What are the customs of Mongolian festivals?

The traditional festivals in Mongolia mainly include the Lunar New Year, and the Mongolian language is "Chagan Saren", that is, Bai Yue. Mongolian New Year Festival, also called "White Festival" or "Bai Yue", is closely related to the whiteness of milk. In addition, there are Nadam, Horse Milk Festival and so on.

Sacrifice Aobao is also one. Aobao is Mongolian, meaning heap or bulge. One of the grand ceremonies of the Mongols. Aobao is generally located on high mountains or hills. It is a cone-shaped solid tower made of stone, with a long rod inserted at the top, animal hair horns and scripture cloth tied to its head, and a cushion stone burning cedar wood around it. Next to Aobao are branches covered with whole sheep, koumiss, butter and cheese. When offering sacrifices to the handle, ancient shaman wizards beat drums and chanted scriptures, worshiping and praying; In modern times, lamas burn incense and make fires, chanting scriptures and chanting scriptures. Herdsmen circled Aobao three times from left to right, praying for God's blessing. Mongolian herders follow the primitive religious beliefs of their ancestors and believe that tall and majestic mountains will lead to heaven; This mountain is also the place where imaginary gods live. Therefore, the worship of the mountain and the prayer to God are expressed in the form of offering sacrifices to Aobao. There are many traditional Mongolian sacrificial activities, such as offering sacrifices to heaven, fire, ancestors and Aobao. Among them, offering sacrifices to Aobao is the most important sacrificial activity, and it is one of the manifestations of grassland people advocating natural thought. Xilin Gol League is a well-preserved area where the historical relics of Aobao are sacrificed.

Etiquette and customs:

Mongolians, whether acquaintances or strangers, always greet each other warmly: "He is a perfect match." (Hmm), then the host put his right hand on his chest, bowed slightly, and invited the guests into the yurt. The whole family, old and young, sat around the guests, asking questions as if they were at home.

Usually, after drinking milk tea, generous hosts always put sweet butter, milk skin, mellow milk wine, crispy fried fruit, fried rice, milk tea, cheese and "hand-grilled meat" with unique grassland flavor in front of their guests and invite them to have a drink feast. If the host has special respect for the guests, he often puts milk jugs and hip jugs on Hada's top, and sometimes sings some welcome and friendly songs to persuade the guests to drink. The guest took a sip, and the host was very happy. When you meet a banquet, please invite special distinguished guests or festivals, and often put a whole sheep mat. Mongolians call it "black tea", while others call it "Hughes" and "Buhuli". When guests say goodbye, they often send their families away, point out the way and repeatedly say "Bai Yitai Day!" On the 11th, Wu Taicha Reya (I hope we can meet again happily), "A Mu Day, Saiyin, Yaba!" Have a safe trip.

Hada in Xi 'an: Hada is a Tibetan transliteration. It is often used to welcome, give gifts, worship God, pay New Year greetings and celebrate to show respect and congratulations. This etiquette has a long history. According to Kyle Poirot's travel notes, Mongolians "give each other gifts made of gold, silver, jade and white silk during the Spring Festival holiday".

Snuff bottle handing: It is an ancient custom of Mongolians. When visiting Mongolian yurts, the hospitable host often takes out a small pot as delicate as a porcelain bottle for the guests to smell. This is a snuff bottle with snuff. There are certain rules for handing snuff bottles. If you meet a colleague, you should hand the pot in your right hand and exchange it with each other, or raise your hands slightly and bow to exchange it, then pour a little snuff, rub it on your nose with your fingers, smell the smoke, and then exchange it after you finish. If the elders meet the younger generation, they should lean slightly, pass the pot with their right hands, and the younger generation will be crisp, take it with both hands, raise their hands to smell it, and then exchange.

In Mongolian customs, they ride horses and take buses to visit the herdsmen's homes. When approaching the yurt, ride slowly to avoid disturbing the cattle. Before entering the yurt, put the whip and stick outside the door. If you bring them into the bag, it will be regarded as disrespectful to the owner. Don't get on the bus or get on the horse immediately after you get out of the yurt. You have to walk for a while before you get on the bus and get on the horse when the master comes back. As a guest in the bag, the host bends down to serve milk tea, and the guest bends down to pick it up with both hands. The northwest corner of Bao is a place for offering Buddha. You can't put your feet in the northwest corner when you sleep. It is not advisable to use a tobacco pouch or fingers. Don't touch the stove with your feet, and don't roast your feet on the fire, otherwise it is equivalent to insulting the kitchen god. In the yurt, if there is a patient, tie a rope to the left side of the door, and the head of the rope is buried underground, which means that the host cannot entertain guests and visitors are not allowed to enter the door.

