing. The nursing content of Huangdi Neijing is very rich, which not only puts forward the principle of active nursing, but also puts forward the principles of "heat due to cold", "cold due to heat", "cold due to cold", "general cause" and "plug the inside with the inside", and also puts forward the principle of anti-nursing in TCM observation of patients.

Zhang Zhongjing inherited the nursing essence of Huangdi Neijing and other ancient medical books, and established the principles of clinical nursing and dialectical nursing in combination with practice. For example, based on the syndrome differentiation of six meridians and viscera, the dialectical nursing principles including principle, method, prescription, medicine and nursing are put forward. Treatise on Febrile Diseases contains not only medication care such as pills, powders, ointments and pills, but also topical medication care such as washing, bathing, smoking, ear drops and blowing your nose. His eight nursing methods of sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, harmony, warming, clearing, tonifying and eliminating are also important components of dialectical nursing. The dialectical nursing principle founded by Zhang Zhongjing laid the foundation for the development of TCM nursing in later generations.

In addition, Bian Que and Hua Tuo, famous doctors in the Three Kingdoms period, also made great contributions to the establishment of nursing theory system. For example, Hua Tuo's "Five Animals Play" created by imitating the postures of five animals, such as tiger, deer, bear, ape and bird, is still widely used in nursing practice.

Deep development period

From the Jin Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, with the prosperity of social economy, TCM nursing also developed in depth.

The book "Pulse Classics" written by Wang Shuhe in Jin Dynasty deeply expounds the theory of pulse science, integrates pulse, syndrome and nursing, and divides pulse conditions into 28 kinds, which provides a reliable basis for nursing observation of traditional Chinese medicine.

The book "Treatise on Diseases" written by Chao in Sui Dynasty has a quite in-depth description of the etiology, pathology, treatment and nursing of various diseases and diseases. For example, it is mentioned in Lacquer Ulcer that "people are naturally afraid of lacquer, but they are poisonous when they see it ...". It shows that the relationship between disease and allergic constitution was recognized at that time, which opened the way for later generations to put forward * * * allergy and allergy test.

Sun Simiao's masterpiece Qian Jin Fang recorded the prosperity of medicine in Jin and Tang Dynasties. This book is not only a masterpiece of medicine, but also a classic of nursing. There are exquisite nursing arts and rich contents in the book. He attached great importance to medical ethics and emphasized prevention before illness. The article "Avoiding Epidemic" records the prescriptions of well water disinfection and air disinfection, and pioneered the method of catheterization with onion tube, and recorded the disinfection technology, wound incision and drainage, dressing change and other nursing operations in detail.

high-tide period

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, with the invention of printing and the rise of paper industry, it provided favorable conditions for the spread and development of traditional Chinese medicine. Due to frequent wars and epidemic diseases in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the academic research of various physicians was objectively promoted, and four great physicians emerged in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. With the division of medicine, nursing has also developed from depth to climax, which is mainly reflected in the division of nursing.

Internal medicine: dialectical nursing of internal medicine in Song and Yuan Dynasties was particularly prominent. For example, the first aid, switch and prevention of stroke are recorded in detail in the monograph "Various Winds" in the "Records of the Holy Sites". In Song Dynasty, Aring Zhang's Ji Feng Pu Ji Fang classified edema into many types according to the characteristics of the initial position of edema, and gave corresponding nursing care according to different types. Zhu Danxi's Theory of Gezhi Language also recorded a patient with blood stasis and phlegm, and emphasized the importance of emotional nursing through the example of careful nursing first and then curing with drugs.

Surgery: Due to frequent song and yuan war, trauma nursing has developed rapidly. For example, attach importance to the relationship between part and whole in pathology; Pay attention to strengthening the body resistance and eliminating pathogens in nursing; The combination of internal treatment and external treatment is emphasized in treatment. For example, Li Xun's "Ji Yan Bei Fang" and Wei Yilin's "Eleventh Dexiao Fang" systematically discuss the syndrome differentiation, nursing and medication of surgical diseases.

Gynecology and Pediatrics: Gynecology and obstetrics nursing accumulated rich experience in Song Dynasty, such as Yang Zijian's Ten Childbirth Theory, which recorded in detail various dystocia and midwifery methods such as horizontal delivery, obstructed delivery and reverse delivery. Chen's book "Women's Good Prescription" discusses in detail the common gynecological diseases and the nursing during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum. Qian Yi's book "Prescriptions for Pediatric Medicine" has unique views on the physiological and pathological characteristics of children and the dialectical nursing of common diseases. Liu Yun's New Book for Children pays attention to and cares for children's digestive system diseases, and the method of preventing children's umbilical cord wind by burning umbilical cord is the first in the world.

