Alpine custom

What is the custom of Gaoshan nationality? folk custom

1, she

The grass-roots organization of Gaoshan nationality is "she", which is a natural village. A small society consists of one clan, and a big society consists of several clans. Generally, there are several thousand people, and there are five or six hundred people in a small society. To implement democratic politics, major issues are decided by the general meeting of the society. Community leaders include leaders, priests (or wizards) and elders. It is the highest authority in society. Leaders lead agriculture, fishing and hunting, adjudicate internal disputes and help priests organize sacrificial activities. Since 1950s, the social organizations of Gaoshan people in Taiwan Province Province have gradually moved towards local administration, and the extended family of 50 or 60 people has been shrinking. However, as social ideology and cultural customs, many traditions still play an important role in social life.

2. Be discredited

In the past, the customs of disfigurement, such as plucking hair, cutting teeth, piercing ears, girdling the abdomen and tattooing, were widespread in all branches of Gaoshan nationality. After the mid-1940s, these customs tended to decline gradually, but their residual influence still existed. Hair removal refers to the removal of body hair, some branches are male, some branches are female, and some branches are hermaphrodite. Men use bamboo clips to pull out, women use fine twine to twist out, and some even use charcoal to burn, and they don't feel pain.

Cutting teeth means pulling out the left and right front teeth or two canine teeth at the age of twelve to sixteen. Some put small iron bars directly on the teeth and knock out the teeth to be extracted with stones. Some branches of the custom of not extracting teeth and missing teeth are willing to dye their teeth black, taking Hei Chi as the beauty.

Ear piercing, especially suitable for paiwan and Ami men. They usually use lead plates, shells and bamboo tubes as earrings, and tie glass beads at one end of the carved bamboo tube with silk thread and tie them to the hair at the back of the head to prevent them from falling off.

Abdominal girding is a special custom of some male branches. The corset belt is made of thick bamboo pieces, with holes drilled at both ends, tied tightly with hemp rope and tied at the back waist. From the age of 12 and 13 to the age of 50 and 60, it is tightly tied around the waist and abdomen day and night, making the chest and legs muscles developed and healthy.

Tattoos, the specific situation of each branch is different, some men and women do not tattoo, and some men and women do not tattoo. Some regard tattoos as beautiful ornaments, while others regard tattoos as a symbol of bravery. Influenced by primitive religion, it is believed that tattoos can be blessed by ancestors' souls and avoid disasters. Besides tattoos, there are tattoos. No matter how you ruin your body, the purpose is the same, beautiful, brave, married, disciplined and respectable.

3. Beautiful singing and dancing

Gaoshan people are good at singing and dancing, regardless of work, love, wedding banquets, festivals and sacrifices. There are songs and dances to express feelings. Due to the numerous branches of Gaoshan nationality, the styles of music, song and dance are also rich and colorful. Traditional folk songs are mostly improvised. Some are like mountains and rivers, natural and melodious, and some are like beating bamboo and singing jade, which is beautiful and moving; Some beat drums like waves, and the rhythm is bright. It looks rough, simple and delicate.

The common musical instruments are harpsichord, bow (square piano), flute, yeqin (leaf), pestle, hip board, bamboo drum (drum chop), waist bell, foot bell, harpsichord, nose flute, etc., which are often used to call lovers and convey love in young men and women's love. Ye Qin is actually the leaves of a broad-leaved tree. You can play many songs by picking them at will and putting them in your mouth. The pestle music evolved from the wooden pestle of rice. When the Gaoshan people pound rice, they often dig a cave in the house, put a slate at the bottom of the cave, and several women stand around with wooden pestles and rice. The wooden pestle struck the slate and sounded like a bell, which spread far away. Later, people used wooden pestles with different lengths and tones to play music with different rhythms, and the accompanying music was called "Acura". The music played with it is "pestle music". In places where Gaoshan people live, gongs, drums and dances are very popular. Bangzi has also become a bond between young men and women in love, and many happy marriages are concluded in the music of Bangzi. Hip board is a string of bamboo tubes and copper shells hanging on the hips, and waist bells and foot bells are dancers' props and accompaniment instruments.