/kloc-customs at the age of 0/8

The most important festival for Mongolian people is China New Year. Usually, on the fifteenth day of the twelfth lunar month, people begin to prepare for the China New Year. On the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month, the whole family or relatives and friends get together for dinner, entertainment and sending Vulcan.

From the thirtieth day of the twelfth lunar month to the fifth day of the first month, it is the happiest day of the New Year. After the arrival of New Year's Eve, people gather in the oldest people's homes and start a "celebration day" (banquet) on New Year's Eve. The whole family enjoys the "longevity" as much as possible. The "three pots" should be prepared at the New Year's Eve dinner. A pot is a milk tea pot; The second pot is a sheep back pot; Three pots are broth rice pots. Sing at least three songs at the party.

On the first day of New Year's Day, the first thing is to offer sacrifices to heaven. Leave one or two old people or women at home, and the rest put on holiday costumes, carry silver pots of milk tea and milk food, come to the Aobao made of snow, sprinkle offerings into the lit fire, and then kowtow and pray for good weather and human and animal safety. Then the New Year greetings from the family. The younger generation pays tribute to their elders. Old people hold Hada, adults use small silks, and young people worship with bright long silks. The elders give their children food and money.

After family members pay New Year's greetings, people go to the oldest person's home first, and enter the door in turn according to age. After the New Year greeting, there are at least two eulogies and three songs. For excellent singers, lay people hold a saucer with Hada and recite their congratulations. After the singer recited the words, he held Hada in his arms and held a saucer for other singers to taste.

Living custom

(1) clothing:

Boots: Mongolian boots are divided into riding boots and Mongolian boots, and riding boots are divided into cotton boots and single riding boots. It is made of cowhide, sometimes black and purple, which is quite chic and exquisite. Young people like to wear riding boots. The tip of Mongolian boots (fragrant cowhide boots) is slightly upturned, and the boot surface usually has patterns and reliefs. Have a plenty of leather lining have a plenty of felt lining, boots are very wide. Boots can be covered with cotton socks and felt socks.

Robe: Mongolian men, women and children like to wear robes. This kind of robe has wide sleeves and long sleeves. The lower end is generally not bifurcated, the collar is higher, and the button is on the right. The neckline, cuffs and edges of robes are often decorated with beautiful lace, and the color of robes varies from place to place and from season to season.

Belt: You should wear Mongolian robes, some of which are cloth and some are satin, which are five meters long, and the colors are in harmony with the robes.

Jewelry: Generally, women in pastoral areas do not wear hats and wrap their heads with long red and green silk. Men wear caps in summer, sheepskin and fox fur hats in winter, and the styles are big ear pointed hats or grassland hats. Mongolian women's jewelry is used as head decoration for festivals, festive banquets and visiting relatives and friends. There are many kinds of decorations, and the materials vary from rich to poor. More beautifully, it is made of agate, pearls, precious stones and gold and silver.

(2) Diet:

Mongolian diet can be roughly divided into three categories, namely meat, milk and grain. Three meals a day, two dry meals. At noon in the morning, I usually drink fried rice with milk tea, milk food and braised pork. In the evening, I roast mutton and eat steamed buns.

Meat: Beef and mutton is the most common and favorite food of Mongolians. I especially want to eat mutton "hand-grabbed meat", and there are many ways to eat it. Common and well-known "hand-grilled meat" and "whole sheep" are also called "sheep back".

There are three main kinds of drinks: milk tea is also called Mongolian tea. It is the favorite drink of Mongolians, and you should drink milk tea three times a day. Yogurt: fermented mare's milk "Qige" and fermented milk and goat's milk "Targa" can dissipate heat and quench thirst, and are rich in nutrition; Milk wine, also called Mongolian wine. Put the fermented milk into the pot and distill it with slow fire, and it will become transparent and mellow milk wine.

Milk food: The Mongolian name "Chaganyide" means pure and auspicious. There are six kinds of milk food: white oil, butter, milk skin, milk tofu, cheese and milk fruit.

Ziggy: "Ziggy" koumiss (commonly known as koumiss) is a precious drink of Mongolian people at various parties and banquets. At the Nadam convention, people always drink a lot to celebrate the bumper harvest and good luck in animal husbandry production. According to the Travel Notes of Marco Polo, Kublai Khan once entertained guests with drinks such as chequer and camel milk in a golden bowl at a royal banquet.