The new trend period of development

After the climax of nursing in Song and Yuan Dynasties, there was a new development trend of TCM nursing in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The appearance of Li Jinzhen's Compendium of Materia Medica, the appearance of Zhao Xuemin's Compendium of Materia Medica and other works, the popularization of human pox inoculation method, and the development of febrile diseases and nursing all strongly illustrate this point.

Li Shizhen is a famous pharmacist. He can not only cure and cure drugs, but also protect them. In his book Compendium of Materia Medica, he recorded the nursing experience before16th century in detail, which provided an important theoretical basis for future generations to study nursing such as diet and medication.

Ye, an epidemiologist in Epidemic Febrile Diseases, pioneered the nursing method of probing the tongue and teeth to distinguish the gray spots. At the same time, it puts forward the development path and propagation law of exogenous fever, that is, "warming evil, attacking lung first and spreading pericardium backwards", and taking the four development stages of health and qi and blood as the program of dialectical nursing, which is a great achievement in the history of nursing development in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Ye's emphasis on senile diseases is: "take care of yourself, keep warm, take care of yourself, especially before taking bait" and avoid "sprinkling meat with thick taste" and other protective knowledge.

In terms of nursing technology, Hu's steam disinfection method "where the clothes of the first patient are steamed on a steamer, the family members will not be dirty". By the Qing Dynasty, the physical cooling method of oral care for warm patients was known.

In terms of health care, Prevention of Disease by Xiang Qian in Qing Dynasty is the earliest health care monograph in China. "The Song of the Tenth Birthday" is a popular folk song, which expresses the experience of ten centenarians in prolonging life, preventing diseases and resisting aging, and is the common sense of health care with China color.

From medical care to the formation of TCM nursing professional team

Traditional Chinese medicine nursing developed to maturity in the Qing Dynasty, but due to the limitation of historical conditions, it was in a state of separation of medical care and nursing for a long time, which made it impossible for Chinese medicine to form a special nursing team.

After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), with the vigorous development of Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine nursing has made great progress. Mainly manifested in:

1, and initially trained a professional team of traditional Chinese medicine nursing.

At present, in more than 2 100 medical institutions of traditional Chinese medicine in China, there are more than 60,000 technicians above nurses engaged in lucky relationships. Noon? ⒄: I was lucky to lose my job, but I don't know what to do. Throw a crab book? Hey? Zhong xinghuan? Park Shin-yi? Highlight? What's the best way to do it? br & gt

2. Clinical nursing of traditional Chinese medicine has gradually developed.

Through decades of practice, clinical nursing of traditional Chinese medicine has summed up a set of dialectical nursing methods and operation techniques with Chinese medicine characteristics from theory to clinic.

3. TCM nursing education and on-the-job education have begun to take shape.

Since 1950s, in order to train nursing professionals of traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine nursing schools and classes have been set up in Jiangsu, Beijing and Shanghai. Until 199 1, there were 7 Chinese medicine nursing schools and 25 Chinese medicine schools offering Chinese medicine nursing specialty. According to statistics, the above-mentioned schools have trained 15 13 nurses from 1990. In the mid-1980s, Nanjing, Beijing and other Chinese medicine colleges added advanced nursing classes and nursing departments to train advanced nursing talents.

4. TCM nursing academic activities are full of vitality.

With the development of TCM nursing discipline, TCM nursing academic activities are also very active. From 1984 to 1990, * * organized six national academic exchanges. It also carried out overseas academic activities and received some foreign nursing delegations from Europe, America, Asia and Australia to visit and ask questions. At two international academic conferences, 1986 and 1989, the papers on TCM nursing received the attention and praise from the international nursing community.

5. TCM nursing research has started.

In recent years, some provincial and municipal Chinese medicine hospitals have successively set up TCM nursing research rooms (groups), and many units have carried out nursing research work. This paper probes into the connotation, concept and mode of TCM nursing from different angles, and has achieved gratifying results. Beijing, Nanjing, Shanghai, Jiangxi, Shaanxi and other places have successively published nursing monographs, and some of them have won ministerial-level scientific and technological achievement awards.

In short, with the revitalization of Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine nursing has also developed rapidly, initially forming a nursing discipline with Chinese medicine characteristics.