Why does Chinese painting emphasize the need to achieve three wonders of poetry and painting?

Chinese painting, also known as Chinese painting, as its name implies, is a painting made by using traditional painting tools in China and according to the aesthetic habits of China people. China's traditional Chinese painting has a long history and fine traditions, and it is unique in the world art field. It is an important part of China's traditional culture and a precious wealth of the Chinese nation.

Below, we will briefly introduce the basic knowledge of Chinese painting:

Characteristics of Chinese painting

Compared with western painting, Chinese painting has its own obvious characteristics. Chinese painting does not pay attention to perspective, does not emphasize the change of light and color of objects in nature, does not stick to the appearance of objects, but emphasizes the expression of the author's subjective interest. Chinese painting emphasizes "vivid with form" and pursues a feeling that "beauty lies between similarity and dissimilarity": what about western painting? It emphasizes "writing form with form", and of course, it also pays attention to the expression of "God" in the process of creation. But it pays great attention to the integrity and generality of the picture. Some people say that western painting is an art of "reappearance" and Chinese painting is an art of "expression", which makes sense.

Compared with western painting, Chinese painting has its own unique characteristics, which are also manifested in its artistic techniques, artistic division, composition, pen and ink and color application. Chinese painting can be divided into three forms according to artistic techniques: meticulous brushwork, freehand brushwork and concurrent brushwork. Meticulous brushwork is a neat and meticulous painting with a pen, with clear and meticulous details and extremely delicate brushstrokes, so it is called "meticulous brushwork". And freehand brushwork? Compared with meticulous brushwork, vigorous and concise brushwork is used to describe the shape and spirit of objects and express the author's feelings. You should have high generalization ability, implicit artistic conception with twice the result with half the effort, accurate writing, skillful writing and handy writing. The form of part-time writing is the comprehensive application of meticulous brushwork and freehand brushwork.

From the branch of art, Chinese painting can be divided into three branches: figures, landscapes and flowers and birds, which are mainly divided according to the different objects depicted. Animals, pommel horses, insects, fruits and vegetables in Chinese painting can be classified into these three categories respectively.

Chinese painting also has its own characteristics in composition, pen, ink and color. Generally speaking, the composition of Chinese painting does not follow the Huang Jinlv of western painting, and it is either a long scroll or a vertical axis, and the ratio of length to width is "unbalanced". But it can well express the special artistic conception and the painter's subjective interest. At the same time, Chinese painting and western painting are different in perspective. Perspective is the term of painting, that is, when painting, all objects are correctly represented on the plane, so that it has a sense of space and three-dimensional sense. This method is called perspective. Because the phenomenon of perspective is that the near is big and the far is small, it is often called the "near-far method". Western paintings generally use focus perspective, just like taking pictures. It is fixed on a foothold. Due to the limitation of space, everything taken into the lens will be taken truthfully, otherwise it will not be taken. Chinese painting is not necessarily fixed on a foothold, nor is it limited by a fixed horizon. It can move its foothold to paint according to the painter's feelings and needs, and absorb all visible and invisible scenes into its own picture. This perspective is called scatter perspective or multipoint perspective. As we all know, the famous paintings in the Northern Song Dynasty and Zhang Zeduan's The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival all adopt scattered perspective. The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival reflects the rich, complex and colorful scenes inside and outside Bianliang, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. It takes Bianhe as the center, from distant Chinese painting to lively "Hongqiao"; The audience can see the city and the countryside; You can see both pedestrians on the bridge and ships under it. You can see not only the balcony trees nearby, but also the streets and river ports in the distance. Moreover, no matter where you stand, the proportion of scenery is similar. If you draw according to the method of focusing on machines in western painting, many places can't be drawn at all. This is a unique perspective method created by ancient Chinese painters according to the needs of content and artistic expression.

