Discovery content and research results of silk paintings on bamboo slips in Qin and Han dynasties

190 1 year, Sven Hedin, a Swede, collected bamboo slips in Wei and Jin Dynasties from the Loulan site in Xinjiang, which is regarded as the origin of modern bamboo slips archaeological excavation in China. In August, 20001,the "International Symposium on the Discovery and Research of Bamboo Slips and Silk and Bamboo Slips in Changsha, Hunan Province" was held, which reviewed the history of the discovery and research on bamboo slips and slips in the 20th century and predicted the strong momentum of the research on bamboo slips and slips in the 20th century. It is worth noting that a number of important bamboo slips books were published in 200 1 year, which became the most brilliant beginning of bamboo slips collation research in China in the new century. Here is only a review of the five most original and basic books. These five books are: Bamboo Slips in the Qin and Han Tombs, Longgang Bamboo Slips, Dunhuang Xuanquan Imperial Decree, Bamboo Slips in Zhangjiashan Han Tombs [Tomb No.247] and Bamboo Slips of Warring States Collected in Shanghai Museum (I).

Bamboo Slips in the Tomb of Qin and Han Dynasties

Bamboo Slips from the Tomb of Guan Han, edited by Yuqiao Ruins Museum, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, was published by Zhonghua Book Company in August, 20001year.

The book contains the bamboo slips of Qin Tomb No.30 Zhoujiatai in Qinghe Village, Guanju Township, Shashi District, Jingzhou City and Han Tomb No.26 Xiaojiacaochang in Qiaoyue Village: bamboo slips 4 16 and wooden slips 1.

No.30 Qin Tomb in Zhoujiatai,1June 1993 was excavated by the former Shashi Museum (now the predecessor of Yuqiao Site Museum in Zhou Liang, Jingzhou). It is a typical tomb at the end of Qin dynasty, and the specific age is quite clear. In the first year of Qin Ershi (209 BC) or later, the owner of the tomb was a junior official of the South County Government. There are 3 1 bamboo slips and 1 wooden slips in the tomb, which can be divided into three groups according to their shapes and contents. The editor named these three groups "Lipu", "Japanese Book", "Sick Prescriptions and Others" respectively.

1 group chronicles, including four chronologies of the thirty-fourth, thirty-sixth, thirty-seventh years of Qin Shihuang and the first year of Qin Ershi, recorded the 49 months of Shuori, including three consecutive years. This is a rare and important discovery, which fills the blank of the calendar in the late Qin Dynasty and early Han Dynasty, and provides valuable first-hand information for solving the confusion of which calendar to use in the early Qin and Han Dynasties. Zhang Peiyu, a famous astronomer, made a detailed analysis and preliminary discussion on the Chronology of No.30 Qin Tomb in Zhoujiatai and the Chronology of Early Qin and Han Dynasties collected at the end of the book. Qin Shihuang's 34-year calendar is actually the diary of the tomb owner of that year. Like the simplified version of Yan Yuan's Diary for Two Years unearthed from the Han Tomb in Yinwan, the events were recorded in a pre-compiled calendar and written under the branches of the day. The contents of the notes are basically the appointment of officials, institutional adjustment, business trips and so on related to the owner. The place name 15 recorded in it is a new material for studying the historical geography of Jianghan area. There are inverted strokes in bamboo slips, which provides important evidence for solving the mystery of inverted strokes in Historical Records of Generals since Han Dynasty.