Mongolian wine: Mongolian wine is one of the main drinks of Mongolian people. It is refined from milk, so it is called "milk wine". It is thick and mellow, colorless and transparent. Drinking less can prolong life, promote blood circulation and invigorate qi, and can be drunk by men, women and children. Mongolian people have a long history of making "milk wine". According to historical records, Mongolian Boer people only weigh one Jin Temujin 1206. When People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, they drank this wine on auspicious days, adding to the atmosphere of festive days. 127 1 year, Kublai Khan made the country yuan, especially rich in Mongolian wine. However, after more than 700 years, the original technology of producing Mongolian wine has not changed.

(3) Life

Mongolian yurt is a kind of canopy-style residence with a circular spire. Usually covered with one or two layers of wool felt. Mongolian yurt is the Manchu name of Mongolian herdsmen's housing. "Bao" means "home" and "house" in Manchu. In ancient times, it was called "treasury" and "felt bag".

There are two kinds of yurts. One is used in pastoral areas in summer and can be moved, and the other is semi-fixed in winter camp. Mongolian calls subcontracting "Urgogol".

The yurt has little resistance in the heavy snow, there is no snow, and there is no water on the top of the yurt when it rains. The door of the bag is long and small, connected with the ground, and the cold is not easy to invade. Hana, a covered shutter, is made up of several equal thin wooden sticks and cowhide ropes. When in use, it becomes a circular yurt wall, which can be folded when moving, and can also be used as a bicycle board. There is a skylight at the top of the bag, which can ventilate, smoke and light.

4. Production Customs

Horses are indispensable means of transportation for herders, and they are needed for grazing, visiting relatives and friends, and going out for business. Horses are not only strong and sturdy, but also extremely resistant to extensive breeding and are known for their hard work. The daily journey can reach 100 to 150 kilometers. Grassland herders can ride horses, regardless of gender or age.

Leclerc, also known as the "prototype", has high wheels, with the longest diameter of 1.45 meters. Axle wheels are mostly made of birch, elm and hard miscellaneous wood, and the shaft length is generally equivalent to the bust length except the car body. It can pull water, carry yurts and transport fuel for weddings, funerals and weddings, and is suitable for passing through grasslands and deserts.

A wooden rectangular cabinet with a door is placed on the body of the storage car, and the cabinet is wrapped with iron or cowhide, which can be windproof, waterproof and moisture-proof. Food, meat and other daily necessities can be stored in the cupboard.

Pulling a water wheel, a large wooden bucket or iron bucket is fixed on the car, which is usually used to pull drinking water and store water.

Camels are the main means of transportation in desert areas. Especially in winter, herders prefer to ride camels, which are warm and hardworking. They can travel in winter without feeding grass or drinking water for several days. Transportation mainly depends on camels. In the desert, you can often see groups of camels swimming in the ocean-like sand, so camels are called "ships in the desert".

5. Sacrifice custom

(1) Aobao: It was originally a sign of roads and boundaries, which played the role of guiding the way, identifying the direction and administrative divisions. The time to worship Aobao is mostly in June, July and August when the water plants are rich and the cattle and sheep are fat. When offering sacrifices, Aobao inserted branches, and colorful cloth or paper flags were hung on the branches, and scriptures were written on the flags. The ceremonies generally include blood sacrifice, wine sacrifice, fire sacrifice and jade sacrifice.

(2) Blood sacrifice: It is to slaughter the cows, horses and sheep that you feed and sacrifice them in front of Aobao. This kind of sacrifice has a long history, and now it is also found in other places. According to legend, in the nomadic era, Mongolian herders regarded cattle, horses, sheep and other livestock for their own survival as a gift from heaven and earth. Therefore, when worshipping the god of heaven and earth, livestock had to be slaughtered in return.

(3) Wine Festival: It is to sprinkle fresh milk and cream drop by drop in front of "Aobao" to pray for peace and happiness. This custom of offering sacrifices to gods has a long history. It is called "pouring wine ceremony" in the secret history of Mongolia, and it can still be seen in some places. It is said that it means that God should not only eat meat, but also drink and milk.