Pen and ink is an important part of Chinese painting modeling. Use a pen to emphasize thickness, slowness, depression, rotation, Fiona Fang and other changes to express the texture of an object. Generally speaking, when starting and stopping the pen, you should use force, your wrist should be stiff, the air in the middle should not be broken, and you should not pick the pen lightly. When using the pen, the force is light, floating, heavy, slippery, slow, thin, and the board is being used. It's all a matter of using a pen to bend like a bow and straight like a ruler. Eighteen strokes of crochet summarized by the ancients can be said to be a summary of the experience of using pens in Chinese painting. As for the use of ink, it emphasizes the interaction of rubbing, rubbing, light and dyeing, and the rational allocation of dry, wet, thick and light to shape the body and set off the atmosphere. Generally speaking, the beauty of ink in Chinese painting lies in the matching of shades. There is no spirit in all shades, there must be shades, the shades should be wonderful but not stagnant, and the shades should be graceful but not gloomy. Using ink is the same as using color. In ancient times, there was the experience of dividing ink into colors, and there was also the painting style of cherishing ink as gold. When using ink, there should be a strong combination of life and harmony, so that there is light in the thick and strong in the light; There are strong and second strong, and there are light and light, which are all flexible ways to use pens in Chinese painting. Because China's calligraphy and painting have many similarities in tools and brush strokes, they have forged an indissoluble bond. The ancients have long said that "calligraphy and painting are of the same origin". However, there are also differences between the two. Calligraphy is changeable, especially cursive script, which is better than painting, and the ink used in painting is rich and colorful, surpassing calligraphy. The word pen and ink is considered as the general term of Chinese painting techniques. It is not only a means to shape the image, but also has independent aesthetic value.

Chinese painting also has its own emphasis on coloring. The pigments used are mostly natural minerals or powder in animal shells, which are wind-resistant and sun-resistant, and will last for a long time. The coloring method is mostly flat painting, which pursues the effect of the inherent color of the object and rarely changes the light and shadow.

The characteristics of Chinese painting mentioned above mainly refer to Chinese painting. But these characteristics, with the progress of the times. The content and form of art are also updated and constantly changing. Especially after the May 4th Movement, a large number of western paintings poured in, and Chinese painting absorbed many techniques of western art with its broad mind, enriching the expressive force of Chinese painting. However, no matter how it changes, the basic characteristics of Chinese painting, a traditional nation, can't be lost. The fine tradition of Chinese painting should be maintained and carried forward, because Chinese painting has its own unique system in the world art field and shines alone in the art garden where the world art is full of flowers and mountains. Chinese painting is the crystallization of our nation's high wisdom, outstanding talent and hard work, and it is our nation's precious wealth.

The Tool of Chinese Painting —— Four Treasures of the Study

Chinese painting and western painting have their own characteristics in the form of expression, which is closely related to the material basis of painting, namely tools and materials. Then, let's look at the tools and materials used in Chinese painting.

The tools and materials of Chinese painting are basically composed of pen, ink, paper and inkstone. People usually call them "Four Treasures of the Study", which roughly means that they are necessary Four Treasures of the Study in a scholar's study. Because China ancient literati can basically write and draw, or both, they can't do without the four treasures of pen, ink, paper and inkstone.

Four Treasures of the Study-Pen

Let's start with the pen. Among many pen products, the brush is a unique category in China. Traditional brush is not only a necessary learning tool for the ancients, but also has a unique power in expressing the special charm of China's paintings and calligraphy. However, because the brush is fragile and difficult to preserve, ancient pens that have been passed down to this day are rare. The manufacturing history of brushes is very long. As early as the Warring States period, the use of brush was quite developed. China's calligraphy and painting are inseparable from the use of brush. There are many kinds of pens in ancient times. Judging from the raw materials of the pen, there are rabbit hair, white hair, Miki Sayaka, yellow hair, sheep beard, horse hair, deer hair, musk hair, badger hair, raccoon hair, mink hair, moustache, mouse tail, tiger hair, wolf tail, fox hair, otter hair, orangutan hair, goose hair, duck hair and chicken feather. In terms of performance, there are bristles, soft bristles and double brushes. Judging from the texture of the pen holder, there are bamboo joints, feather bamboo, spotted bamboo, brown bamboo, purple bamboo, chicken wings, sandalwood, nanmu, rosewood, fragrant wood, carved lacquer, green lacquer, snail, ivory, rhinoceros horn, horn, tortoise shell, jade, crystal and glass. According to the use of pens, there are landscape pens, flower pens, Ye Jin pens, figure pens, clothing line pens, bone pens and colored pens.

