Common sense of ancient literature in Li Sao

There are two sources of pre-Qin literature, realism and romanticism.

The Book of Songs is divided into three parts, which reflect the reality. Keep in mind Fu Bixing, the famous books "Shuo Shu" and "Fa Tan". Romanticism is Chu Ci, and Li Sao was written by Qu Yuan.

There are two schools of prose in the pre-Qin period, so we should remember all the "philosophers" and history books. Confucianism, Mohism and Taoism belong to hundred schools of thought, and each has its own works handed down from generation to generation; The Confucian Analects of Mencius, Mohist Mozi can be seen; Laozi and Zhuangzi of Taoism are masterpieces of legalist Han Fei.

There are two types of historical prose, namely "country" and "chronology". The former is Mandarin and Warring States Policy, and the latter is Chunqiu and Zuozhuan. 2. Literature in the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and poetry in the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties achieved high success; "Yuefu Shuangbi" is praised by people, and Jian 'an literature pushes "Three Caos"; The ancestor of pastoral is Tao Qian, and the legacy of "picking chrysanthemums" can be seen in moral integrity.

Historical Records is the first biographical style, which is called "Li Sao has no rhyme"; Ban Gu inherited Sima Yi and Han Shu, which was an innovative move from generation to generation. Jia's essay "On Qin" is full of momentum; "Be a Teacher" is famous for later generations, and "Peach Blossom Garden" is enjoyable. Ci and Fu are prevalent, and Zhang Heng's The Second Beijing seems to be near misses.

Literary criticism is also on the rise, and Wen Xin Diao Long is really superb. Parallel prose pursues formal beauty, and the novel is still rough at first.

3. The literature of the Tang Dynasty reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty, and the "four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty" were extraordinary; Wang Yang and Luo Lu wrote metrical poems and memorized all the metrical poems and quatrains. The romantic poet pushed Li Bai and sang "Difficult Road to Shu" all the way.

Realism is Du Fu, while Three Officials and Three Partings are unusual. Lotte advocates new Yuefu, and Pipa Xing and Song of Eternal Sorrow are all famous.

Pastoral school has Wang Meng, Gao and Cen sing frontier poems. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Li He "negotiated" with Duo and Jia Dao and passed them down from generation to generation.

The rise of "Little Du Li" in the late Tang Dynasty: Since then, the dust has settled. Liu Han's ancient prose is innovative, and Epang Palace Fu has been sung for thousands of years.

The legend of the Tang Dynasty has matured, and the representative work is Liu Yichuan. 4. Song Dynasty Literature Song Dynasty literature words are vast, divided into graceful and unconstrained.

Liu Guan and Li Qingzhao are romantic and affectionate. Su Shi opened the bold school, and The River of No Return was full of high spirits. Xin Qiji, a patriotic poet, is in high spirits.

Su San, Wang Zeng and Ouyang Xiu inherited Liu Han's writing. Although Gong Fan's works are few, the story of Yueyang Tower shines brilliantly. Lu Fangweng, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, still misses the idea of returning home in Shizi. Who hasn't died since ancient times? Future generations cherish the memory of Wen Tianxiang.

General History Chronicle I, Zi Tongzhi Jane, Sima Guang. Shen Kuo, the author of Meng Qian's pen talk, is very famous.

5. There are three kinds of Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty: Yuan, Ming and Qing, with different poems and collections. Zaju represents the four great masters, with Guan Hanqing as the first; Dou E's tragedy has been passed down through the ages, and the characters are the most vivid. The other three are Zheng Mabai, and The West Chamber has a good reputation.

There were many excellent plays in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Peach Blossom Fan and Peony Pavilion are all chapters, and Four Great Classical Novels is the peak. "The Scholars" can't forget the popularity of "Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio", which has a short story style. Sanyan was edited by Feng Menglong.

Fang Bao started Yao Nai, and his prose genre is called Tongcheng School. Gong Zizhen, a famous poet in the late Qing Dynasty, advised God.