The dance of Gaoshan nationality has the characteristics of collectivity, and all major activities have warm scenes of collective singing and dancing. At the song and dance party, people make firewood, light a fire, sing and drink around the fire. At first, a dozen young people danced and sang a prelude leisurely, and gradually entered the high-pitched agitation. Everyone is holding hands, dancing, moving forward and backward, cheering in unison. The scene is very warm. In recent years, due to the high development of tourism, many tourists to Taiwan go to Gaoshan folk villages or tourist attractions to watch the folk customs and song and dance performances of the mountain people.

4. Wood carving and textile

The handicrafts of Gaoshan nationality mainly include textile, bamboo weaving, rattan weaving, woodcut, sculpture, bamboo carving, pottery making, etc. Among them, the woodcarving art of Paiwan people, Lukai people, Yameiren and other branches is quite exquisite, woodcarving >>

The customs and habits of the fifty-six ethnic groups in China.

1, Achang nationality: distributed in Yunnan, with a population of more than 27,000, mainly engaged in agriculture, with developed handicrafts, especially famous for being good at making long knives. Have your own language. -Picking tea

2. Bai nationality: distributed in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and other places, with a population of more than 6,543,800+0,590. It has its own language for managing agriculture. -Salt Rhododendron, Sancha and Dali Tower.

3. Baoan nationality: distributed in Yunnan, Qinghai and other places, with a population of more than 65,438 +0.2 million. They are mainly engaged in agriculture and handicrafts, and the "security knife" with knives as the mainstay is very famous and has its own language. -Sheepskin coat, safety knife

4. Bulang nationality: distributed in Yunnan, with a population of more than 82,000, mainly engaged in agriculture and having its own language. -Playing and singing

5. Buyi people: distributed in nobles, Yunnan and other places, with a population of more than 2.54 million. Mainly engaged in agriculture, enjoy the title of "rice-growing nation". Have their own language and writing. -Stone houses, embroidered and carved masks

6. Korean nationality: mainly distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning, with a population of 1.92 million. It is mainly agricultural, famous for planting rice and has its own language. -Springboard, long encouragement

7. Daur nationality: distributed in Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang and other places, with a population of more than 6.5438+0.2 million, mainly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, with its own language. Paper-cutting and hockey.

8. Dai nationality: distributed in Yunnan, with a population of 6.5438+0.02 million, mainly engaged in agriculture. Temple towers, bamboo buildings and bamboo bridges show unique architectural art and have their own languages. -peacock dance, Rice Water-splashing Festival.

9. De 'ang nationality: It is distributed in Yunnan, with a population of10.5 million. It is mainly based on agriculture and is famous for being good at growing tea and having its own language. -Elephant-foot drum dance

10, Dong nationality: mainly distributed in Guizhou, Hunan, Wenwen and other places, with a population of more than 25 10000, mainly engaged in agriculture and forestry. Drum Tower, Yufeng Bridge and Yufeng Pavilion are the main symbols of Dong Township, and they have their own languages and characters. -soak reeds and block the way to welcome guests.

1 1, Dongxiang nationality: mainly distributed in Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang and other places, with a population of more than 370,000 people, mainly engaged in agriculture and good at planting melons and fruits. Have your own language.

12, Dulong: Distributed in Yunnan, with a population of more than 500,000, they maintain a good social first fashion of "not connecting roads at night and not closing doors at night". Theft rarely happens. Have your own language. -Weave a blanket and bake pancakes.

13, Oroqen: It is distributed in Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang and other places with a population of more than 600,000, mainly engaged in hunting and agriculture. Have your own language. -Make fur coats, light bonfires.