The earliest writing brush can be traced back to about two thousand years ago. Although there were no physical objects of writing brushes in the Western Zhou Dynasty and above, we can find some signs of using pens from prehistoric painted pottery patterns and Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the brush was widely used to write bamboo slips and silk books. The writing brush of the Spring and Autumn Period was found in the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Leigudun, Suizhou City, Hubei Province. It is the earliest pen found so far. Later, the Warring States pens unearthed in Zuojiagong Mountain, Changsha City, Hunan Province, the Qin pens unearthed in Shuihudi, Yunmeng County, Hubei Province, and Fangmatan, Tianshui City, Gansu Province, as well as Mawangdui in Changsha, Fenghuang Mountain in jiangling county City, Gansu Province, Xuanquanjia in Dunhuang City, Maquanwan, the Han pens in the ancient rock area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and the Western Jin pens in Wuwei are all precious materials left by ancient times.

At present, our common varieties are Stone Badger, Wolfberry, Zhu Lan, Ye Jin, Red Hair and Feather Arrow Temple, with different pen shapes. Soft hair brushes, generally made of wool, are characterized by softness and high water content. There are many types and sizes such as "carrying a bucket" and "grasping a pen", and there are also small and medium-sized ones such as "crane strength" and "crane feet". Double-stranded brush, soft and hard, moderate soft and hard. Now we are familiar with things like "purple hair" and "white clouds". Pens are divided into long, short, large and small, which can produce different effects when used, such as using large strokes to make a big picture and using small strokes to make a small picture. These are general rules, but they cannot be strictly observed. For example, some painters like to use wool, some like to use wolf hair, and some like to use Yamato make small paintings, thinking that they can get a full effect of pen and ink.

Four Treasures of the Study-Mexico

The impression of ink seems a little simplistic, but it is an indispensable article in ancient Chinese characters. With the help of this original material, the fantastic artistic conception of China's paintings and calligraphy can be realized. The world of ink is not boring, but rich in connotation. As a consumable, ink can be presented intact today, which is very precious.

Before the invention of artificial ink making, natural ink or semi-natural ink was generally used as writing material. Ink was invented about later than pen. Prehistoric painted pottery patterns, Shang and Zhou Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bamboo slips, silk paintings and so on have left traces of original ink everywhere. According to documents, ink was also used in ancient ink punishment (face painting), ink rope (carpenter's use) and ink turtle (divination). After this long course, in the Han Dynasty, artificial ink finally began to appear. This kind of ink raw material is taken from pine smoke, which is first kneaded by hand and then molded, and the ink quality is solid. According to Ying Shao's "Han" in the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Shang Shuling, Servant Shooting, Cheng Lang, give a large amount of ink and a small amount of ink every month." Bai Weiling is located in Qianyang County, Shaanxi Province, near Zhong Nanshan Mountain. There are many pine trees on the right side of the mountain, which are very famous for the tobacco used to make ink.

From the production to the final product, there are many processes such as glue injection, blending, steaming and baking, and there is also a molding process. Ink carving is an important process and also an artistic creation process. The shapes of ink are generally square, rectangular, round, oval and irregular. Ink mold is generally composed of front, back, top, bottom, left and right six pieces, while circular or idol-shaped ink mold can be synthesized only by four or two pieces. Built-in ink, close the hammer and smash the finished product. Most of the nib is engraved on the side, so that the ink mold can be easily replaced when it is reused. There are many forms of ink, which can be divided into natural ink, lacquer ink, gold ink and lacquer ink.

Chinese painting is also very particular about using ink. There are two kinds of ink: "oil smoke" and "pine smoke". Oil smoke ink is made of tung oil or burning smoke. Song Yanmo is made of burning pine branches. Oil smoke ink is characterized by black and bright color; loose ink is characterized by deep and dull color. Chinese painting generally uses lampblack, only color painting occasionally uses pine smoke. But in the performance of some plain things such as butterflies, black velvet and so on. It is also best to use pine smoke. Chinese painting ink generally uses ink ingots. When we choose Mo Ding, we should look at its ink color. It is best to see that the ink is blue and purple, followed by black, and the worst is red, yellow or white. The method of grinding ink is to grind it evenly and slowly with clear water until the ink is thick. The ink should be freshly ground. Ink that has been ground for too long is called Su Mo, which is generally unavailable in Su Mo. However, there are only a few painters who like to paint with Su Mo.

