Chunqiu history

When it comes to the Spring and Autumn Period, people think of a hundred schools of thought contending. Indeed, the Spring and Autumn Period is an important period of cultural development in the ancient history of China, and it is also an important period of China's transformation from a slave society to a feudal society.

Confucius, the founder of Confucian culture in China, once compiled a historical book, Spring and Autumn Annals, which recorded the history of Lu at that time. The time span recorded in this history book is roughly the same as that in the Spring and Autumn Annals, which constitutes a historical stage, so later generations call this historical stage Spring and Autumn Annals, which refers to the period from 770 BC to 476 BC, basically the first half of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

At the beginning of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty went downhill, the royal family declined, the power was marginalized, the vassal states conquered each other, and wars were frequent. Small vassal States were annexed one after another, and powerful vassal States were unified in some areas. Only the most powerful vassal state can dominate, and there have been five overlords, namely Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, He Lv, the king of Wu, and Gou Jian, the king of Yue, known in history as the "Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period". However, there was a period of relative peace in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, because all countries were tired by the war and needed a rest. So in 546 BC, 14 countries reached an agreement at the second "stop meeting", and the war was temporarily subsided. However, during this period, there were many hegemonic struggles among Wu, Chu and Vietnam in the Yangtze River Basin. In the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, with the popularization of Niu Geng and the application of iron farm tools, the economy developed rapidly, and profound social changes occurred in the development of private farmland and the disintegration of well-field system. In some vassal States, the aristocratic forces became powerful and began to compete for power with the monarch. In 453 BC, three families of Han, Zhao and Wei appeared in the State of Jin, which carved up the State of Jin and established their own country, which is also known as "three families divided into Jin". As a result, the era of the Seven Chivalrous Men competing for hegemony came gradually, from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period.

The Spring and Autumn Period, referred to as the Spring and Autumn Period for short, was from 770 to 476 years ago (conversely, from 770 to 403 years ago), belonging to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhou Wang's influence weakened, and the princes fought with each other. Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Song Xianggong, Qin Mugong and Chu Zhuangwang successively dominated, and were called "the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period". (Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, He Lv, Gou Jian, King of Yue). The Spring and Autumn Period was followed by the Warring States Period.

Chunqiu was named after Confucius revised Chunqiu. This book records the history from the year of Luyin (722 BC) to the fourteenth year of Lu Aigong (48 BC1year). For convenience, modern scholars generally call the first year (770 BC) the founding of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty to the forty-third year (477 BC) the "Spring and Autumn Period".

Historical event

Zhou Pingwang moved the capital:

In 770 BC, due to civil strife and dog invasion, Zhou Pingwang was forced to move its capital from Haojiang to Luoyi. Since Luoyi lies to the east of Haojiang, the history of the Zhou Dynasty since then is called the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 ~ 22 BC1).

Periventricular recession:

After Wang Ping moved eastward, Zhou gradually declined. First, my grandfather, Shen Hou, led the dog to invade the capital and killed the King Youwang. With Shen Hou's support, he was suspected of killing his father, thus reducing Zhou's prestige among the princes. Secondly, the power of the vassal States gradually became stronger and finally moved eastward, leaving only a small piece of land, and the Zhou royal family declined. In the explanation of the twelfth year of Zhou (Zhou), the status of Zhou Wang has been seriously reduced, but it still retains the name of the Lord of the world.

Qi Huangong dominates:

685 years ago, Qi Huangong succeeded to the throne, taking Guan Zhong as the prime minister, reorganized the national politics, abolished the mining field system, set taxes according to the fertility of the land, set up salt and iron officials to cast money, increased fiscal revenue, and integrated military and agricultural organizations, thus increasing the source of soldiers and fighting capacity, and quickly became the richest country in China. Then he played the slogan of "respecting the king and rejecting the foreign countries", and gathered governors to help or interfere in other countries for many times to fight against the righteous emperor, and finally became the overlord in the third year of King Zhou Nuo (679 BC). In the twenty-first year of King Hui of Zhou (656 BC), Qi Huangong led the allied forces of eight vassal states, and forced Chu to submit to him with superior forces, forming an alliance of Zhaoling, becoming the first of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period. Since then, Qi Huangong has established an alliance hegemony system.

