Spread cultural common sense

1. What should I pay attention to when collecting common sense of ancient culture in China?

There are roughly three situations of calling people by their first names: (1) claiming their first names or calling them by their first names.

Such as "Within five steps, please ask the king to spill blood on his neck" and "Luling Wen Tianxiang preface his poems". (2) for introduction or biography.

For example, "Sui and Lu Su are both interested in Sun Quan" and "Liu Jingting is from Taizhou". (3) people who are disgusted and despised.

For example, "Unfortunately, Lu Shimeng is evil in the former, but flattering in the latter". The ancients named it "Cheng Zi" when they were young, and took the word (male 20 years old, female 15 years old) when they came of age. There is a meaningful connection between words and names.

Chinese characters are for the convenience of others, courtesy and respect for peers or elders. For example, Qu Ping is Qu Yuan, Sima Qian is Sima Zichang, Tao Yuanming is Tao, Li Bai is Du Fu, Han Yu is Han Tui, Liu Zongyuan is Liu Zihou, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Yongshu, Sima Guang is Sima Junshi, Su Shi is Su Zizhan, and Su Zhe is Su Ziyuan.

Book names are also called alias numbers and table numbers. The fundamental difference between a name, a character and a number is that the former is decided by the father or elder, while the latter is decided by himself.

Number, generally only used to claim to express some interest or express some emotion; The address of a person is also a kind of honorific title. Such as: Mr. Wu Liu, Li Bai's Qinglian Jushi, Du Fu's Shaoling Yelao, Bai Juyi's Xiangshan Jushi, Li Shangyin's Yuxi Sheng, He's self-proclaimed Siming Fancy in his later years, Ouyang Xiu's Drunk, Liu Yi Jushi in his later years and Wang Anshi's Mid-Levels in his later years.

In ancient posthumous title, after the death of princes, senior officials and famous scribes, they were called posthumous title. For example, Tao Yuanming's name is Jing Shi, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Wenzhong, Wang Anshi is Wang Wengong, Fan Zhongyan is Gong, Wang Ao is Su Gong, Zuo Guangdou is Zuo Gong, Shi Kefa is Shi Zhonglie Gong, and Lin Zexu is Lin Wenzhong Gong.

Calling Qin Gui Minister is a kind of "evil death". Calling a vegetarian name means calling it by a vegetarian name or room number.

For example, Yang Wanli, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, called Zhai Wei, and people called him Yang. Yao Nai is called Mr. Bao and Mr. Bao because of his name. Another example is Pu Songling's name is Mr. Liaozhai, Liang Qichao's name is the owner of the icehouse, and Tan Sitong's name is Tan Zhuangfei (his fasting name is Zhuangfei Building).

According to legend, Meng Haoran, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was from Xiangyang, so he was called Meng Xiangyang. Zhang Jiuling is from Qujiang, so he is called Zhang Qujiang. Liu Zongyuan is a native of Hedong (now Yongji, Shanxi), so he is called Liu Hedong; Wang Anshi was born in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province in the Northern Song Dynasty, so people called him King Linchuan. Tang Xianzu, a dramatist in the Ming Dynasty, was named Tang Linchuan (Linchuan, Jiangxi). Gu, a beginner in Qing Dynasty, was born in Kunshan Town, Jiangsu Province, and was called Gu. Kang Youwei is a native of Nanhai, Guangdong Province, known as Kang Nanhai; Yuan Shikai, the leader of Beiyang warlord, is called Yuan Xiangcheng (from Xiangcheng, Henan). There is a famous couplet full of irony in the late Qing Dynasty: "Hefei, the prime minister, is thinner than the world, and Changshu, the farmer, is barren."

The first couplet "Hefei" refers to Li Hongzhang (from Hefei, Anhui), and the second couplet "Changshu" refers to Weng Tonghe who was born in Changshu, Jiangsu. Although Han Yu, known as the king of the county, was born in Heyang, Hanoi (now Meng County, Henan Province), Han Yu often called himself "Changli Han Yu", because the Han surname of Changli (now Yixian County, Liaoning Province) was an aristocratic family in the Tang Dynasty, so the world called him Han Changli.