14, Russians: distributed in Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang and other places, with a population of13,000, engaged in various repairs, transportation and handicrafts, and having their own language and writing. -Playing the accordion and baking bread

15, Ewenki nationality: distributed in Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang, with a population of 26,000, mainly engaged in animal husbandry and having its own language. -Reindeer and sleigh

16, Gaoshan nationality: mainly distributed in Taiwan Province province, the rest scattered in southeast coastal areas such as Fujian, with a population of about 40 people, mainly engaged in agriculture, fishing and hunting, and having their own language. -Rod ball, dragon boat, weaving

17, Gelao nationality: distributed in Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan and other places, with a population of about 430,000, mainly engaged in agriculture and having its own language. -Making dumplings and local operas.

18, Hani: distributed in Yunnan, population1250,000, mainly engaged in agriculture, good at terraced fields, and has its own language and writing.

19, Kazak: distributed in Xinjiang, with a population of about 1 10,000. Mainly engaged in animal husbandry and good at embroidery. The embroidery has been exported to more than ten countries and regions such as Japan, and has its own language. -shearing wool, playing the piano, singing and embroidering.

20. Han nationality: It is distributed all over the country, with a population of over 65.438+0.4 billion, developed economy and culture, and has its own language. Temple Fair and Dragon Dance

2 1, Hezhe nationality: distributed in Heilongjiang Province, with a population of more than 04,000, it is a fishing nationality in northern China and has its own language. -making fish fur coats, fishing in the countryside and eating raw fish.

22. Hui people mainly live in Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang and other places, and the rest are scattered all over the country with a population of more than 8.6 million. -Throw a cow and fry it.

23. Jinuo nationality: It is distributed in Yunnan Province, with a population of 1.8 million. It is mainly agricultural, good at growing tea and has its own language. -Musical instrument Dita, dance and inspiration.

24. Jing nationality: distributed in Guangxi, with a population of10.8 million, mainly engaged in coastal fisheries, concurrently engaged in agriculture and salt industry, and has its own language. -Ha ... >>

What are the unique ethnic customs of Gaoshan nationality? Gaoshan people mainly live in Taiwan Province Province, China, with a few scattered in coastal areas such as Fujian and Zhejiang in Chinese mainland. Gaoshan nationality has its own language, belonging to Indonesian language family in Austronesian language family, which can be roughly divided into three language families: Qinhuai, Cao and paiwan. No mandarin. Chinese is widely used by Gaoshan people scattered in Chinese mainland. The Gaoshan compatriots living in Taiwan Province Province have their own unique culture and art, and their oral literature is rich, including myths, legends and folk songs. Gaoshan people mainly rely on rice farming, supplemented by fishing and hunting production. The handicrafts of Gaoshan nationality mainly include textile, bamboo weaving, rattan weaving, wood carving, carving, bamboo carving, pottery making and so on. Refer to baike.baidu/view/4280

What are the customs and habits of Gaoshan people? Gaoshan people mainly live in Taiwan Province Province, China, with a few scattered in coastal areas such as Fujian and Zhejiang. Gaoshan people mainly live in the central mountainous area of Taiwan Province Province, the longitudinal valley plain in the east and Lan Yu Island.

Gaoshan people like to hold banquets, songs and dances on festivals or festive days.

In the past, Gaoshan people lived in caves near mountains and rivers, or made grass from bamboo and made wood as their houses.

In the form of funeral, Atayal, Bunun and Cao are all buried indoors and under the bed of the deceased. Paiwan people and Dawu people walked in the wasteland, and Ah Mui buried the dead in the open space in front of and behind the house, and all the evil dead were buried on the spot.

Gaoshan people still retain the beliefs and rituals of primitive religions.