Song-Chu dispute:

After Qi Huangong's death, Wuzi seized power and civil strife broke out in Qi. It is said that Qi Huangong's five sons fought each other, and the arrow hit Qi Huangong's body, and no one cared. The rise of Chu in the south wiped out several small countries in the north, and then pointed the finger at the Central Plains. In the name of resisting Chu's attack, Song Xianggong tried to unite with the governors to claim hegemony again, but the strength and prestige of Song State were insufficient. In the 15th year of Song Xianggong (638 BC), the two armies of Song and Chu fought in a flood. When the Chu army crossed the river, Sima Yuzi of the Song Dynasty suggested that Song Xianggong should "kill halfway". Song Xianggong said that attacking while the enemy was crossing the river refused the suggestion on the grounds of unkindness and injustice. After the Chu army crossed the river, Yu Zi suggested attacking while the Chu army was in chaos. Song Xianggong refused again on the grounds of unkindness and injustice. After Chu Jun attacked, Song Jun was defeated, and Song Xianggong was shot in the thigh, and died of injury the following year. When Chu proclaimed himself emperor, Chu Zhuangwang became the second overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.

The prosperity of Jin state:

In the northern state of Jin, he and Zhou Shi lived in the same family. Love for Ji threw national politics into chaos. In 636 BC, Zhong Er, son of Jin Xiangong, succeeded Jin Wengong to the throne of Jin under the escort of Qin Mugong. He reformed politics, developed economy, reorganized the army, won the trust of the people, stabilized the royal family and was friendly to Qin. He has high prestige in Wang Zizhong. In the twentieth year of King Xiang of Zhou (633 BC), the Chu army surrounded Shangqiu, the capital of the Song State. At the beginning of the following year, Jin Wengong led the troops to save the Song Dynasty, defeated the Chu army in the battle of Chengpu, and became the overlord.

Qin Mugong dominates Xirong;

After his death, he sought to develop eastward and was blocked by Jin. In World War I, Qin Jun was completely annihilated and turned westward, annexing some Rongdi tribes and dominating Xirong.

Chu won the Central Plains;

After the Battle of Chengpu, Chu developed eastward, destroying many small countries, and its influence extended to Yunnan in the south and the Yellow River in the north. Chu Zhuangwang reformed its internal affairs, quelled riots and built water conservancy projects, making its national strength stronger. He even asked the king's emissary about the size of the tripod offering sacrifices to heaven and earth in order to destroy Zhou's independence. This is the origin of the word "winning the championship". In the tenth year of King Ding Zhou (597 years ago), Chu Jin fought in Zhai (now southeast of Wuzhi, Henan) and won a great victory. Soon after, it invaded the Song Dynasty, and the Jin people dared not save it, so the small countries in the Central Plains turned to Chu, and the Chu people dominated the Central Plains.

Chu Jin War:

Later, two large-scale wars broke out between Chu Jin and China (Yanling in 576 and Zhanban in 557). Although both of them ended in the victory of Jin, Chu was still evenly matched with Jin in the Central Plains.

Soldiers' Union:

The continuous war has brought great disasters to the people and caused the boredom of small and medium-sized countries. In addition, the two big countries in Chu Jin are evenly matched, and neither can eat the other. So initiated by the Song Dynasty, in the seventh year (579 BC) and the twenty-sixth year (546 BC) of King Zhou Jian, two "pacifying armies" were held, and the war was greatly reduced.

Wuyue is in the southeast;

The hegemony of the former governors came to an end, and wuyue, located in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, began to develop. He Lv, the prince of Wu, reused Sun Wu, Wu Zixu and others. In the 14th year of the Zhou Dynasty (506 BC), the king of Wu took Wu Zixu as the general and unified his army to attack Chu. Wu Jun attacked Chu Du Ying, and Wu Zixu avenged his father and brother, dug the tomb of King Chu Ping, and flogged 300 corpses. In the 24th year of Zhou Dynasty (496 BC), Wu Jun went south to attack Vietnam. Gou Jian, the king of Yue, led troops to fight. The doctor of Yue hit He Lv, and He Lv died of serious injuries. In the 26th year of the week (494 BC), Fu Cha, the king of Wu, took revenge and defeated Yue. Gou Jian made peace, bribed Wu, gave him treasures and beauty stones, and led his horse to Fu Cha. The prince of Wu rejected Wu Zixu's proposal to unite with Qi to destroy Yue, accepted Yue's peace, turned to the north, defeated Qi, and became a bully. Gou Jian, who lived together for ten years and studied Buddhist scriptures for ten years, finally wiped out the state of Wu for three years (in the first 473 years), and Fu Cha committed suicide in humiliation. Gou Jian went north and joined forces with Qi Jin in Xu, becoming the last overlord.

