Russian nationality

Russians are descendants of Russian immigrants, population 15609. It is mainly distributed in the northwest of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the north of Heilongjiang Province and the Hulunbeier League in the northeast of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. According to the statistics of the fifth national census in 2000, the population of Russians is 15609. Russian is used, belonging to the Slavic language family of Indo-European language family, and Russian is commonly used.

The word "Russia" comes from the name "Ross" of an ancient Eastern Slavic tribe in Europe. The ancestors of the Russians lived in Eastern Europe at the earliest, and were called "Villedi" by Roman historians in the 1 th century. They live in the Vistula River and the southern bank of the Baltic Sea and are engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. In the 6th century, they were already called "Ross". /kloc-in the 0 th century, Russian Dagong Oleg controlled the surrounding tribes centered on Kiev. /kloc-in the 3rd century, Kiev Russia was annexed by the Mongols and incorporated into the Golden Account khanate established by the Mongols. When Yuan Wenzong was emperor, he recruited 1000 Russian soldiers from the Golden Tent khanate as guards and farmed in different fields. This is the earliest record of Russians entering China in large numbers in history, and they are called Semu people in China history books. Starting from the14th century, Russians broke away from the Gulos tribe and established a centralized state with Moscow as the center at the end of15th century and the beginning of16th century. In terms of racial classification, Russians belong to European race (white). Their physical characteristics are white skin, brown or blue eyes, high nose, thin lips, soft yellow hair and tall figure. The third hair (beard, armpit hair, etc. ) moderately developed. As a result of intermarriage with neighboring nationalities, Russians in China have gradually changed their physique and become yellow people. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Russians in China were recognized as ethnic minorities in China and enjoyed equal rights with people of other ethnic groups.

In terms of racial classification, Russians belong to European race (white). As a result of intermarriage with neighboring nationalities, the Russian ethnic group in China has gradually changed its constitution and has the characteristics of yellow race. As early as the18th century, but mainly around the19th century and the Russian October Revolution, Russians moved from tsarist Russia to Xinjiang. During the reign of feudal warlords in Xinjiang, they were called "naturalized families". The village where they live is called Guihua Village. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, it was changed to Russian.

The Russians in China first moved from Tsarist Russia in the early18th century. /kloc-In the late 8th century, a large number of Russians moved to China because they could not bear the cruel rule of czarist Russia. Especially at the end of 19 and before and after the Russian October Revolution, more Russians poured into northern Xinjiang from Siberia and other places. At that time, they were called "naturalized people" and the village where they lived was called "naturalized village". After the founding of New China, it was renamed Russian. The living customs, material culture and spiritual culture of the Russian ethnic group in China are basically the same as those of the Russian ethnic group in the Soviet Union.

Because Russians have not moved to our country for a long time, many of them have their own relatives and friends in the former Soviet Union. After the founding of New China, their relationship resumed, and many people asked to go back to their hometown to reunite with their relatives. In the 1950s, with the consent of the Chinese and Soviet governments, they were helped to move back to their hometown. In addition, some Russians have moved to Australia and Canada because they also have relatives there. So there are not many Russians in our country.

Russian

Russian belongs to the East Slavic branch of the Slavic family of Indo-European language family, which is divided into two branches: North and South. Russians who speak southern dialects are mainly distributed in northern China, Ili, Tacheng and Altay in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and Ergon Right Banner in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The characteristics of language are: only single vowels have no complex vowels, nouns are singular and plural, there are case changes, and verbs are tangible, tense, personal and aspect. The writing is Russian, using Slavic letters, and * * * has 43 letters. Many people are proficient in Chinese, Uygur, Kazakh and other national languages.

Russian national production technology

The economic life of Russians in China is quite diverse. Most of them live in cities and towns, engaged in various repairs, transportation and handicrafts, and some also run agriculture. They are good at gardening and beekeeping, and some of them specialize in gardening, raising livestock and beekeeping. Most Russian people in rural areas live together with dozens of families and become a single village. Most of them cultivate land on both sides of the Ili River and the Tekes River. In some places near pastoral areas, there are also people engaged in animal husbandry.

