What are the Confucian classics?

There are 305 existing poems in The Book of Songs (except 6 Kubinashi orders, ***3 1 1), which are divided into three parts: abundance, elegance and fu.

Wind, a folk song all over the country, is the essence of the Book of Songs. It sang beautiful things such as love and labor, and also sang regret and anger at homesickness and anti-oppression and anti-bullying. It is often repeated by repeated superposition. Each chapter in a poem is often only a few words different, which shows the characteristics of folk songs.

Ya is divided into Ya and Xiaoya, and most of them are poems that offer sacrifices to nobles, pray for a bumper harvest and praise their ancestors. The author of Daya is an aristocratic scholar, but he is dissatisfied with the real politics. In addition to banquet songs, sacrificial songs and epics, he also wrote some satirical poems reflecting people's wishes. Xiaoya also has some folk songs.

Ode is a poem dedicated to the ancestral temple. The poems in Ya and Ode are of great value to the study of early history, religion and society.

In the above three parts, 40 articles were assigned, including Ya 105 (6 articles without poems, not counting), with the largest number, * * * 160, totaling 305 articles. The ancients took its integer and often said "poetry is 300".

2. Shangshu

Shangshu is the oldest royal anthology in China, the first ancient historical document in China and some books describing ancient deeds. Some important historical materials of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, especially the early Western Zhou Dynasty, have been preserved. According to legend, Shangshu was compiled by Confucius, but some titles were later added by Confucianism as ancient prose. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, there were 29 articles, which were copied in the popular official script of the Han Dynasty, and were called Jinwen Shangshu.

According to legend, the history of ancient literature found in the wall of Confucius' mansion during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (there are few lost articles, more than the history of modern prose 16) and the history of pseudo-ancient literature proposed by Hu Mei in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (25 more than the history of modern prose). The popular versions of Notes to Thirteen Classics and Shangshu are the co-edited versions of Jinwen Shangshu and pseudo-ancient prose Shangshu.

3. "ceremony"

"Ceremony" describes the etiquette system of crown, marriage, funeral, sacrifice, hometown, shooting, courtship and employment.

In ancient China, where religious consciousness was not very developed, primitive religious ceremonies such as sacrifices of the Chinese nation did not develop into formal religions like other ethnic groups, but quickly turned into etiquette and institutional forms to bind the people all over the world. * * * The Rite, which exceeds the volume of 100, is a detailed etiquette system.

According to the Book of Rites, the daily rituals performed by emperors, princes, doctors and scholars include: the ceremony of teaching scholars, the ceremony of seeing scholars, the ceremony of drinking in the countryside, the ceremony of shooting in the countryside, the ceremony of getting married, the ceremony of eating doctors, the ceremony of pilgrimage, the ceremony of mourning for scholars, and the ceremony of evening. Writing is difficult, historians are afraid, and it is an early book in the "Three Rites".

According to archaeological data and ancient documents, the rulers of Shang and Zhou dynasties had various rituals, and their rituals became more and more complicated. They can't handle these ceremonies unless they have special vocational training and rehearse regularly.

4. Jing Yue

Jing Yue, the title of the book, is one of the Six Classics. Six Classics, namely The Book of Songs, Shangshu, The Book of Songs, The Book of Changes, Jing Yue and Chunqiu. There was a music classic in the pre-Qin period. This theory is not only found in the handed down document Zhuangzi Tianxia, but also confirmed by Guodian Bamboo Slips.

Liu De, a bamboo slip in Guodian, said: "It is also important to watch poetry books, rites and music, and Yi Chunqiu." Yu Cong, another piece of bamboo slips, also has the language of Six Classics.

Han Feizi said that Confucianism was divided into eight schools, including the Confucianism of Zhongliang family. Tao Qian's Supplementary Records of Sages said that "Zhong Liang's family handed down music as a Confucian who changed customs." "The Book of Filial Piety Avenue" records that Confucius said: "Changing customs and customs is not good at pleasure."

It can be seen that "changing customs and customs" is the core view of Confucianism on music.

5. Zhouyi

The Book of Changes, one of the Three Changes of the Book of Changes (another view: the Book of Changes is three changes, not the Book of Changes), is one of the traditional classics. It is said that it was written by Zhou Wenwang Jichang, and its contents include the Book of Changes and the Book of Changes.

Classics are mainly composed of 64 hexagrams and 384 hexagrams, each of which has its own interpretation (hexagrams) for divination. It contains seven languages * * * and ten quatrains explaining hexagrams, which are collectively called "Ten Wings" and are said to have been written by Confucius.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, official schools began to evolve into private schools. There is a gradual development before and after the Yi-ology, and a hundred schools of thought contend, so it is easy to divide. Since Confucius praised the Book of Changes, the Book of Changes has been regarded as a Confucian classic and the first of the Six Classics by Confucianism. In addition to Confucianism, there are two schools of Yi-ology and Confucianism-Yi-Yi, which develop in parallel: one is Yi-ology, which still exists in the old forces; The other is Laozi's Taoist Yi, which began to be divided into three branches.

The Book of Changes is the first of Qunjing and a teaching book.

6. Spring and Autumn Annals

Confucius' Spring and Autumn Annals is a political work, which contains the author's profound political thoughts, which is the unanimous view of scholars from pre-Qin Meng and Xun to Han Ma and Ban. After the Han Dynasty, Confucian classics declined, and scholars began to regard Chunqiu as a historical work, which triggered a long-term debate on the nature of Chunqiu.

Around the question of whether Chunqiu is a historical work or a political work, the following three views have been formed for thousands of years:

1, the traditional Confucian scholar's point of view, that is, Spring and Autumn Annals is a political work, is held by scholars from Pipi and Korea, Xu, Hu Shi and others.

2. The ancient classic scholars and modern scholars in China hold the view that The Spring and Autumn Annals is a historical work, while the ancient classic scholars in China, such as Du Yu, scholars, Qian, Gu Jiegang and Liu Jie, insist on this view.

3. The theory of harmony, that is, the Spring and Autumn Annals "is also a history", and those who hold this view are like Qian Mu and others. As for the statement of "learning from the classics and learning history", Qian Mu thinks that "Spring and Autumn Annals" is also a statement of "learning from the classics and history", because there is no distinction between classics and history in ancient times, and the distinction between classics and history is only a concept of later generations.

Reference to the above content: Baidu Encyclopedia-Confucianism

Baidu Encyclopedia-The Book of Songs

Reference to the above content: Baidu Encyclopedia-Shangshu

Baidu Encyclopedia-Chunqiu

Reference to the above content: Baidu Encyclopedia-Zhouyi

Reference to the above content: Baidu Encyclopedia-Jing Yue

Reference to the above content: Baidu Encyclopedia-Yili