2. Common sense of China ancient literature

China ancient poetry culture originated from sacrificial ceremonies, sprouted from folk songs and flourished in chanting records. Unfortunately, the earliest extant collection of poems is The Book of Songs. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, it evolved into a Sao style, simple and profound, which is a unique branch of pre-Qin poetry culture. With the death of Qin and Han, Yuefu flourished and the poetry garden was renewed. When I entered Wei, I heard five words, especially the brilliant creation of "three sons of Cao" and "seven sons of Jian 'an". At the turn of Wei and Jin dynasties, there were "seven sages of bamboo forest"; There were three Zhang, two Lu, two Pan, one Zuo in the Western Jin Dynasty, and one in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. During this period, the realm and vision of poetry were broadened, and singing became more and more popular. Things are different, and the years passed to the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Song and Qi Dynasties. The four characters, five characters, six characters and seven characters are repeated constantly, and there are "Big and Small Xie", "Seven-character Ancestor" and "Eight Friends in Jingling", which are idyllic and landscapes.

Poetic and picturesque, elegant and beautiful, Qi Liang style can be called the exclusive spring scenery before the Tang Dynasty. The prosperous Tang Dynasty is also a prosperous time for poetry. The work of rhyme, the beauty of rhyme, the precision of sentences and the breadth of artistic conception are really the pinnacle! However, although Du Li was crowned as a "poet saint", there are still stars shining through the ages! There are words in the poem, which have been seen in the northern and southern dynasties, and prevailed in the teaching workshop in the late Tang Dynasty. As for Da Song, it gradually jumped out of the string and became a ups and downs poem, which is unique in the history of poetry. Compared with poetry, ci has more extension and inheritance, and also shows hearty lyricism. There are thousands of Ci poets in Song Dynasty, and Yan Xin is the most outstanding one. In addition, it is true that there are thousands of epigrams rhyming, but it is not ancient to the predecessors, and later generations often tie their hands and feet and become the wind of lyrics. The interpretation of poetry in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties more and more catered to the needs of folk entertainment. As a result, "Street Melody" and "Country Square Minor" were very popular and eventually blossomed and became a wonderful song. There is a saying: there are no poems after the Tang Dynasty and no words after the Song Dynasty. Generally speaking, this is a generalized theory of poetic realm; In a narrow sense, not necessarily. Gao Qi's poems in Ming Dynasty have the brilliance of Han and Wei Dynasties and the beauty of Tang and Song Dynasties, which is quite a model of connecting the past with the future. Sighing that the green hills are there, writing is a taboo, risking embarrassment, and suffering from waist-cutting in the prime of life. It is better to say that there is no poetry after the literary inquisition than after the Tang Dynasty. As for the Qing Dynasty, there were many poets and countless poems, but most of them were smoked in the slippery air of princes, lacking character and few people handed down masterpieces. There are more than 10 thousand poems, but I haven't seen one or two. What can I say? However, it is Gong Zizhen and Banqiao who can admire integrity.

3. The classical Chinese knowledge of Li Sao

Keywords: 1. Cover up tears: I take a long breath to cover up tears (covering my face and wiping my tears) 2. I: I (Ji m n) pay homage to (Su) and take the place of (admonition) in the evening. Replacement: I pay homage, and I will replace (discard) 5 at night. Woman: a woman's jealous moth eyebrow (referring to many little people) 6. Moth eyebrow: a woman's jealous moth eyebrow (referring to noble virtue) 7. Pass on (zhuó) mi ? n for lewdness (spreading rumors and slandering) 8. : suddenly) 1 1. Different ways: husbands are familiar with each other in different ways, and they live in peace (different ways) 12. In particular: forbearing others and angering others (sin) 13. V: Tibet is innocent and dead (keep, keep) 14. Route selection) 15. And: not far from the trip (squat) 16. Stop: Chek Lap Kok stop (stop to rest) 17. Initial service: I will return to repair my initial service (original clothes, metaphor of original ambition) 18. Unstable: the high crown is in jeopardy (towering appearance) 19. Eyes wandering: looking back suddenly (looking around) 20. Colorful: Wear colorful ornaments (numerous) 2 1. Invariant: although the body solution remains unchanged (unchanged) measures) 2. Yi: soup (chà) Xi (through "embarrassment", sadness and depression) 3. Hey: Why is he in (through the "circle") 4. Return) 3. Polysemy 1. Length: ① Long breath covers tears (adverb, long) ② Pei leaves the ground (lengthened) 2. Goodness: ① My heart is also good (self-righteous) ②. Zhuó means that I am lustful (good at it) 3. Thought: ① I am good at making clothes (with …) 2. Beautiful) 5. Although: ① I am good at repairing (kuā), I am embarrassed by (jρ) (only, only) ② Although I have died nine times, I still have no regrets (even if). Fourthly, I am good at repairing (even if). (gregarious) 4. Death: Innocence means direct death (for touching usage, to die for ...) 5. Curse: Curse your mind and restrain your will (move, make ... wrong, make trouble ... restrain) 6. Step: On Rangoosey's horse (move, make ...) 7. Tall.