We now have various inks for painting and calligraphy, such as China Ink, Yidege and Cao Sugong, which can be used instead of ink. Generally speaking, meticulous painting is best with ink and freehand brushwork. Because of the large amount of ink, you can use calligraphy and painting ink.

Speaking of the use of ink in Chinese painting, we also need to talk about the use of color in Chinese painting. The ink in "Four Treasures of the Study" should contain the meaning of color, because color is also one of the indispensable materials in Chinese painting. Color is also called pigment in painting, and the pigment in Chinese painting is different from that in western painting. The pigments in western paintings are all chemicals. There are two kinds of pigments in Chinese painting, which will produce different effects when used. One kind is plants, such as Jing, Huang Teng, Rouge, Peony Red, etc. Its performance is transparent and delicate, but it will fade with age; The other is minerals, such as cinnabar, cinnabar, turquoise to tricolor, turquoise to tricolor, ochre, stone yellow, white powder and so on. , opaque, strong hiding power, long time does not fade. The pigments in Chinese painting are simpler than those in western painting. But it gives people a different feeling, which makes the color of Chinese painting have its own independent style. Today, in order to express life more richly, China painters also use some watercolors and gouache pigments of western paintings, but this can only be properly matched, and the color characteristics of Chinese paintings must be maintained; If western paintings use too much pigment, they will not look like China's paintings.

Four Treasures of the Study-Paper

Paper is one of the four great inventions in ancient China, which has made outstanding contributions to cultural exchanges in history. Even in the prevalence of machine-made paper today, some traditional handmade papers still reflect its irreplaceable role and glow with unique brilliance. Ancient newspapers can still get a glimpse of him in Gu Shuhua.

For a long time before the invention of paper, what did people use as notes? According to the literature and physical data, the earliest people used knots to take notes. When something happened, they tied a knot and solved it when they were finished. Later, he carved on the tortoise shell, which is called "Oracle Bone Inscriptions". After the bronze wares were made, they were engraved with inscriptions, namely "Bronze Inscription" or "Zhong Dingwen". Then, write the words on the pieces cut from the bamboo, which are called "bamboo slips". For example, a wide piece of bamboo is called a "bamboo slip". At the same time, some of them are also written on silk fabrics. In the pre-Qin period, in addition to the above materials, words carved on stones were also found, such as the famous "Shi Guwen".

As we all know, paper was invented by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty. However, recent archaeological excavations have questioned this. With the progress of archaeological work along the Northwest Silk Road, many sites and tombs of the Western Han Dynasty have been discovered, including many paper cultural relics. These rights documents are named after the unearthed places.

According to the chronological order of ancient paper unearthed at present, it can be arranged as follows: Fangmatan Paper, Baqiao Paper, Xuanquan Paper, Maquanwan Paper, Juyan Paper in the Middle Western Han Dynasty and Dry Beach Paper in the Late Western Han Dynasty. These papers not only predate Cai Lun paper, but also have ink fonts on some papers, indicating that they have been used to write documents.

China painted mostly dry silks and silks in ancient times. In fact, silk is also a kind of silk fabric. Silk used for painting is quite special, and now some meticulous painters like to paint with silk. Around the Song and Yuan Dynasties, people began to paint with a lot of paper. Silk and paper have their own characteristics. Paper is a plant product and silk is a silk product. When ink is drawn on paper, it is easy to show the change of ink and color. Painting on silk will make the painting more fluent. At present, paintings are mainly made of paper, usually Xuan paper. Xuan paper can be divided into raw Xuan and cooked Xuan. Cooked propaganda is processed with alum water, and ink is not easy to penetrate. It can be described neatly and carefully and painted repeatedly, which is suitable for meticulous painting like silk fabric. At present, the commonly used cooked proclamations are Snow Proclamation, Cicada Notes and Mica Proclamation. The winning election is not processed by alum water, and the ink is easy to penetrate and cannot be changed. Moreover, infiltration can produce rich changes in pen and ink, so freehand brushwork is used to select the best. Common varieties are "Cleansing Skin", "Cotton Material" and "Cotton Grafting".

Besides Xuan paper, some painters also like to paint with leather paper, which is also called Korean paper. Its performance is similar to that of rice paper, but its price is much cheaper. So beginners often use this kind of paper.

