Kneel down and judge Julius Caesar

An outstanding strategist, politician and writer in ancient Rome, a dictator at the end of the Republic of China. Born into a famous Julius family in Rome, his father is the CEO. When he was a teenager, he studied rhetoric and oratory, received a good education, and was the leader of the Democratic Party in the early political period, opposing optimates. He has served as a financial officer, supervisor, chief priest and chief judge. In 60 BC, they formed a tripartite alliance with Pompeii and crassus, and * * * ruled Rome * * and the Republic, which was called "the first tripartite" in history. In 58 BC, he won the post of governor of Gaul and conquered the whole territory of Gaul within a few years. Not only does he have a lot of wealth, but more importantly, his training.

I trained a strong army loyal to myself. In 49 BC, Caesar defeated Pompeii and seized power (crassus had died in a foreign war). In the next few years, he gained the power of dictatorship indefinitely, combining the power of consul and dictator, and became a veritable military dictator. * * * while the country exists in name only, the power of the Senate is decreasing day by day. Some measures carried out by Caesar, such as distributing the land of various provinces to 80,000 veterans, reducing the debts of debtors, and punishing corrupt and extortionate officials, touched the interests of the elders and aroused their dissatisfaction. On March 15, 44 BC, he was stabbed to death by the opposition led by Brutu and Cassio in the Senate Chamber. Caesar left behind two works of historical value, namely the Battle of Gaul and Notes on the Civil War.

Julius Caesar was born in BC 102, which was an era of serious political crisis in Rome. At this time, Rome's economic base has undergone tremendous changes, becoming the most developed country in the western classical era. The original small farmers have been completely replaced by large estates that use slave labor on a large scale. The direct military plunder and the oppression of conquered areas by tribute made the wealth from all over the Mediterranean coast flood into Italy, which accelerated the social differentiation of Rome.

Great changes in the economy will naturally affect the political life of Rome. The conquered land is expanding day by day, the standing army composed of mercenaries is expanding, the slave population is increasing sharply, and the homeless class composed of unemployed small farmers and freed slaves is also flocking to the capital, which requires greatly strengthening the state machine to deal with it, but at this time the state system in Rome is basically the same as that in the small commune on the Tiber River. Its civilian government, which is reelected every year, its bloated citizens' assembly, and its Senate, which is monopolized by several generations of powerful people, can't adapt to this situation at all. Since the 1930s BC, people have been proposing various democratic reform schemes from different angles, but all of them were opposed by a handful of so-called nobles in the Senate because they infringed on the interests of the rich and nobles, and failed. Since then, people who advocate democratic reform have struggled endlessly, and the democratic movement has gradually developed from a legitimate demand for improvement to a conspiracy, rebellion and even civil war. In 82 BC, Sura, the protector of the rich and noble family, suppressed the opposition with bloody slaughter, and the democratic movement was temporarily silent. However, the massacre cannot eliminate the root cause of the demand for reform. Shortly after Sura's death, the democratic movement made a comeback. At this time, the Roman aristocracy, the incompetence of the government, the turmoil of social order and the domineering of soldiers greatly weakened the power of the country. In the 1970s BC, the situation finally developed to a very worrying level. The attacks of the strong neighbors in the east and the separatist regimes in the western provinces are second, and the pirates in the Mediterranean and the slave uprising led by Spartacus are serious. Pirates not only make people in coastal areas miserable, but even Rome is in danger of being cut off because of the lack of overseas food. The slave uprising made Italy suffer the heaviest military disaster since Hannibal War, which impacted the slavery in Rome and hit the slave economy. The slave uprising forced the slave owners to make some changes in the way of exploiting slaves and managing land, and also forced the slave owners to change the methods of controlling slaves. More importantly, it forced them to change the * * * and regime that could not guarantee the economic development of slavery. As Engels, the revolutionary mentor, pointed out: "... when the state power within a country is in opposition to its economic development-so far, almost all regimes are in a certain stage of development-the struggle always ends with the overthrow of the regime." It was in this situation that Caesar entered politics.