The second group of Japanese bamboo slips is another great discovery of Japanese bamboo slips in the Qin Dynasty, following the Qin slips of Sleeping in a Tiger Land with Clouds and Letting Horse Beach in Tianshui. The main contents include twenty-eight lodging accounts, military calendar accounts, five-hour accounts, birthday accounts, and five-element accounts. Therefore, it may be more appropriate to name this group of bamboo slips "The Challenge Book". Cabin 28 is the most striking. First, list the names of the twelve months from August of that year to July of the following year and the names of the stars in each month, then draw a picture on 26 pieces of paper, then explain in detail the divination answer when Beidou points to a certain star, and finally explain how to operate it. The diagram of Twenty-eight Nights consists of two concentric circles, which are recorded in turn from the middle to the outside: the ten heavenly stems in the east, west, north and south, the twelve earthly branches in the so-called "two ropes" and "four hooks", the names of twenty-eight Nights, the names of four lines in the five elements except earth, and the names of four squares outside the Great Circle. In fact, this is a disk plan integrating heaven and earth. It completely divides the day into 28 time periods, and the names of these 28 time periods are: midnight, midnight, before the cock crows, after the cock crows, ["B322"] denier, pingdan, sunrise, sunrise, flea food, food time, hour, court food, noon, China and Japan, Sunday, sunset, and FDA 65438+. This is unprecedented fresh information and an important supplement to the timing system in Qin Dynasty. Twenty-eight lodging accounts for the following matters: prison proceedings, contracts, chasing thieves and dead people, diseases, travelers, newcomers, city tours, hunting, fighting and so on. Jung Li Zhan, the first rare document of numerology, has two specific methods. Both methods divide the 30 days of a month into five units, but the combination structure in each unit is different. Five points can be compared with bamboo slips of Qin Shu, Sleeping Tiger Land and Putting Horse on the Beach. Fertility Zhan also saw Japanese books on Qin bamboo slips in Sleeping Tiger Land. At the end of this group, there is a book composed of three pictures marked with heavenly stems and earthly branches and words about five elements (Jiazi, Bingzi, Wuzi, Gengzi and Renzi). It belongs to the historical land occupation system and deserves attention.

The third group, disease prescriptions and others, are basically various prescriptions that seek advantages and avoid disadvantages, which have the same nature as the so-called Japanese books and are also valuable folklore research documents.

No.26 Han Tomb in Xiaojiacaochang was excavated by the former Shashi Museum (now the predecessor of Yuqiao Site Museum in Zhou Liang, Jingzhou) during the period of1992165438+10. It was a tomb in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, and its owner was a small village official at the grass-roots level. 35 bamboo slips were unearthed, which recorded the names and quantities of funerary objects, and were marked with words or symbols such as "Fang". The recorded objects include chariots and horses, handmaiden, lacquer wood, bronze ware, pottery, etc. Most of them can be inspected by unearthed objects, which is a typical dispatch book. It is worth mentioning that there are dozens of branded and carved words on some lacquerware in this tomb.

The title of the book is "Bamboo Slips of Qin and Han Tombs in Guanju", and all the photos, explanations and textual research of bamboo slips are published. At the same time, the book contains two related tomb excavation reports-the excavation report of Qin Tomb No.30 in Zhoujiatai and the excavation report of Han Tomb No.26 in Xiaojiacaochang, with a large number of photos and line drawings. At the end of the book, there are the Comparison Table of Bamboo Slips in Qin Tomb No.30 in Zhoujiatai, the Comparison Table of Bamboo Slips in Han Tomb No.26 in Xiaojiacaochang, Lipu Bamboo Slips in Qin Tomb No.30 in Zhoujiatai and the Calendar of the Early Qin and Han Dynasties, Observation of Human Bones in Han Tomb No.26 in Xiaojiacaochang, and Wood Products and Wood Unearthed from Qin Tomb No.30 and Han Tomb No.26 in Zhoujiatai. This effectively overcomes the defect of the separation of written materials and cultural relics in previous similar publications, realizes the mutual penetration and combination of philology, philology and archaeology, and makes a successful exploration to improve the integrity and scientificity of unearthed literature research and publication, which is original and exemplary.

Peng Jinhua, the editor of the book, absorbed the research results and suggestions of experts from Li Xueqin, Guangdong, Henan and other countries in the process of compilation, which reflected the new level of bamboo slips research and archaeology to some extent.

Longgang Qin bamboo slips

Qin Bamboo Slips of Longgang, edited by China Institute of Cultural Relics and Hubei Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, was published by Zhonghua Book Company in August, 2000/kloc-0.