Russian religious belief

Russians believe in the Orthodox Church. Like Russians abroad, Russians in our country initially believed that the soul is immortal and that the soul still exists after death. In modern times, most of them converted to the Orthodox Church, and some people believed in Christianity of other sects. There are two kinds of religious activities in Russia, one is to do morning prayers and evening prayers at home, and the other is to go to church to listen to the preacher. When you pray, you draw a cross on your chest. Orthodox Christians draw crosswalks from right to left, which is different from Catholicism.

Russian history

In the third year from Yuan to Shun (A.D. 1333), the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty recruited 10000 Russians within their jurisdiction, and set up the "Xuanzhong Huwei Qin Jun Command Post" to make them defend the capital (now Beijing) and the imperial court.

Russian literature

Russians have excellent traditional culture and rich literature and art, among which written literature mainly includes poems and novels. For example, Ivan, a Russian immigrant who joined China, wrote a novel called Escape, which mainly described their experiences of fleeing from Russia to China. A Russian female teacher once wrote a poem "We are Members of the Chinese Nation", which reflects the harmony and unity of our family in China. In addition, there are a large number of Russian folk oral literature, including myths and legends, stories, fables, aphorisms, proverbs, riddles, rap and other forms, most of which praise the noble qualities of working people such as diligence, wisdom, kindness, creativity and courage to overcome difficulties.

Russian music

Balalake is a stringed instrument unique to the Russian nation. Because its body is a regular triangle, it is also called "triangular piano". There is a long flat handle on the table, and the front is inlaid with white bone pieces with the taste of fish scales. The upper part of the handle is slightly carved and four strings stand obliquely. There is a piano code with strings in the center of the speaker, which is generally tuned in four degrees, with different specifications such as high, medium and low. The timbre is crisp and bright, and it is often played with mandolin, guitar and accordion, which is very popular among young people.

Russian dance

Russians are also a nation that can sing and dance well. They often hold various family banquets and parties, such as ballroom dancing, Russian dancing, Swan Lake dancing, Ukrainian dancing, Russian group dancing, tap dancing, headscarf dancing and carriage dancing. Beautiful dance, many participants and strong national characteristics.

Tap dancing is a folk dance of the Russian nation and one of the Easter dances. When dancing this dance, men, women and children put on leather shoes and participate together. Accompanied by the accordion, people form a circle and hit the ground with a part of their toes, heels or soles, making a kicking sound. Women danced and waved silk, men whistled while dancing, and violinists joined the dance, pulling and dancing. The rhythm is clear and changeable, the movements under the feet are flexible and loud, and the scene is lively and warm.

Nine, Russian art

Russians are a smart people, and their folk crafts are very rich and developed, full of artistry and national style, which have had a far-reaching impact on folk crafts in Xinjiang and Heilongjiang.

Russian men are mainly engaged in boots and shoes processing, cutting and sewing, wood carving and other industries. The leather shoes and belts for men and women designed and produced by them are diverse, colorful and beautifully processed, and are deeply loved by people. Russian women are mainly engaged in knitting and embroidery. They can weave tapestries, cushions, carpets, headscarves and so on. It is embroidered with figures, flowers and birds, wild animals and other patterns. They are beautiful and generous, and they are all exquisite handicrafts.

Russian entertainment

Russians have lived in the north for generations, and their sports activities are mostly related to natural conditions and living environment. In winter, Russians like skating and skiing, as well as wrestling and playing football. They have a fast pace and a lot of exercise. They like fishing in summer and hunting in autumn. They also have the custom of going for an outing. Every spring, young men and women meet for an outing, and people dance, sing and have a picnic in beautiful places with rich food.