Caesar was born into an ancient but declining aristocratic family in Rome. Because of his close friendship with the older generation of democratic leaders Marius and Chennai, he was rejected by the aristocratic factions in his youth, forcing him to stand on the side of the democratic faction from the beginning and gradually become the leader of the opposition, and at the same time gradually rose from the financial officer and public works officer to the judicial officer. But at this time, he had no other political capital except for his great appeal among the vagrants on the street. Therefore, he managed to form a "three-person alliance" with cornelius Pompeii, who was very influential in the army at that time, and Marcus Krasus, the richest man in Rome, who represented the rich, the so-called knight class. Of course, these three people represent three groups with different interests. They only managed to get together because they were also excluded by the nobles who controlled the Senate. With the support of these two men, Caesar was elected consul in 59 BC, but due to the constraints of the Senate, he did not make much progress.

At this time, after more than half a century of political turmoil, the leaders of the Roman ruling group, no matter which faction, realized from practical experience that to master political power, we must first have an armed force, and only by using force can we make a difference in politics. Therefore, after the expiration of the consul's term, Caesar tried his best to win the province of Gaul as governor, with the aim of cultivating his own army as political backing while Gaul was in existence. At the same time, opening up territory and plundering slaves in Gaul can also gain a reputation among Roman slave owners, and can also take the opportunity to accumulate a lot of wealth as the capital for future political activities.

Caesar went to Gaul in 58 BC and returned to Italy in early 49 BC. According to Plutarch, in nine years in Gaul, he slaughtered one million people and captured one million people. He and his officials made a fortune, which enabled him to pay bribes in Rome, even the minions of important people. He also held various performances among civilians, distributed a lot of money, and built a large number of projects in many towns in Italy, which not only pleased the contractor, but also pleased the civilians who got job opportunities. As a result, his popularity among Italian citizens gradually surpassed the other two in the "three-person alliance." In particular, he borrowed Gaul as a training ground and trained an army that was most used to fighting in the Republic of * * * at that time, and it was an army that only knew Caesar did not know the country.

Caesar's success stimulated Krasus. In 63 BC, he rushed to the East and launched a war against rest, hoping to achieve the same success there as Caesar, but he was destroyed and died there. This makes the original "three-person alliance" stand side by side, leaving only Caesar and Pompeii. The two people are increasingly distrustful of each other, and some people in the Senate are provoking and wooing. Pompeii finally broke up with Caesar and formally stood on the side of the Senate, becoming the leader of the aristocratic faction against Caesar. In 49 BC, Caesar led an army into Italy, and Pompeii was caught off guard. He fled Rome with all government personnel and the Senate, crossed the sea and entered Greece, where Italy fell into Caesar's hands. The following winter, Caesar also rushed to Greece and defeated Pompeii's main force in the Sahel. Pompeii fled to Egypt and was killed on the spot by the Egyptians. Caesar reunited the whole country after destroying the ruins of Pompeii in other places.

Caesar eliminated the remnants of Pompeii province by province, that is, the process of eliminating the residual influence of Roman nobles and institutions and establishing a new ruling machine. Therefore, the Roman country reunified by Caesar is no longer the weak and procrastinating old Roman Republic. It is a brand-new centralized military dictatorship, which has been able to command the whole country in a unified way, which is of course beneficial to the economic development and cultural exchanges in the Mediterranean coastal areas.

Less than four years have passed since Caesar unified the Roman country, but in such a short time. During this period, he was able to accomplish a lot of commendable work, the most noteworthy of which were two aspects: first, he destroyed the old aristocratic system and system, concentrated military and political power, basically completed the transition to a monarchy, and made a unified work on the old system that had been plagued by problems, repaired at any time and was forced to make up. He set the consul, prosecutor, tribune, high priest and other important positions in one, reduced the Senate to an advisory body, and regarded the citizens' assembly as a dispensable ornament, all of which paved the way for his later successors to turn Rome into an empire clothed with * * *. Secondly, he tried to gradually abolish the privileges left by the old Rome as a city-state, raise the status of Italian towns to the same level as Rome, raise the status of provinces to the same level as Italy, and give citizenship to Roman provinces one by one-only to slave owners, of course-to further expand and consolidate the foundation of the ruling group of this great empire. But this work is only partially completed. In the past, when he was in Gaul, he gave citizenship to Gauls in the mountains, and later let some of their leaders enter the Senate, which aroused the dissatisfaction of the old citizens who regarded citizenship as a taboo and did not want others to share it. They laughed at him:

"Caesar led the Gauls to victory,

But to lead them into the Senate;

Gauls took off their trousers,

Instead, he put on a wide-brimmed robe.