(4) Fire sacrifice: burn a large number of dry branches or a large number of cattle, horses and sheep dung in front of Aobao. During the sacrificial ceremony, all families approached the fire, recited their surnames, offered sacrifices, and threw the whole lamb of Buhule Maha into the fire to burn, which became more and more prosperous. Mongolians believe that fire is the cleanest, and it can drive away all evil.

(5) Jade Sacrifice: Ancient jade is expensive, and it is often sacrificed to gods. In the past, when the Mongols offered sacrifices to Aobao, there were also such sacrificial ceremonies. Now no one uses jade to pay homage to Aobao.

6. Entertainment customs

(1) Horse racing: It is the most wonderful traditional sports and entertainment activity on the grassland, and the race is generally 50 to 70 miles. Instead of wearing boots and socks, the racers wore gorgeous and colorful clothes and red and green ribbons on their heads, which made them look light and brave. When the horse galloped, the racers rode like flies, showing skillful riding.

(2) Wrestling: Mongolian wrestling is a round fall. Grab each other when you come up, and it is a failure to fall on any part above the knee. The number of wrestlers is eight, sixteen, thirty-two, sixty-four and so on. , and the total number cannot be odd. Wrestlers are more particular about clothes. They wear loose white trousers (Bansla) and a pair of trousers embroidered with various animal and flower patterns. The coat is made of cowhide, with silver nails or bronze nails (Zhuoduge) nailed on the top, a round silver mirror or the word "auspicious" in the middle of the back, an apron made of red, blue and yellow silk tied around the waist, and Mongolian boots or riding boots. Winners often wear colorful cloth rings "Jiangga" around their necks.

(3) Archery: It was first used by Mongols for military training, and later changed to entertainment. There are two kinds of static shooting and riding shooting.

(4) Ma Touqin: It is a unique and deeply loved national musical instrument of the Mongols, which has been circulated for over 1300 years. Grassland herders love Ma Touqin and have special feelings for Ma Touqin. Ma Touqin's piano is very beautiful. Someone described it like this: "A piece of Ma Touqin's description of the grassland is far more vivid than the painter's color and the poet's language".

(5) Music and dance: Mongolians have always been famous for their ability to sing and dance. Whenever banquets and festivals are held, songs are often sung one after another. Singing ancient folk songs, stories of folklore, rich and beautiful grasslands and yearning for a better life in the future. Mongolian songs have long and high-pitched endings, and their tones are more exciting. The rhyme of this song is at the beginning of the sentence, not at the end. Generally speaking, two, four and Xiao are used for banquets, festivals and weddings.

(6) "Haolaibao": It is a unique folk art form in Mongolia and a kind of rap art, with fixed tunes and lyrics. Generally, two people play duet or one person asks and answers. Rappers can not only play and sing, but also have the inspiration of touching the scene, the ability to sing along with the editing, and the strong national style and local characteristics. Nowadays, the new "Haolaibao" performed on the stage in Xilinhot sometimes varies in number, including self-writing, self-acting, classic general mobilization, etc., with various forms and beautiful appearance.

(7) Mongolian chess: similar to chess, it consists of chessboards and chess pieces. The chessboard has 64 small squares with two colors arranged at intervals, with 32 pieces on each side * * *, 65,438+06 pieces, including Noyan (monarch), Hatun (queen), also known as Borges, one for each, Hasega (car), camel and Kyle. In the game, white squares go first, and then both sides take turns to eat each other's pieces. Starting from the square where it stopped, "Wang Che Translocation", "Eating Road Soldiers" and "Upgrading Soldiers" are all counted as leaving. When any "thick black" of both sides reaches the last square of the other side, it can become any piece eaten by itself. When playing Mongolian chess, you can't eat the opponent's "Unuchin Wu Hou" (orphan). The "King" will be killed by the opponent. Even if the chess game is lost, both sides will have a "King" or only one camel of the same color will count as a draw.

(8) "Shaga" Nadam:

Shaga refers to the ankle bone of sheep. Sharjah has many ways to play. The wide convex surface of Shaga is called Ni Hao (sheep), the wide concave surface is called Maya (goat), the narrow convex surface is called Maori (horse), and the narrow concave surface is called Wuri or Temo (cow or camel). Sharjah's upright posture is called "Weng Gao" and his handstand posture is called "Qualcomm".

(9) "Nadam" conference is a traditional festival with a long history in Mongolia, which is held in July and August every year. "Nadam" means entertainment and games in Mongolian. It originated from wrestling, archery and horse racing, and has now become a grand gathering on the grassland to celebrate the harvest, exchange materials and hold folk sports activities.