Three families are divided into gold:

When he ascended the throne of Jin State again, many followers followed him back to China. As a result, these people gradually became nobles of the State of Jin, and the state affairs of the State of Jin also fell into the hands of these nobles (Zhi, Zhao, Han, Wei, Fan and Zhongshan). In the first 455 years, there were only four nobles in the state of Jin: Zhi, Zhao, Han and Wei. Zhishi sent troops to attack Zhao and threatened Wei Han to send troops. After the war lasted for two years, Zhao lobbied the Wei and Han families to defect, destroy the Zhi family, carve up the Zhi land and control the state affairs of Jin. In the first 438 years, the Han, Zhao and Wei clans were divided into Jin, and Jin Yougong was only in yujiang county and Quwo. In the first 403 years, Zhou Weilie established the three kings of Korea, Zhao and Wei, which was the dividing point of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in Zi Tongzhi Jian.

statistics

According to historical records, in the Spring and Autumn Period of 242 years, 43 monarchs were killed by vassal states or enemy countries, 52 vassal states were destroyed, there were more than 480 wars, and vassals were hired and allied for more than 450 times.

politics

During the Spring and Autumn Period, the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty declined, which was actually similar to a medium vassal state. Countries attacked each other, wars continued and small countries were annexed. Within the country, Dr. Qing was powerful, turmoil occurred from time to time, and regicide was common. There are as many as 43 incidents of regicide recorded in Spring and Autumn Annals and Zuozhuan, which mainly occurred in the early Spring and Autumn Period, which also reflected the sharp changes in power during the alternation of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, China was a knight of five categories. The big country was called Gong and Hou, and the small country was called Bo, Zi and Gong, while Wu, Yue, Chu, Xu, Ba, Shu and Yiqu were all barbarian countries, so they claimed to be kings without the courtesy of China. Under the monarch, there are ministers, two ministers, three ministers or six ministers. Among them, Zhengqing or Shangqing presided over government affairs, Lingyin in Chu State, also called Xiang, and Shuchang and Bugeng in Qin Dynasty. When the Qing Dynasty went to war, the three armed forces helped. In the Qing Dynasty, Si Tuleideng, Sima, Si Kou were in charge of civil affairs, military affairs, fortifications and etiquette. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, Jin, Chu and other countries began to set up counties in newly merged places, or set several small cities as counties, or divided private fields into counties. In the border areas, there are counties. There is no subordinate relationship between counties, and its chief executive is appointed by the monarch, and only a few are awarded to nobles as fiefs.

economy

Iron farm tools began to be used in the Spring and Autumn Period, but in order to popularize (Warring States Period), in addition to using iron blocks, the advanced technology of smelting pig iron was mastered in the Spring and Autumn Period. The use of iron makes it possible to reclaim wasteland on a large scale, promotes the development of private fields and provides sharp tools for handicrafts. Niu Geng is becoming more and more popular, and the development of technology in Niu Geng can only play a role if it is coordinated with the use of iron. In bronze smelting and casting, new technologies such as gold dislocation, silver dislocation and red copper inlay were invented. The excavation of a large number of cast pottery models in Houma shows that the bronze smelting and casting industry and mining industry in this period were large in scale and high in level. After the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, the vassal states have used a lot of money. The circulation of metal currency promoted the development of handicraft industry and commerce.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, iron farm tools were widely used and popularized in Niu Geng, which greatly improved agricultural productivity. Many wasteland has been reclaimed in Cheng Liangtian, and the farming technology has changed from extensive farming to intensive farming, which has greatly increased the agricultural output. The increase of private land, the disintegration of well field system and the development of land relations towards privatization. Governors had to carry out reforms one after another, recognizing private ownership of land, allowing land to be bought and sold, and collecting land taxes from landlords, so farmers' enthusiasm for production was high. The number of horses has increased due to the needs of the war. Animal husbandry in the Central Plains has basically become a vassal of agriculture, and few people specialize in animal husbandry production.

In the Spring and Autumn Period, the engravings on bronzes tended to be meticulous and neat, and the shape was light and light, which led to the wrong gold inscription. The existing bronze sword of wuyue is rare in the world for its refined smelting and quenching, skillful alloy technology, exquisite external plating and casting patterns. Salt boiling, iron smelting, lacquer ware and other departments have developed. Iron tools are mainly handicraft tools and agricultural tools. Silk products of Qi and lacquerware of Chu are of high level. Some craftsmen become individual producers and operators, living in the "boss" of the city, producing and selling. Lu Ban, known as the ancestor of craftsmen, lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Metal coins were cast in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Jin was one of the earliest areas where coins were cast and used. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the grain price in Yue was the highest in 60 yuan and the lowest in 30 yuan.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, a new tax system was created. In the fifteenth year of Shandong (the first 594 years), the initial tax on mu was implemented, and the state levied a certain kind of tax on landlords according to the land area. This is the beginning of ancient land tax. During the Lucheng period (590 BC), Ren Jia collected a certain amount of military tax (A) according to the land area, so that the tax and tax were combined into one. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was very common to collect local taxes. In the seventh year of Gong Jian (the first 408 years), Qin implemented the "initial tax" in kind tax system. During the Warring States period, the tax systems of different countries were different. Qin first implemented the household registration system, which was used to collect land rent tax and "head meeting" (population tax).