This book contains 293 bamboo slips, wooden slips 1 piece and fragments 138 pieces unearthed from Qin Tomb No.6 in Longgang, the eastern suburb of Yunmeng County, excavated by Hubei Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Xiaogan Regional Museum and Yunmeng County Museum.

Bamboo slips are the laws and regulations of the Qin Dynasty, and it is another important discovery of legal documents in the Qin Dynasty after the bamboo slips of Yunmeng Shuihudi and Haojiaping in Qingchuan, Sichuan were unearthed. It showed the world the legal text after the unification of Qin for the first time. The burial date can be set between the second year of Qin Ershi (the first 208 years) and the third year of Emperor Gaozu (the first 204 years), which is basically consistent with Qin Tomb No.30 in Zhoujiatai, Guanju. This is also a typical tomb in the late Qin Dynasty. The owner of the tomb should be a small official in charge of the specific affairs of Yunmeng Forbidden Park. Information about these bamboo slips can be found in the first excavation of Qin and Han tombs in Yunmeng Longgang, Hubei Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Xiaogan Regional Museum and Yunmeng County Museum (Jianghan Archaeology No.3 1990) and bamboo slips unearthed in Qin Tomb No.6 in Yunmeng Longgang (Archaeological Collection No.8 65438). After a period of discussion, Li and Li of China Institute of Cultural Relics and Hubei Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology jointly sorted out Longgang Qin bamboo slips. In order to solve the problem of poor quality of bamboo slips, this paper first reinterprets the bamboo slips by using the "infrared reading instrument" developed by the School of Literature and Art of Fudan University, which solves many problems and makes important breakthroughs and progress, and then carries out the work of reinterpreting and combining. On the basis of fully absorbing the existing achievements and in-depth and meticulous research, this book "Longgang Qin Bamboo Slips" is completed, which integrates sorting and research.

The book contains all the photos of bamboo slips, as well as copies of bamboo slips except the incomplete ones. Textual research on the interpretation of the first column, and then under each interpretation, it is divided into conjugation, annotation, general idea, proofreading and so on. The editor thinks that the content of Longgang Qin bamboo slips has a center, which is the management of the forbidden garden. The brief should be regarded as an excerpt from the Legal Provisions on the Management of Forbidden Parks, and the specific contents can be divided into three categories: one is directly related to the forbidden parks, the other is indirectly related to the forbidden parks, and the third is probably related to the forbidden parks. According to this idea, the Qin bamboo slips in Longgang were rearranged. Obviously, this is the most reasonable arrangement at present.

At the end of the book, the appendix compiled five papers, including Li Xueqin's Trial Interpretation of Yunmeng Longgang Bamboo Slips, Huangyunmeng Longgang No.6 Qin Tomb Bamboo Slips and Land Telling Strategies, Yunmeng Longgang No.6 Qin Tomb Examiner, and Liu Guosheng Yunmeng Longgang Bamboo Slips and Related Issues, and made a special discussion on Longgang bamboo slips.

After the book was drafted, it was reviewed by Qiu Xigui and Li Jiahao, and their opinions were absorbed when it was finalized. This book can be said to reflect the new level of collation research of Qin bamboo slips in Longgang in the 20th century.

Imperial edict of hanging spring and moon in Dunhuang

China Institute of Cultural Relics and Gansu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology edited the Dunhuang Hanging Spring Moon Order, which was published by Zhonghua Book Company in August, 2000/kloc-0.

This book contains the "Moon Letters" discovered by Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology from 1990 to 1992 to 12. This "monthly decree", formerly known as "Fifty edicts of the emissary and the governor of the Intermediate People's Court", was written in ink on a wall numbered F26 on the north side of Hangquanwu Fort. It consists of two parts: the text and the title, each with a column box drawn by ink lines about 0.25 cm wide. The text comes first and the title comes last. Text 10 1 line, and the title is written in two lines. The whole mural is about 222 cm long and 48 cm wide, which has been designated as a national treasure by the National Cultural Heritage Administration expert group.