Gaoshan people's Chinese New Year custom 1) Gaoshan people's clothes are mainly linen and cotton, with different styles. Generally men wear shawls, vests, jackets and shorts. Women wear tops, aprons and slanted shirts, which hang down from shoulders to armpits. They add tattoos to their clothes and wear ornaments made of shells and animal bones. Gaoshan people are good at singing and dancing, carving and painting. 2) During the Spring Festival, people of Gaoshan ethnic group wore gorgeous national costumes, gathered in groups of three to five to drink at the head of the village, and sang and danced with musical instruments. Some villages also hold harpoon competitions and carry out sports activities, such as lifting basketball and pole ball.

Introduce the characteristics and customs of Gaoshan nationality. The Gaoshan people still retain their original religious beliefs and rituals. They worship elves, and there are different gods in different places, such as gods, gods who create the universe, gods of nature, gods who manage things and other elves and monsters. Sacrifices include agricultural sacrifices (including farming sacrifices, sowing sacrifices, weeding sacrifices, harvesting sacrifices, new grain storage sacrifices, etc.). , mainly millet sacrifice), hunting sacrifice, fishing sacrifice, ancestor worship, etc. Witchcraft is prevalent, among which the methods of divination are bird divination, dream divination, water divination, bamboo divination, ladle divination and rice divination, as well as various forms of witchcraft books. Due to the influence of Han immigrants and Dutch and Spanish colonists, the religious beliefs of Gaoshan people are more complicated. The Han nationality brought Buddhism, while the western invaders brought Christianity and Catholicism. These religions have taken root among the Gaoshan people. Now, primitive religious beliefs, Buddhism and western religions are intertwined in the religious life of Gaoshan people.

Gaoshan ethnic group is a general term for ethnic minorities in Taiwan Province Province, including Bunun, Rukai, paiwan, Peinan, Shao, Taiya, Yamei, Cao, Amei and Han.

The name "Gaoshan Ethnic Group" is a general term for all ethnic groups in Taiwan Province Province after China's victory in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in 1945.

In history, especially before the Ming Dynasty, there was no such name as Gaoshan nationality. The ethnic origin of Gaoshan nationality is multi-source, but it mainly comes from a branch of Guyue people in the southeast coast of Chinese mainland. After the Han people moved to Taiwan Province Province, the aborigines were divided into two parts: one part settled in the plain and merged with the Han people, and was called Pingpu people, including Xilaya 2 1 Society, Hong Anya 13 Society, Barboucha 9 Society, Bazehai 4 Society, Baboulaz 4 Society, Daokasi 6 Society, Kaidalan 28 Society and Kamalan 34 Society. The other part still lives in mountainous areas and is less influenced by the Han nationality. Up to now, it still retains the characteristics of aboriginal language, customs and habits. Nowadays, Gaoshan people refer to these ethnic minorities in general. 1954, 14 In March, the authorities of Taiwan Province Province stipulated that Gaoshan ethnic group included nine ethnic groups (Taiya, Bunong, Cao (renamed as Zou in 1998+065438+ 10), Paiwan, North South and Yamei. Most of these ethnic groups are distributed in the central mountainous areas and islands in the southeast, and a few are scattered in Fujian, Shanghai, Beijing, Wuhan and other places. The total population is about 400,000, and there are 2,909 scattered people in mainland China (1the fourth population census in 1990).

Gaoshan nationality has its own language, belonging to Indonesian language family in Austronesian language family. There are great differences in the internal languages of Gaoshan people, such as Amir, Atayal, Paiwan and Bunun. Don't have their own language. The Gaoshan compatriots living in Taiwan Province Province have their own unique culture and art, and their oral literature is rich, including myths, legends and folk songs.

Most Gaoshan people are engaged in agriculture, and a few are engaged in fishing and hunting. There are handicrafts such as carving and weaving.

For a long time, the Gaoshan and Han nationalities have resisted the invasion of foreign invaders and developed Taiwan Province Province. During the 50 years of Japanese imperialism's occupation of Taiwan Province Province, the resistance struggle was particularly fierce, among which the Wushe Uprising of 1930 was the largest. 1947 Participated in the "February 28th" Uprising dominated by the Han nationality.