culture

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were a period of great cultural development in China, which realized the historic transformation from the religious superstition culture of divination to the rational humanistic culture centered on people in the ideological and cultural history of China. In the transition period of the Spring and Autumn Period, although the traditional ideas since Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties still play a huge role in people's minds, the influence is universal. The political authority of Zhou and his princes was shaken and declined, and the situation of official learning was broken, which was followed by changes in all aspects of society, such as the downward movement of academics and the popularization of Confucian classics, which made people's ideas change. These changes are the historical conditions for the ideological and cultural transformation in the Spring and Autumn Period.

religion

There was no widely popular religion in the Spring and Autumn Period, because Taoism only appeared in the Han Dynasty, and Buddhism was introduced to China in the Western Han Dynasty. However, there may be some primitive religions that are not well known in the Spring and Autumn Period.

art

The art in the Spring and Autumn Period is mainly the carving on bronze wares. The famous three-legged sheep tripod is a bronze work of art in the Spring and Autumn Period. During the period of 1923, a large number of bronze Ding and Jue from the Spring and Autumn Period were unearthed in xinzheng city. Compared with the bronzes of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the technology has developed greatly. The decorative patterns on bronzes are also very particular.

science and technology

Mozi's first secretary described the lever principle similar to a balance. This is the earliest lever principle theory.

The popularity of ironware and Niu Geng in the Spring and Autumn Period promoted the development of history.

In astronomy, physics and medicine, China in the Spring and Autumn Period was at the leading level in the world.

The theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements formed during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period brought the whole world, including astronomy, into the five elements system. "Heaven" shows "destiny" not only through astronomical phenomena, but also through various celestial bodies. Therefore, people should observe "fate" with various symbols, which has changed the previous method of observing fate with people's hearts. These symbols should be displayed in the "Five Virtues Turn". Expressed in "five elements of luck". Astronomical observation is not only applicable to national politics, especially abnormal astronomical phenomena, because it is related to "fate" and is highly valued. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, some cutting-edge medical technologies were invented and applied in clinic. Lingshu Four Seasons Steam recorded the earliest abdominal puncture in the medical history of China.

Chinese traditional agriculture began to take shape in the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period, people invented new farm tools such as iron plow head, iron hoe, flail and stone mill, which were not available before.

Bronze casting in the Spring and Autumn Period is also a feature of this era, represented by the bronzes of Zeng, Chu and Xu.

Philosophical thinking

The source of China's thought and culture is Yi. As one of the six Confucian classics, The Book of Changes has a long process of formation and development. What is called "River Map" and "Luo Shu" by later generations is the expression of burning Oracle bones and the reflection of the mutual connection and infiltration of rational thinking and image thinking realized by ancient ancestors in their long-term life and divination practice.

According to legend, it was summed up by Fu, who arranged yarrow repeatedly and painted it as gossip, covering all the phenomena between heaven and earth, which was primitive and relaxed. Later, it is said that after careful study by Zhou Wenwang, it was standardized and sorted out, and it was interpreted as 64 hexagrams and 384 hexagrams. With divination and diction, it is called Zhouyi. It uses simple images and numbers, and the opposite changes of Yin and Yang to explain all kinds of complex social phenomena, and displays thousands or even infinite numbers, which has the characteristics of using few to show many, using simplicity to show many and being full of changes. It is called "Yi" because Zheng Xuan has three meanings: one is simplicity, the other is change, and the third is difficulty. That is to say, The Theory of Everything has changed, the phenomenon is constantly changing, and some of the most basic principles will not change, which abstracts rich and simple dialectics from the dialectical development of the objective world. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius explained and discussed the Book of Changes and completed the Ten Wings, namely the Book of Changes. In this way, Zhouyi has developed into a profound philosophical work about the change of the universe. The academic origin of Chinese civilization is very early, but it didn't develop until the Spring and Autumn Period. The academic thought at this time can be said to be the great golden age of Chinese civilization. China people call this period a period of "a hundred schools of thought contend".

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