For another example, Su Shi was originally from Meizhou, Sichuan, but he sometimes called himself "Su Shi in Zhao County" and "Su Zhao County" because Su Shi was a noble family in Zhao County. It is called "Sun Qiulu is smart and kind", and "Sun Qiulu" is Sun Quan, so it is called because he was once awarded the position of General Qiu Lu.

In Meihualing, there are some sentences, such as "coming from the north" and "Yan Taishi uses his soldiers wisely, and Wen Shaobao uses his soldiers to make a big light". Running is Hong Chengchou's official position, a surname is the provincial name of Yan Zhenqing's official position, and Shaobao is Wen Tianxiang's official position. "Book with Wife": "Sima Chun shirt, you can't learn too much."

"Sima" refers to Bai Juyi, who was once a Sima in Jiangzhou. It was quite common to use official names as titles of people in ancient times, such as calling Jia Yi Jia Taifu; Ruan Ji, one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", used to be a captain of the infantry and was called Ruan Infantry in the world. Ji Kang once worshipped Zhong Sanyi, who was known as Zhong Sanyi in the world. Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was a general of the right army, and people still call him Wang Youjun. Wang Wei, formerly known as Shangshu Youcheng, was called Wang Youcheng. Du Fu is called the left scavenger, and he is also called Du Gongbu, because he is a foreign minister. Liu Yuxi used to be a guest of honor of the prince and was called Liu Ke. Liu Yong was the foreign minister of wasteland, known as Liu wasteland; Su Shi was once a bachelor of Hanlin in Duanmingtang, and was called Su.

The title of "training frugality to show health" is "the luxury crown in recent years", the title of Kou Zhun is Lai Guogong, and Lai Gong is a provincial title. In Meihualing, Duoduo was named Prince Yu by the Qing Dynasty.

Liu Jingting biography: "Ningnan South, Anhui Shuai wants to marry Ningnan, Gongting in the shogunate". Ningnan was the provincial name of Zuo Liangyu in the late Ming Dynasty. For example, Zhuge Liang was once conferred the title of marquis of Wu, so later generations are commensurate with marquis of Wu; Xie Lingyun, a poet in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, attacked the title of Xie Xuan, his ancestor, and he thanked him in the past. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, it was named Zheng Guogong, so it was called Wei in the world. Guo Ziyi, a famous soldier, was named Guo Ziyi and called "Guo Fenyang" for putting down the Anshi Rebellion. Chu Suiliang, a great calligrapher, was named Duke of Henan, known as Chu Henan in the world; In the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi was named King Gong Jing. Sima Guang was once named the Duke of Wen, and the world called Sima Wengong. In the early Ming Dynasty, Liu Ji, the minister of Zhu Yuanzhang, was knighted with sincerity, and people were commensurate with sincerity.

Official land refers to the place name of official land. Such as "Battle of Red Cliffs": "What does Yuzhou want now?" Because Liu Bei used to be the secretariat of Yuzhou, he called it an official place.

Another example is Jia Yi, who was once dismissed as Teacher Wang of Changsha, and was known as Jia Changsha in the world. Kong Rong, one of the "seven sons of Jian 'an", was once a Beihai phase, known as Kong Beihai in the world; Tao Yuanming was once the magistrate of Pengze County, and was known as Tao Pengze in the world. Luo was once the magistrate of Linhai County, and was known as Luo Linhai in the world. Cen Can used to be a secretariat, known as CenJiaZhou; Wei was once the secretariat of Suzhou, known as Wei Suzhou in history; Liu Zongyuan used to be the secretariat of Liuzhou, known as Liu Liuzhou in the world; Jia Dao used to be the master book of Changjiang County, known as Jia Changjiang in the world, and his poetry collection was called Changjiang Collection. Also known as "Travel to the Mountain", there are four people, Lu's father, his father and Changle Wang.