(2) Modern meaning: describing the vast and ever-increasing water potential; (2) ingenious thinking: ingenious thinking of custom (1) Ancient meaning: good at opportunism. 2 today means: skilled) 3. Correct mistakes: correct mistakes according to regulations (① ancient meaning: change measures.

Now meaning: correct mistakes) 4. Poor: At this time, I am poor alone (1 ancient meaning: embarrassed. ② Modern significance: economic difficulties) 5. Exile: Gan Ning (kè) died in exile.

(2) today's meaning: forced to leave home or motherland due to disasters or political reasons). Sentence 1. I don't know, it's already embarrassing (prepositional object) 2. Still very embarrassed (fixed sentence) 3. Gao Guan Yu is in danger, and Pei is separated from the land. Although I am good at repairing, I am embarrassed. Although I know my body, I didn't lose money. Translation of difficult sentences 1. Although I am good (kuā), I am embarrassed by it (jο) and eager to replace it.

I just advocate virtue and restrain myself. I protested in the morning and was demoted at night. 2. I am also kind-hearted. Although he died nine times, he still has no regrets.

This is also the virtue I yearn for in my heart, even if I die nine times, I will not regret it. Gan Ning died in exile, but I couldn't bear it.

I would rather die suddenly and drift with the tide than be such an ugly gesture of a secular villain. 4. If I can't get in, I will leave you, and you will return to my first service.

Being an official in the imperial court was not accepted by (the king) and was not accused, so he retired and rearranged his original clothes. 5. Take lotus flowers as clothes and hibiscus as clothes.

Cut lotus leaves above and sew lotus petals below. 6. I don't know. It's embarrassing. I feel I believe it.

Don't know me, as long as my heart is really beautiful. 7. A high risk is at stake, and Pei is far away.

Raise my top hat and lengthen my long dress. 8. Fang and Ze were mixed, but they didn't lose.

The beauty of the world is mixed with filth, but my bright and clean quality has not lost money. 9. Although I haven't changed my mind, how can I be punished? Even if I am dismembered, I will not change. Will my ambition be defeated? .

4. Common sense of ancient literature in China

The first part is an overview of pre-Qin literature (36 hours) (1 hour) and the scope of pre-Qin literature.

2. The beginning of China literature; Primitive ballads and ancient myths; Myth is an encyclopedia of China's childhood and the earliest treasure in China's literary heritage. 3. China's first collection of poems, The Book of Songs.

As the source of ancient realistic literature, The Book of Songs is of pioneering significance in terms of literary expression objects and techniques. 4. The social changes and the emergence of "a hundred schools of thought contend" in the Warring States period promoted the prosperity of prose.

There are many famous historical prose and essays, which have laid a solid foundation for the development of China's prose. 5. Qu Yuan is the first great poet in the history of China literature. The excellent poem represented by Li Sao is full of lofty thoughts and feelings, patriotic spirit and the magical color of romanticism, which opens up the fine tradition of romanticism in China.

Q: What is the general situation of pre-Qin literature? Chapter 1 Ancient Myth (2 hours) 1, Myth and Myth Generation. Marx believes that myth is "a natural and social form processed by unconscious artistic methods in people's fantasies."

The emergence of myth is closely related to the productivity level and thinking ability of primitive people; The modes of myth production usually include labor production and religious activities. 2. The content of myth.

Ancient myths in China are very rich and complete, including the myth of the formation of the universe, the myth of the origin of mankind, the myth of heroes, the myth of floods, and all kinds of descriptive myths about the types, habits and forms of gods. 3. Myth art and its national characteristics.

Ancient mythology is the embodiment of primitive romanticism, which expresses primitive people's understanding and imagination of nature and society by exaggeration and fantasy. China myth has its distinctive national characteristics. In content, it eulogizes endless creative spirit, shows indomitable tenacious pursuit, eulogizes indomitable dedication spirit, has positive romantic spirit, and is full of artistic color and fantasy.

4. The significance and influence of myth. Question: 1. What are the contents and characteristics of ancient myths? 2. What is the relationship between ancient myths and primitive religions? The second chapter is Zhou Dynasty poetry and the Book of Songs (13 class hours) 1, ancient proverbs, incantations and the formation of Zhou poetry.