Russian clothes

Russian national costumes are rich and colorful, and people choose different colors and styles in different seasons. Especially young people, love to wear all kinds of fashion. In summer, men often wear silk white straight-necked sweatshirts and trousers with a belt around their waist. In spring and autumn, they wear yellow-brown or iron-gray suits, wide-leaf ties of various colors, and sometimes leather jackets. A few people wear embroidered shirts, bloomers with wide white cuffs and octagonal hats. Wear lapel leather or cotton-padded clothes, sheepskin shearing fur hat, high boots or felt boots in winter. In summer, women wear light-colored, short-sleeved, half-open, waist-tied, embroidered or printed dresses; In spring and autumn, they wear suits or skirts, colorful tweed hats with feathers on them for decoration; In winter, they wear skirts, long fur coats, high boots and wool headscarves. The collars, cuffs and chests of men's and women's T-shirts are decorated with exquisite embroidered geometric patterns or floral patterns, which are bright in color and strong in contrast.

The old people's clothing has maintained the traditional style. Most men wear uniforms, breeches, leather boots or shoes, and some people wear forked robes and trousers. Most women wear collarless embroidered jackets, homemade cotton long skirts and flower belts around their waists, and some people wear dresses. Most middle-aged people wear Han clothes.

Russian women's headdresses are quite distinctive, and the headdresses of young girls are strictly different from those of married women. The top of the girl's headdress is open, her hair is exposed, and she combs it into a long braid with colorful hair bands and small glass beads woven in it. A married woman's headdress must be tight and imperforate, that is, her hair should be put in two braids first, and then wrapped in a headscarf or hat to avoid exposing a hair outside, otherwise it will be considered impolite.

Russian diet

Russians have three meals a day, and two meals in the morning and evening are relatively simple, mainly tea or milk tea, cakes and hele. Lunch is more exquisite and diverse.

Russian diet not only inherits the traditional cooking habits such as frying, roasting, stewing, frying and boiling, but also absorbs the strengths and experiences of Han and other ethnic food cultures, which has strong national characteristics and mellow local flavor.

The staple food of Russians is Leba (a kind of hard bread) and pancakes baked by themselves, and the non-staple food includes meat, eggs, enema, milk and butter. They like to eat stuffed bread and cakes with Russian flavor, roast goose, beef slices, beef boiled potatoes and egg pork slices, as well as vegetables such as cucumber, tomato, potato, carrot and cabbage. I like to drink all kinds of beef, potato and vegetable soup, white wine (vodka) and sweet beer brewed by myself. Their daily meals mainly include Russian-style Helib, blazy Ga, Lulet, Guliqi, Birogo, Su Bo, Ga Derleder, roast beef with potatoes, Bilashgai, Bourinet and Araghi.

Helib is a kind of bread and the oldest and most distinguished food for Russian people. Its method is different from ordinary bread baking. When making, first melt the yeast in a warm water basin, then add a spoonful of sugar and salt, then add a proper amount of dry flour and stir it into a paste, and put it in a warmer place for fermentation. When the batter in the basin turns into foam, add dry flour and agglomerate to continue fermentation. After the noodles are fermented again, they are taken out and kneaded into round or long strips, placed on a baking tray, covered with cloth for fermentation, then cooked in an oven or oven, and then eaten after cooling.

Blatch Jia is also a kind of bread, which is made from flour, cream, sugar and eggs by stirring, fermenting and baking. It is soft and sweet, and has high nutritional value. It is a kind of breakfast that Russians often eat.

Su Bo is the most common and frequently eaten dish of Russians, and there are two kinds of vegetarian dishes. Su Bo, the meat dish, first wash the beef and cut it into pieces, and then cook it in the soup pot. When cooking, he removes the blood foam from the noodle soup. When the meat is cooked, he adds a small amount of potato pieces, carrot pieces or lotus root white silk, and then adds some Supor leaves to continue cooking. In another pot, put a proper amount of vegetable oil. When the oil is cooked, pour in chopped tomatoes and onions and stir fry together. Add a proper amount of salt, pepper and other seasonings. Stir-fry the tomatoes into a paste, pour them into cook the meat's soup pot and stir them gently. This dish is ready.

Gadeled, also known as braised pork cake, is made of beef or mutton, potatoes, eggs, dry bread and other raw materials. Slight acid, fragrant but not greasy, bright color, deeply loved by Russians.