As can be seen from the original text, this is an imperial edict issued by Wang Mang in the name of Empress Dowager Tai on May 14, the fifth year of Emperor Ping of the Western Han Dynasty (AD 5). Fifty imperial edicts were written in the order of four o'clock and December. Each article is generally divided into two columns, with the text of the imperial edict written on it and the explanatory text written on it. For example, in the second article, it says "No felling" and "All trees, big or small, are not allowed to be cut before August". If the vegetation is scattered, it must be cut. Among them, there are 20 articles in spring (Meng Chun 1 1, 5 in mid-spring and 4 in Ji Chun), 2 in summer (6 in Xia Meng, 5 in mid-summer, 0 in seasonal summer 1), 8 in autumn (3 in Qiu Meng, 3 in mid-autumn and 2 in seasonal autumn).

The literature of Moon Order can be traced back to ancient times. It is the long-term observation and experience summary of China ancestors on the relationship between nature (including seasonal climate, animal and plant growth and reproduction, etc.). ) and human life and production. It contains many understandings and truths that conform to objective laws, especially the awareness of adapting to the weather and protecting natural resources and ecological environment, which still has practical significance. Xia Zhengxiao in Li Ji of the Great Generation is said to be a suicide note of the Xia Dynasty, which can be described as the oldest existing Moon Order. The discovery of Dunhuang's "Guachun Moon Order Decree" provides valuable information for understanding and studying moon order literature. At the same time, it also found specific archaeological empirical data for the record of "adding fifty methods" in the five years from the beginning of Pingyuan in Wang Han Mangzhuan. For studying the social history of the Han Dynasty, its unique cultural relics and documentary value is self-evident. It was discovered together with the hanging spring slips, and it has actually been integrated with the hanging spring slips.

This book contains the plates, explanations, notes and related papers of Dunhuang Guachunyue imperial edict. In the fifth issue of Cultural Relics in 2000, the interpretation and 1 photo of Dunhuang Guachunyue imperial edict were published for the first time, which aroused great interest and concern in academic circles, but the information and research provided were seriously flawed. In order to make up for this deficiency, with the support of the leaders of China Institute of Cultural Relics and Gansu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hu Pingsheng took the lead in compiling this book, with the help of Qiu Xigui and Li Jiahao.

Due to some human errors in the process of assembling and repairing the original, the editor carefully identified and discussed the original photos and the explanations published in Cultural Relics again, trying to restore its original appearance, providing a basic material as true as possible for the academic community to correctly understand the Dunhuang Guachunyue imperial edict, objectively embodying the scientific spirit of academic norms and seeking truth.

This book contains 6 kinds of original drawings, including 4 kinds of original drawings and 2 kinds of restored drawings, which preserves all kinds of information of the original works at different stages in the finishing process to the greatest extent. Interpretation is written in the original line, punctuated, and other symbols except repeated symbols are reserved. The notes are quite detailed and thorough, which is a feature of this book. In the textual research, six kinds of photos were fully used, and the problems existing in this photo were discussed and corrected in combination with the direct observation of the original, and the interpretation of the fifth issue of Cultural Relics in 2000 was revised. When interpreting the content, we should consider the relationship between the lines of the original text and December, and collect important materials about the Moon Order, including twelve chapters of Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, The Book of Rites, Moon Order, Zheng Xuan's annotations, Confucius' annotations, Huainanzi's annotations, Shize's annotations, Gao's annotations and Cai Yong's Moon Order's chapters and sentences. , and made a comparative exploration and explanation. At the end of the book, the appendix contains textual research on the imperial edicts of the four seasons and the moon order unearthed in Xuanquan House of Dunhuang, the textual research on Pingshu and Dapingshu, and makes a preliminary discussion on the general situation of Xuanquan House site in Dunhuang and the promulgation background, historical origin, main contents and discovery significance of the imperial edicts of the moon order.