Four Treasures of the Study-inkstone

The inkstone is used to grind ink. It is required to be fine and moist, easy to ink, and the ink quality is fine and uniform without residue. There are also various types of inkstone, such as stone inkstone, pottery inkstone, brick inkstone and jade inkstone. The most famous ones are Guangdong's Duanyan and Anhui's She Yan. However, the inkstone used for painting is not necessarily so particular. Generally, the stone is good, the inkstone pool is deep, and the cover is slightly larger. When grinding, it can quickly produce ink, and it is enough that it does not volatilize when it meets water.

In the ancient study, in addition to the four main stationery, pen, ink, paper and inkstone, there are some other supporting instruments, which are also an indispensable member of the stationery family. In the Ming Dynasty, Tu Long described more than 40 kinds of stationery in the "Stationery Collection". Usually, the common ones are:

Pen inkstone: Also called pen inkstone, it is used to check the depth of ink or straighten the brush, and is often made into a leaf shape.

Handrails: also known as secret cabinets, handrails and wrist pillows, used to prevent ink from polluting hands and underarms when writing. Arched, mostly bamboo products.

Poetry tube: an instrument for inserting and placing songs and books recited daily behind poetry notes. Most of them are made of bamboo, which means elegance.

Pen holder: also known as pen holder and pen holder, used for holding pens. It is often mountain-shaped, and the pen can be placed in the recess. There are also people and animals, or the old roots and branches of nature, which are particularly wonderful.

Pen holder: Insert the pen in it when not in use. There are many materials, such as porcelain, jade, bamboo, wood and lacquer. It has a round or square shape, and it also has a plant shape or other shapes.

Wash pen: Wash the remaining ink with a pen after use. Most of them are bowl-shaped, and there are also flowers and leaves or other shapes.

Ink bed: stop for a while when grinding ink, because the grinding place is wet and is used for temporary ink storage.

Ink box: used to store Mo Ding. Mostly paint boxes, away from humidity and moisture. The paint surface is often painted with gold patterns or inlaid screws.

Paperweight: Also known as book town, it is used to press paper or books to keep paper and writing flat. Usually made into various animal shapes.

Water injection: water is injected into the inkstone surface for grinding, mostly in the form of round pots and square pots with mouths, as well as animals such as toads and pheasants to ward off evil spirits.

Ink drop: also known as water drop and book drop, ink drop is stored for grinding ink.

Inkstone box: also known as inktone box, used for placing inkstones. It's best to choose purple, ebony, watercress and paint.

Seal: used for calligraphy and painting works, such as famous seals and leisure seals. , mostly made of Shoushan stone, Qingtian stone, Chang fossil, etc. There are also bronze, jade and ivory seals.

Yin He: Also known as inkpad and inkpad, it is used to store inkpad. Mostly porcelain and jade, round and square, divided into two parts: cover and body.

Chinese painting materials

China's calligraphy and painting can be written on paper, silk, silk, fans, ceramics, plates, mirrors and other things. The following kinds are common, but murals are not included.

Silk edition:

Painting calligraphy and painting on silk, silk or silk fabric is called silk plate. Although there are many scrolls, they are easily damaged by insects. On the contrary, paper books are easier to keep. Silk books look more expensive, but the background color is not as white as paper books. Because there are more preparations before painting, silk is not as good as paper.

Paper:

China calligraphy and painting paper can be roughly divided into two types. One is raw propaganda, which is not easy to be watered after adding alum water, and it is cooked propaganda.

Murals:

The ancients painted large murals in tombs, caves, temple walls, palaces and other places. Many murals have been preserved to this day and become national treasures.

Folding fan:

Most of the fan paintings of the ancients were small and easy to carry. But modern people use giant fan painting for interior decoration, so it is more practical than the ancients.

Circular fan:

Most of the round mountains are round or oval, and the area is not large. But there are also silk and paper books. The big fan or palm fan used in ancient courts, as big as people's, is rare now.

Ceramics:

Vases, cups, plates, mirrors and other utensils are also made of calligraphy and painting. The pigments and methods used are different, but the principle and appreciation of calligraphy and painting remain unchanged.

Ships:

Besides porcelain, calendars, lampshades, snuff bottles and even modern ties and clothes are decorated with calligraphy and painting, which is very popular and unique. Christmas cards popular in the west, etc. It is very common to draw patterns with Chinese characters.