Russian residence

Russian houses are tall and big, mostly bungalows with civil structures, and houses made of single wood, which are divided into bedrooms, living rooms, kitchens and storage rooms. Their houses are all built on high platforms, and the walls are very backward, more than 50 centimeters. These houses are square with sloping roofs, and some of them are covered with iron sheets painted with green paint. There are doorways and corridors in front of the main door, and there is an aisle in the door, with bedrooms and living rooms on both sides of the aisle. There is an adobe firewall in the corner of the room. Some people are big fireplaces, covered with a layer of iron and coated with black oil, commonly known as "wool stoves", which are good heating equipment. The interior furnishings are more exquisite. There is a wooden bed or an iron bed in the bedroom, and flowers are carved on the railing of the iron bed, giving people a feeling of simplicity. The tables and chairs in the living room are mostly round and square. Although it is a floor tile, there is a carpet on it.

Marriage and love of Russians

Russians practice freedom of marriage and love, but marriage requires parents' consent. Russians can marry other nationalities. Russian traditional weddings are very grand, and the procedures and ceremonies are also very complicated. When you hold a wedding, you should inform your relatives and friends in advance. If you don't come after receiving the invitation, it will be considered a rude behavior and will cause the host's displeasure. The wedding will be held at the woman's house first, and the guests will eat, sing and dance for a while. After that, the wedding team will be organized by the man's relatives and friends and the groom to go to the woman's home. When the wedding procession approached the bride's door, her relatives and friends closed the door and sent a group of children to ask the groom for money to open the door. Only after paying the money can the groom enter the woman's door. According to the traditional custom, the bride and groom must go to the church to hold a wedding ceremony. The bride, wearing a white dress and laurel crown, stood in front of the statue with the groom. The priest asked both men and women if they agreed to get married. After the two sides give a positive reply, they exchange tokens of love, and then the priest recites the prescribed prayer scriptures to bless the newlyweds. After the ceremony, the man's family hosted a banquet to entertain relatives, friends and guests, and then held a dance. In the evening, we will imitate the habits of the Han people and make a scene in the new house.

The Russian family is monogamous, and the father is the head of the family and is in charge of the family economy. After the children grow up and get married, they set up another door and live independently. When the parents die, the inheritance will be divided among the children. The Orthodox Church forbids divorce, and Russians are influenced by the Orthodox Church and rarely divorce.

Russian names consist of three parts: their real names, their father's names and their surnames. After marriage, women generally take their husbands' surnames, while some men take their wives' surnames or surnames unchanged. Minors are usually called by their names or nicknames. Adults are generally called by their real names and their fathers' names, and peers or younger generations can call them by their first names; In informal situations, friends can also use their first names.

Funeral of Russians

Russian funeral customs are closely related to their religious beliefs and ancestor worship. Generally, burial is carried out, and coffins are mostly pine and cypress. After death, you should bathe all over, put on the shroud, park the body on the mortuary table composed of several benches, put your head on the pilgrimage statue, and point your feet at the gate. In three days, you will be buried. At the funeral, the coffin can't be carried out from the main entrance, but should go out from the back door or window, and the burial style is head east and feet west. After burial, relatives should hold regular mourning activities. The family members of the deceased have to mourn for 40 days, wear mourning clothes, and wrap their arms in black gauze. They cannot hold various entertainment activities at home. Nowadays, most urban residents change burial to cremation.

Russian festivals

Most traditional ethnic festivals in Russia are related to religious beliefs, such as Easter, Christmas, the old calendar year, Tomb-Sweeping Day and the main baptism festival.