Taboo women should not use knives and axes after pregnancy, and should not eat ape meat, bobcat meat, pangolin meat and miscellaneous fruits. A woman's loom can't be touched by a man.

Daily diet customs Gaoshan people live on cereals and potatoes. Except Yamei and Bunun, several other ethnic groups take rice as their daily staple food, supplemented by potatoes and miscellaneous grains. Yamei people living in Lan Yu live on taro, millet and fish, while Bunun people live on millet, corn and potatoes (locally called sweet potatoes). In the production method of staple food, most Gaoshan people like to cook rice or steam glutinous rice and corn flour into cakes and cakes. When the Bunun people are cooking staple food, they mash the small grains of rice in the pot into paste. People in paiwan like to roll up millet with banana leaves, mix it with peanuts and animal meat, steam it and eat it as a holiday delicacy, and take it with them when they go hunting. However, as a small point brought by hunting, salt and other salty seasonings are generally not added to the stuffing. When hunting in the mountains, Atayal people like to use bananas as stuffing, wrap them in glutinous rice, then wrap them in banana leaves, steam them and take them away. Paiwan likes to mix sweet potatoes, cajanus cajan and taro stalks. Make dinner. Yamei likes to mix rice or porridge with taro and sweet potato and cook it as a staple food. When going out to work or travel, dry taro or cooked sweet potato and glutinous rice products similar to zongzi are often used as dry food. When paiwan and other ethnic groups hunt, they only bring matches, not pots. First, they build stones, heat them with dry firewood, and then put taro, sweet potato and so on. Under the stone, cover it with sand and eat it after cooking. Alpine vegetables come from a wide range, most of which are planted and a small amount is collected. Common ones are ... >>