2. Common sense of ancient culture

1, panting, we brush Orion, and it's difficult to pass through Jingxing.

It is almost as difficult for friends to meet each other as the stars in the morning and evening. Give Chu Shi eight guards.

Things are different, and the dragon light shoots the bull's eye.

Far away, Altair, Jiao Jiao Hehan girl.

Day and night are as cool as water, lying and watching cowherd and weaver girl.

Huang Tingjian's "Song of 28 Nights without Complaints": The tiger stripped the article to solve the problem, and the food could not be swallowed. The roots of medicinal materials were dug up, and honey insects took the house and were hungry. If you have the will, you will die smart, but what you say is not as good as the tortoise dragging its tail. Wei Ping is outspoken, and bucket handle will be the ambassador. The fox's armpit is the same as the cow's clothes, and no woman is alone in the high hill. It's a real disaster to praise people in vain, and it's dangerous for me to be tired of chess. The room is filled with condensed dust, and the four walls can see the world. Wei Xiao's hoof is fattening, and Lou Pig loves it. Fill your intestines into your stomach, and you will know each other, and in the end you will not doubt it. Since ancient times, Huang Jintai has had a life, and Pei Jun has been waiting for a word. The moon does not participate in cross pity, and the autumn wind falls into the golden well. Half of my old friends are in ghost records, and willow branches give you a horse policy. At the age of 30, Yan Xing looked back at Sheng De, and Zhang Gong shot at Wu Luo with great strength. There is no enami on Bai Ou's wings. It's no use killing you through the back door.

On duty 28 nights, rain or shine:

Spring:

The wall of the virtual danger room is rainy. If Kuixing is sunny, windy and freezing, the well is warm and sunny, the well is dark, easy to clear, rainy in two stars, or windy and sandy, stormy at the tail of the house, and rainy in the skip.

Summer:

The wall of the virtual danger room is half cloudy and half sunny. It rained in Kuilou's stomach for two nights. It rained for two nights and was cloudy for two nights. Is it sunny or rainy for Liu Xingqing, the ghost of the well? Zhang Xingyi is a mystery again. For the two-star sun in the corner, it is sunny. It rained in the room for two nights, and it was still raining at the end of my heart. Bullfighting girl meets fine weather.

Autumn:

The wall of the virtual danger room is thundering, and the belly of Kuilou is full of rain and dew. It's okay to go to the well for rain and shine, and it's okay for ghost Liu Yun to open a guest. There is no rain in the sky, and there is wind and rain in the corner of the room. There must be rain at the end of the room, which is rainy for the matador.

Winter:

The wall of the virtual danger room is rainy. If you meet Kuixing, it will be sunny, it will freeze if it rains, and it will be sunny when it is over. It's sunny after sitting for two nights, and yellow after sitting for two nights. The sharpening willow nebula will erupt, with cold wind, cold rain and severe frost. The wind and rain in Zhangyi will be sunny again, and it will be sunny when it rains at night. There will be wind and sand.

Guyi

(Tang) Meng Jiao

Weaver girl by the river, cowherd by the river

Don't cross shallow water, look at each other from a distance.

The magpie fairy of Qin Guan

Thin clouds are clever, flying stars spread grievances, and yinhan sneaked into Chen Cang. On the seventh day of autumn dew and autumn, it is time to meet, mostly those who are together in the world, but the appearance of husband and wife.

Common complaint against acacia, tender feelings like water, meet each other as if it were a dream, when it is hard to see the bridge. If the relationship between two people is long-lasting, it is still a matter of time.

2. The third song of Tang Li Bai's "Traveling to Mount Tai": "Go to Japan and raise your hand to open the clouds."

Biography of Sima Yi in Historical Records: "I made an appointment with Zhuang Jia to meet a Japanese army."

"Peacock flies southeast" has "After dusk, lonely people will settle down."