Russians attach great importance to traditional festivals, especially Easter. Easter, also called Pascal's Day, commemorates the resurrection of Jesus after his death. There is no fixed date. It is held on the first Sunday after the full moon at the vernal equinox every year, usually from April 4th to May 10. Before the festival, people fasted for 49 days according to religious tradition, and only ate one full meal every day, and the other two meals were only half full, and they didn't eat meat, only vegetarian, and singing and dancing were not allowed during fasting. But now, in addition to the elderly and Christians, many Russians in our country no longer observe the precepts. On the festival day, besides colorful "Bicheney" (cakes), every family should also prepare boiled eggs, which will be painted with red, yellow, blue, coffee, green and purple. Whenever a guest comes, the host will share an egg, which symbolizes the richness of life. During the festival, people want the above-mentioned excellent snacks and biscuits to entertain visitors, relatives and friends visit each other to congratulate each other, young men and women sing and dance, dance Russian tap dance with strong rhythm, and play lyre and accordion to entertain themselves. Pentecost, also known as Pentecost, is celebrated 50 days after Easter every year by the Orthodox Church to commemorate the disciples of Jesus receiving the Holy Spirit.

Christmas is also a grand religious festival for Chinese Russians to celebrate the birth of Jesus. Christmas in Russia is held every year in the Russian calendar 65438+10.7. When the festival comes, Russians will decorate a gorgeous Christmas tree with cypress or pine trees and prepare rich holiday food. At the reunion in the evening, the dressed-up Santa Claus will give everyone Christmas presents and hold a singing party.

The Good News Festival is a traditional Spring Festival activity for Russians in Xinjiang and other places, which is usually held in the first half of March of the lunar calendar. According to the New Testament, the Virgin Mary received an angel's announcement of God's will on this day. She will be pregnant by the Holy Spirit and give birth to Jesus. During the festival, people will carry out various celebrations. On March 4th, the children took the baked lark-shaped cookies to the field, threw them into the sky, and then caught them to welcome the spring. On March 9, women spread a piece of linen on the ground outside the village and put a big bun on it for Chunniang to enjoy. The girls tied all kinds of birds with paper or cloth and tied them under the broken branches with ropes. Everyone asks for high places such as mountain shawls, roofs and woodpiles. Rocking branches and singing the Spring Festival songs. Some places still celebrate the Good News Festival on March 25th, because spring has come and migratory birds have returned. On this day, people sing Spring Festival songs.

Baptism Festival, a traditional religious festival of Russians in Xinjiang and other places, is held every year on 65438+ 10/9. According to the New Testament, Jesus showed his divinity three times. When he was baptized for the second time, the "Holy Spirit" and pigeons descended on his head, showing that he was the son of God. The Orthodox Church attaches great importance to this epiphany, which is set on the Gregorian calendar 1 month 19. Baptism is a Christian ceremony. On the day of baptism, people not only pray in the church, but also break the ice in the river to get "holy water", and some even jump into the ice cave to wash. According to the custom, the night of 18 is divination time, especially for girls to predict their lifelong events.

Harvest Festival is a traditional agricultural ritual activity of Russians in Xinjiang and other places, which is held on the second Sunday of Gregorian calendar 10 every year. At the end of the harvest, people deliberately left the last bundle of wheat in the field to remove all the weeds around them, and then put bread, salt, milk and other offerings to express their gratitude to the earth and pray for greater harvest in the coming year.

The Minji Festival, also known as the Winter Festival, is a traditional Russian festival in Xinjiang and other places. The time is changed from the end of February or the beginning of March in the Gregorian calendar every year to the week before Lent (the fasting date of the Orthodox Church starts from 7 weeks before Easter, and there is no fixed date, generally not earlier than March 22nd or later than April 25th every year). This festival lasts for seven days. According to folk customs, every day of the festival has different contents: Monday is the Spring Festival; Tuesday is an entertainment day; Wednesday is food day; Thursday is drunken day; Friday is the new uncle's return day; Saturday is the girl's new sister-in-law day; Sunday is to send winter, forgive your words and deeds. During the Xie meat festival, every family feasts, because you can't eat meat or drink alcohol during the fasting period after Xie meat festival.