What are the folk customs of Gaoshan nationality? Taiwan Province Province is one of the provinces where many ethnic groups gather. Almost all ethnic groups in China can be found in Taiwan Province Province. However, the earliest people who lived in Taiwan Province Province Qu were called Gaoshan people, namely "Ren Dong" and "Yizhou people" in history, and later they were renamed as "Shan people", "Taiwan Province aborigines", "Taiwan Province aborigines" and "Taiwan Province aborigines". This is an ancient country. Due to the oppression of the reactionary ruling class in the past dynasties, the development of Gaoshan society is relatively slow, some of them are still in the primitive state and still live in poverty. According to records, during the Qin Shihuang and Han Wudi dynasties, there was a sea ban, which forced the residents of the southeast coastal areas of China to move inland and prevented them from contacting the people on the coastal islands. In this way, the Gaoshan people who live alone overseas have a different development process from the mainland people of the motherland. However, their ethnic origin, culture, production, life and other aspects are still inextricably linked with the mainland, and since the Qing Dynasty, they have given up their original surname "Fan" and changed to the same surname as mainland immigrants. They have their own language and customs. The place where they live collectively is called a village society, and each village society includes several different families and clans. These villages occupy a certain amount of land, which outsiders cannot occupy. Gaoshan people generally live in thatched wooden houses, and some roofs are covered with bark, slate or bamboo. Until now, Yamei people living on Lan Yu Island in Taitung still use the method of digging cellars to build houses. The indoor space is much lower than the ground, and the excavated mound becomes the wall of the house around. They live on taro and sweet potatoes. Usually, men only wear a "thong" around their waist, while women only wear a square towel around their chest and waist. With the development of tourism in Taiwan Province Province, Lan Yu has become a tourist area in Taiwan Province Province, and some Yamei people have also got rid of the bad habit of ignorance and backwardness. Gaoshan people respect the elderly very much and love to drink. Because I often hunt, I especially like my hunting dogs, just as the Han people value their cows. Gaoshan people also have traditional culture and art, especially like dancing. The famous pestle music is a kind of folk song and dance extracted from their life practice. Gaoshan people are divided into many branches according to geographical distribution and language. Gaoshan people can be divided into ten ethnic groups, such as Atayal, Bunun, Zou (Cao), paiwan, Ami, Beinan, Yamei and Shao, besides Pingpu, who settled in the plain and merged with Han people. 1* * More than 400,000 people, accounting for 1.7% of the population of 23 million in Taiwan Province Province, belong to the disadvantaged ethnic group, but represent the most typical performance of the local culture in Taiwan Province Province. The first six of the top ten ethnic groups mostly live in mountainous areas that cannot be cultivated, the Ami and Bonan ethnic groups live in the eastern plain, and the Ami ethnic group lives in Lan Yu Island in the Pacific Ocean. Accordingly, for a long time, it seems inappropriate to call these ten ethnic groups Gaoshan, but after a long time, they become accustomed to it. Like other ethnic minorities, Gaoshan people have their own unique customs. Festival customs Gaoshan people generally have two major festivals every year, one is the sowing festival and the other is the harvest festival. The scale of the latter is particularly large, almost equal to the Spring Festival of the Han nationality. At that time, all families would slaughter livestock, make wine and make cakes. Sacrificing ancestors and having fun generally lasts about 10 days. They especially worship their ancestors; Believe that the soul is immortal, that everything has a soul, and that the soul has good and evil. Hang calamus on your chest when you go out, and draw ashes on your forehead at night to avoid evil spirits from approaching. If you are sick, touch the affected area with Ye Mao, eggs and animal teeth. They are also superstitious about signs and divination, and often decide what to do according to signs. Such as solar eclipse, lunar eclipse, comet appearance, rooster crowing at night, dogs barking, snakes coming out of holes, birds crossing the road, people being stung, falling down, sneezing and so on. Are ominous signs. A child's head should not be touched casually. Shovel for women, kitchenware, loom, etc. Don't touch men's bows and arrows, farm tools, weapons, etc. The grass-roots social organization of Gaoshan nationality with high female power is "she", and several of them have become a tribe. In some tribes, women's power has always been higher than that of men, retaining the legacy of matriarchal society. In tribal affairs, their elders, priests and even leaders are mostly women, and they are in power. In Ami and Ami, married husbands almost give their wives the best food and supplies. Women not only enjoy the treatment of their masters at home, but also have higher social status than men. Gaoshan people are divided into Ami, paiwan, Atayal, Bunun, Saifu, Caohe Ami, Beinan, Tibetan and Pingpu, so their costumes have their own characteristics. Atayal, Xia Sai and ...

What traditional festivals do Gaoshan people have? Gaoshan Festival Paiwan people of Gaoshan nationality in Taiwan Province Province hold a harvest festival every October and autumn. Enthusiastic people in paiwan always invite many guests to celebrate the harvest. Everyone brought good wine and food from home to the conference hall. First of all, let's propose a toast to the patriarch or village head and wish everyone happiness. Then replace tea with wine and let the guests drink wildly. The Spring Festival of Gaoshan people has its own characteristics: First, on New Year's Eve, some temples will stage a "debt-avoiding drama", and people who owe money and rent will hide in the temples to watch the play. Second, on New Year's Eve, the whole family will sit around the big round table and eat hot pot. Thirdly, "Walking in Spring" is a folk saying of "Welcome the New Year", which is particularly popular. People who go in spring will exchange blessings wherever they go, and the host will entertain them with boxes full of candy and beets. Fourth, during the Spring Festival, Gaoshan compatriots have the custom of eating "long-year dishes". Long-lived vegetables are also called "mustard greens", which indicates longevity. Most elegant Gaoshan women living in Lan Yu Island have long hair. On New Year's Day, they danced on the village lawn and tossed their hair back and forth rhythmically with the drums. It is said that this long hair dance is to wish parents and elders a long life.