Liu Changqing's Lord of Furong Mountain in the Snow: "The setting sun is far away, cold and white."

Lu You's November 4th Storm: "Sleeping in a lonely village is not self-mourning, but thinking about protecting your family. Lying at night listening to the wind and rain, the iron horse glacier dream. "

"The Analects of Confucius": "People in late spring, spring clothing achievements, five or six top scholars, six or seven boys. Bathing is almost a deduction, and the wind is dancing and singing. "

Li Bai's poem "I don't feel the account stove": "Leave hate to return to the third spring, and the ceremony is in October."

Liu Yong's View of the Sea emphasizes the beauty of lakes and mountains. There are Sanqiu cassia seed and Shili Lotus.

3. What are the necessary knowledge of American culture?

Furnace-another name for America.

Because the United States is a country composed of immigrants of different nationalities from all over the world. The English spoken by these immigrants is not as hierarchical and geographically diverse as that spoken by the British.

They formed similar living habits and manners; The difference between urban and rural residents is not as obvious as in other countries. Although American society is fiercely competitive and has racial discrimination, it shows considerable flexibility and inclusiveness in assimilating immigrants from different ethnic groups.

As a result, a brand-new overall culture and national consciousness have been formed, making the United States a "multi-ethnic country". The American outlook on life is based on the spirit of individual struggle, self-control and competition.

Yuppies and yuffies-Yuppies and yuffies are a new word that Americans copied from hippies, meaning "young urban professionals". Yuppies are engaged in occupations that require higher education, such as lawyers, doctors, architects, computer programmers, business managers and so on.

Their annual salary is very high. Yuppies are successful, ambitious, talented and have a luxurious life.

Unlike hippies, yuppies have no sense of decadence, do not care about political and social issues, and only care about making money and pursuing a comfortable life. Elegant princess poetry means "young people who fail in the city"

Although they feel that their life is not as good as that of yuppies, they don't want to feel lost and swear to find their own home. Uncle Sam-Uncle Sam is a nickname and symbol of the United States.

Uncle Sam's English is Uncle Sam, and the abbreviation is America.

Just like the English abbreviation in America. But how did it become a nickname and symbol of America? The general saying is: 18 12. During the American-British War, there was a businessman (some people said he was an official) named Sam? Samuel Wilson (1776— 1854) is usually called Uncle Sam.

The United States bought his beef box with the American flag on it.

Words. People joke that these are all covered by u.

S. The boxes with words on them all belong to Uncle Sam.

Later, "Uncle Sam" became a nickname for the United States. 19 In the 1930s, American painters painted Uncle Sam as a lanky old man with a goatee, and his hat and trousers were marked with the Stars and Stripes.

-Black Friday-The word "black" comes from Good Friday. 1987101October19, the share price of new york stock market plummeted. Because it is Friday, it is called "Black Friday" in the stock market.

65438+1October 65438+1October 9, new york stock index generally fell sharply, exceeding the record of stock crash caused by the Great Depression on June 65438+1October 28, 1929. Shortly after the market opened that day, there was a frenzy of selling stocks. New york's stock market hit a record of 604.3 billion shares, causing heavy losses to several large American companies. The total stock value of 5,000 listed companies lost $500 billion in one day.

The stock prices of major financial markets around the world plummeted rapidly, causing great panic in the West. This stock price crash is the worst since the First World War and the biggest decline in Wall Street's history.

4. What are the cultures on the wine table?

Rules on the wine table:

(1) If you really can't drink it, you can't open the first bite and eat it with a rice bowl filled with vegetables.

(2) If you are sure to drink, don't put ink on it, and then there are rules.

Rule 1: Although the wine table is affectionate, it is boring; Love is shallow, lick it. " But don't say it while drinking.

Rule 2: Keep a low profile, curl your hair and never fill it up as soon as you get on the wine table.

Rule 3: Leaders will drink with each other before it is their turn to respect each other.

Rule 4: You can be respected by many people. Never be respected by many people unless you are a leader.