Russian taboo

Russians are cheerful, humorous and have strong national self-esteem. They are generally hospitable and polite. To greet guests, the most solemn traditional etiquette is to greet guests with bread and salt, which symbolizes goodwill and friendship. Visitors must cut a piece of bread with a knife and dip it in a little salt before they can use it in general social occasions. Russians avoid giving yellow gifts, thinking that yellow represents disloyalty and blue represents friendship. Kissing etiquette is also popular in social activities, but there are also various taboos. For example, friends can only kiss each other's cheeks, men can't kiss unmarried girls' hands, only married women's hands, and only elders can kiss younger generations' foreheads. Young people should not walk in front when walking with the elderly, and men should not walk in front when walking with men and women; At the banquet, men are not allowed to sit before women; Men are not allowed to wear gloves to shake hands with others. When you meet an old man or a lady, you should bow first, and then shake hands when the other person reaches out.

There are many rules when visiting a Russian family. Knock on the door before entering the house and get the owner's permission. You can't sit in the bed of the host's house with a hat on after entering the house. If guests want to smoke, they must get the permission of the host in advance; When lighting a cigarette, you can't light three people in a row with matches; Don't ask other people's income, and don't ask women's age, otherwise it will be considered impolite; Going to a family dinner is usually 15 minutes later than the scheduled time, not later. Russians still taboo numbers in their lives, especially "13", which they call ghost numbers, which is the most unlucky.

Russians love meat, but they don't eat horse meat and donkey meat. They can't raise their glasses with their left hands when drinking. You must use a spoon when drinking soup, but you must not hold the spoon with your left hand.

The master's mind

Kolppo Wanajia (? -1985), female, deputy to the National People's Congress, doctor of Hongqi Agricultural Machinery Factory in Yili, Xinjiang.

Najia was born in a poor family in the mountainous area of Gong Liu County. She worked as a servant for the landlord when she was 12 years old. Later, my parents became ill and my life could not be maintained. She had to beg along the street with her two sisters. After liberation, they finally turned over and became the masters of the country. 195 1 year, she joined the China * * * production party as the first batch of advanced elements of ethnic minorities. 1952 was selected to study in Urumqi Health College. After hard work, she graduated with honors. In Yili, Xinjiang, she carried a medicine box and traveled all over the grasslands and meadows here. At that time, with her rich clinical experience and superb medical skills, she relieved many people's illnesses and saved dozens of lives. Today, the local people of all ethnic groups and the older generation in Yili still remember her. Because of her outstanding performance, Najia was repeatedly rated as an advanced worker and a good cadre, and was elected as a representative of the National People's Congress.

Sally (19 14-), female, was born in saratov, Soviet Union. She joined China from 1964 as a professor and Russian linguist. 194 1 Graduated from the French Department of Moscow Foreign Languages Teachers College, and worked as the technical editor of Moscow Geological Exploration Press and Moscow Foreign Languages Press. 1945 was awarded the "Medal of Brave Labor in the Great Patriotic War". 1946 came to China with her husband Li and worked as a teacher in Harbin Russian Institute. After the founding of New China and Canada, Shali became a professor at Beijing Foreign Studies University and a consultant to the Russian editorial department of People's Literature Publishing House.

Shali has trained a large number of Russian professionals and made great contributions to the examination and approval of Russian textbooks. Director of China Russian Teaching Research Association, honorary director of China Translators Association, and member of the 6th and 7th China People's Political Consultative Conference. Editor-in-chief includes selected readings of Soviet contemporary literature, translated into Water Monster, Spring Bud and so on.

R0 Wa (193 1-), a native of Heilongjiang, is a senior editor and painter. 195 1 graduated from the Central Academy of Fine Arts. 197 1, join the China * * * production party. He has served as director of the creative office of Northwest Pictorial, editor of Changchun Pictorial, director and senior editor of the art group of Jilin Daily. Mainly engaged in the creation of newspaper illustrations, oil paintings and prints. Many works have won prizes. For example, the print "Ancient Songs" won the gold medal in Japanese-Chinese art exchange, "Mountain Village Female Teachers" won the Excellence Award in the National Minority Art Exhibition, and "Potala Pass" won the bronze award in the 10th National Print Exhibition. R0 Wa also published Selected Works of R0 Wa, Selected Works of R0 Wa Silk Road and Selected Works of Soviet Union.