Before the Book of Songs, China's ancient poems had a long history of development. Ancient proverbs and ancient curses are two main forms of early poetry, and they are also the predecessors of Zhou poetry. The Zhou Dynasty was a period of great prosperity for China's ancient poetry. Besides The Book of Songs, there are many poems preserved in Zhouyi and Zuozhuan, which can be compared with The Book of Songs.

2. The system and compilation of the Book of Songs. The Book of Songs contains 305 poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period.

It is divided into three parts: wind, elegance and praise. The area with 300 poems includes all or part of today's Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, Hubei and Shandong provinces.

Some are folk songs, and some are created by noble literati. Most authors' names no longer exist. In the past, there were different opinions about the compilation of the Book of Songs, among which the most influential ones were the theory of offering poems, the theory of collecting poems and the theory of Confucius deleting poems.

Nowadays, many people think that the compilation of The Book of Songs was jointly completed by the imperial court, local governors and musicians. The Book of Songs was only called the Book of Songs in the pre-Qin period, and it was regarded as a classic by Confucianism after the Han Dynasty.

3. An overview of the classification of The Book of Songs. (1) Zhou tribal epic; (2) political satire; (3) Poetry; ④ Farming poems; ⑤ Love poems; 6 miscellaneous poems.

The Book of Songs is a reflection of all aspects of social life in the Zhou Dynasty, and the lives and feelings of people from all walks of life in the Zhou Dynasty are confirmed in the Book of Songs. Some show the growth history of Zhou people; Some show the anxiety or dissatisfaction of nobles, literati, petty officials, ordinary people and even social and political slaves; Some show the noble life of rites and music and Yan's enjoyment, entertainment and holiday celebrations; Some show the social reality that small countries and small officials can't control, and attack the uneven work and rest; Some show the agricultural production of Zhou people; Some show the sweetness or misfortune of love and family marriage; Some describe the social problems of abandoned women in Zhou dynasty; Some reflect the relationship and friendship between family, clan and friends.

In a word, The Book of Songs shows all aspects of social life in the Zhou Dynasty from many aspects, and it is a masterpiece of realism. 4. Artistic achievements of the Book of Songs.

① The realistic artistic features and skills of The Book of Songs; (2) Artistic means of narration, reasoning, lyricism, scenery description and discussion; (3) The sentence patterns and rules of The Book of Songs; ④ The language art of The Book of Songs; ⑤ Fu Bi's technique of prosperity in The Book of Songs. Thinking question: 1, what are six meanings, four beginnings, Mao poems, four-character poems and changing the wind into elegance? 2. What is the main content of The Book of Songs? 3. What are the main artistic features of The Book of Songs? 4. What is the concrete embodiment of Fu Bixing's artistic technique in The Book of Songs? The third chapter is the pre-Qin historical prose (5 hours) 1, the basis of the development of pre-Qin historical prose.

Great social changes; A new atmosphere in the field of ideology and culture; New requirements of social development for the style of history books. 2. Historical prose from Yin Shang Dynasty to Spring and Autumn Period.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronze inscriptions are the origins of the ancient Chinese prose system; Zhouyi is a book of divination, and it also shows certain historical content; Shangshu is the earliest history book to remember words. Spring and Autumn Annals is the earliest chronological historical memorabilia. 3. Zuo Zhuan.

Author of Zuo Zhuan; The style and content of Zuo Zhuan; The Art of Zuo Zhuan: Although Zuo Zhuan is a historical work, it is full of literature. Its narrative pays attention to story and drama, and the plot is tense and moving. It is good at writing about wars, especially the battles of Chengpu, Ji Lang, Yao Yao and Changshao, which are clearly described, complete from beginning to end and changeable. Zuo Zhuan is especially good at writing pedestrian rhetoric.

4. "Mandarin". The style and content of Guoyu; The art of Guoyu: The achievement of Guoyu is far less than that of Zuozhuan, but there are some excellent chapters with humorous dialogue, vivid stories and meticulous characterization.

5. Warring States policy. The style of the Warring States Policy; The writing process of Warring States Policy; The content and art of the Warring States Policy: The Warring States Policy reflects the thoughts of strategists in the Warring States Period, portrays vivid images of strategists, and cheats politicians and strategists in the book.