Rule 5: Respect others by yourself. If you don't clink glasses, how much you drink depends on the situation. For example, the drinking capacity and attitude of the other party must not be less than that of the other party. You should know that you respect others.

Rule 6: Respect others by yourself. If you clink glasses, say, if I finish drinking, you will get pregnant.

Rule 7: Since you are in a humble position, remember to add more wine to the leader. Don't blindly drink for the leader, just replace it, and pretend that you want to drink because you really want to drink, not for the leader. For example, leader A can't drink enough. Beating around the bush can stop people who want to worship leader A.

Rule 8: Pick up the glass (beer glass), grab the glass with your right hand and put it on the bottom with your left hand. Remember that your cup is always lower than others'. If you are a leader, you should be sensible and don't put it too low, otherwise how can you be a person below.

Rule 9: If there is no special person present, you'd better touch the wine in the right order, and don't favor one over the other.

Rule 10: clink glasses, make a toast and make a statement. Otherwise, why the fuck should I drink your wine?

Rule 1 1: Don't talk business at the dinner table. After drinking, the business will be almost the same. Everyone knows that, otherwise people will not be free to drink with you.

Rule 12: Don't pretend to be crooked, say something wrong, do something wrong, don't plead, and consciously punish the wine is the last word.

Rule 13: If there is not enough wine, put the wine bottle in the middle of the table and let others fill it themselves. Don't be silly to pour wine one by one, or what should the people behind you do if they don't have wine?

Rule 14: There must be a glass of wine at the end, so don't leave your glass empty. You can't run away ~

Article 15: Be careful not to make a slip of the tongue after drinking, don't talk big, don't be rude, don't spit everywhere, don't throw chopsticks, don't point, don't drink soup, don't fart and burp, don't go to the toilet without stopping you.

Rule 16: Don't say "I can't drink" (if you drink), lest others accuse you of hypocrisy. Believe it or not, people can really tell if they can drink.

Rule 17: The leader drinks with you to give you face. No matter how much the leader tells you to drink, do it yourself first. Remember, put your hands and glasses down.

Rule 18: peanuts are a good thing for drinkers. It is essential to keep a clear head and ask questions after drinking. A cup of yogurt, a cup of hot water and a hot towel all show your concern.

5. What's the culture on the wine table?

When it comes to drinking, almost everyone has experienced it personally, and "wine culture" is also an ancient and fresh topic.

Modern people find the function of wine more and more in the process of communication. Indeed, wine, as a media, plays a unique role in welcoming guests, meeting friends, communicating and passing on friendship. Therefore, exploring the "mystery" on the wine table will help you seek the success of communication.

1, everyone is happy together, don't whisper. Most banquets have a large number of guests, so try to talk about topics that most people can participate in and get the approval of most people. Because of different personal hobbies and knowledge, the topic should not be too biased as far as possible, so as not to be dominated by one family, far apart, and talk endlessly, leading to digression and ignoring everyone.

In particular, try not to whisper to others and give others a sense of mystery, which will often cause jealousy of "just the two of you" and affect the effect of drinking. 2, aim at the guest and the host, grasp the overall situation Most banquets have a theme, which is the purpose of drinking.

When you go to eat, you should first look at the expressions around you and prioritize. Don't drink for the sake of drinking, and you lose a good chance to make friends, let alone let some grandstanding drinkers disturb the host's meaning. 3, the language is decent, and humor sprinkled on the dining table can show a person's talent, common sense, cultivation and communication etiquette. Sometimes a humorous language will leave a deep impression on the guests and make people feel good about you invisibly.

Therefore, it is very important to know when to say something, to use appropriate language, and to be humorous. 4, moderately persuade wine, do not forcibly persuade the phenomenon on the wine table, some people always like to regard the wine field as a battlefield, trying to persuade others to drink more, thinking that it is unrealistic to drink enough.

"Talk about heroes with wine" is ok for people who drink a lot, but it is difficult for people who drink less. Sometimes, excessive persuasion will completely destroy the feelings of the original friends. 5, toasting in an orderly manner, distinguishing between primary and secondary toasting is also a science.

Generally speaking, a toast should be made in the order of age, position and the status of the guest and the host. Before toasting, we must fully consider the order of toasting and distinguish between primary and secondary. In order to drink with people you don't know, you should first find out your identity, or pay attention to what others call you, so as not to be embarrassed or hurt your feelings.

When toasting, you must grasp the order of toasting. If you want to have a guest at the dinner table, you should be respectful to him, but you should pay attention to the fact that if someone with higher status or older people is present, you should not only be respectful to those who can help you, but also propose a toast to the respected elders first, otherwise everyone will be embarrassed.

6, observe words and observe colors, understand people's hearts If you want to get everyone's appreciation on the wine table, you must learn to observe words and observe colors. Because when dealing with people, we must understand people's hearts, so that we can play a good role on the wine table.

7. The sharpness is gradually revealed. Sit firmly at the Taishan banquet, seize the opportunity, correctly evaluate your own strength, don't be too impulsive, try to keep some alcohol and talk, don't let others underestimate yourself, don't show yourself too much, choose the right time, and gradually radiate your own sharpness. Only in this way can you sit firmly on Taishan, don't give others the idea of "this ability", and let everyone dare not underestimate their own strength. Wine table culture undoubtedly occupies a very important share in China's extensive and profound food culture, and I think the essence of wine culture lies not in the quality and origin of wine itself, but in its most brilliant moment of close contact with the main body, that is, wine table culture.

The reason why I make this definition is only because I have been traveling in the north and south of the motherland for many years, and I have the honor to see the tip of the iceberg of splendid wine table culture everywhere, and I have been defeated by damn culture countless times. Shandong: First of all, Shandong, because Shandong has the deepest wine culture. Shandong people creatively embodied Confucius' ideas of "treating people with courtesy" and "teaching people tirelessly" on the wine table, which was amazing.

Having dinner in Linyi, soon after we were seated, a young man came up with a plate with three small cups of white wine on it, respectfully raised it above his head and said it was for the teacher. My heart said that the salesman also called you teacher. Just put down the glass, someone brought it up, "Teacher, this is for you" and drank it again. I didn't react until the third one came up. Or Shandong, Jinan: invite the design institute to dinner at noon. In addition to elegant scholars, there are many sisters. Scholars are gentle even when they challenge me: when the fish is served, the plate is turned over, with three heads and four tails. I'm just happy. The fish is facing me, but I heard someone say faintly: five in the belly and six in the back.

The really powerful characters are the shy girls. I don't remember what they told me. Anyway, it is almost impossible to combine theory with practice and not fall at their feet. Inner Mongolia: It's snowing outside, but it's warm in the yurt. Mutton is delicious, and the burning knife is also very spicy. After a few drinks, I fainted. After making up my mind not to drink, I was advised not to drink cups. So someone invited a master cook, and he was singing and dancing beside me with a silver bowl in his left hand and a white Hada in his right hand.

Almost everyone's pain in the world comes from choice. When there is no other choice, the rest may only be happiness. Later they told me that I was laughing when I was drunk that day. Fujian: I am basically not afraid of drinking in Fujian. Because of the weather, most people drink beer all year round, and they are all local wines, and the degree is not high. A glass is a small mouth cup about an inch high, and a glass can make people who don't drink much feel generous. In a small town in Wuyishan, just after sitting at the beginning, I took a beautifully made small basin, opened three bottles of beer, poured them all in, lifted them up and drank them, and then showed them to me, saying that the rest were yours.

After that, every time I go to the dinner table, I remind myself never to despise any opponent, and be careful to sail for thousands of years. Sichuan: Chengdu people are also very generous in drinking. Although I occasionally play tricks, I pursue the pleasure of the same subject and object. If they fall, they hope others will fall.