In 44 BC, he promulgated the autonomy law applicable to Italian towns, giving them the same status as Rome; He restored the tariffs that Italy had been exempted from; He also plans to abolish the method of collecting provincial taxes by contractors, and instead send people from the state to collect them directly, canceling an embarrassing policy that people in all provinces hate most. No wonder it is rumored that he will move the capital to Alexandria and transform Rome into an oriental monarchy, mainly because he has lowered Rome's status in China.

Caesar was assassinated by the remnants of optimates in 44 BC, ending his busy life. His heirs, gaius julius caesar Octavian and Augustus, the grandchildren of his sister, completely completed the task of transforming slave Rome into an empire on the basis of Caesar.

Many people have been evaluating Caesar, and most people tout him as an unparalleled hero, great politician, talented commander-in-chief, writer, speaker and so on. It seems that he is the man who built this great empire. In fact, Caesar's life-long struggle is nothing more than a struggle between one ruling group and another ruling group in the slave owner class to change the ruling mode. Although it improved the situation of this slave country for a period of time and further developed the slave economy, it still only benefited the slave owner class and did not affect its fate at that time. Secondly, the success of his life should be mainly attributed to the fact that he happened to be in countries like Rome and the United States. In such a historical era, the situation changed, and the opportunity made him unconsciously complete the career that history wanted him to complete. Here, his personal qualities such as perseverance, wit, boldness and smoothness have only played a very limited role, so it is not appropriate to flatter Caesar too much. As Engels, the revolutionary mentor, said, "It happened that Napoleon, a Corsican, became the military dictator needed by France exhausted by the war." . However, if Napoleon never existed, his role would be played by someone else. This can be proved by facts. Whenever such a person is needed, he will appear: Caesar, Augustus, Cromwell and so on. "

On the contrary, some people strongly criticized Caesar, saying that he suppressed the democratic movement, organized him to cancel the guild and restore Italian tariffs. Reduce the rations distributed to the poor, etc. , is said to be a betrayal of civilians. These criticisms are often the result of an ultra-modern interpretation of the so-called "civilians" and "democratic movements" in Rome at that time. It is a complicated task to analyze the so-called civilians, their composition, their political roles and economic status in the last years of Rome. This is not the work to be done here, but at least it can be said with certainty that they are by no means1the industrial proletariat in the 8th and 9th centuries. In the preface to the second edition of louis bonaparte, Marx quoted sismondi's famous saying that "the proletariat in Rome depends on social life, while the proletariat in modern society depends on social life"-this is the most pertinent conclusion about them. In the first or second century BC, they never produced their own representatives in politics, and never put forward a set of their own political programs. They have always been the tools of various political activists. Just as we can't regard them as modern proletariat, we can't regard Caesar as a first-class figure of Louis Napoleon or even thiers. Caesar was here, but he did no less than other activists at that time. At best, I can only blame him for using it at first and then leaving. Leave them and even hurt them. At that time, it was inevitable to ask pro-democracy activists as soon as they came to power. Caesar, in particular, can know that this is the inevitable result of his work by simply citing the work he devoted himself to. For a long time, the vagrant class in the capital has become a heavy burden for the country. In order to reduce the search for provinces and reduce the privileges of Rome, we have to take some measures that are unfavorable to these vagrants. For example, the free rations distributed to citizens were suddenly reduced from 320,000 to150,000 by Caesar. This privilege, once considered as a civil right, was strictly restricted and turned into real social relief. This is an example. Moreover, after the establishment of strong personal rule, the citizens' assembly even lost its role as a rubber stamp, and the political status of the homeless class came to an end. There is no need for the treasury to please them in everything. This is the logical development and inevitable result of the transition from * * to empire. Caesar did a lot of things in his life, but none of them were in this respect.

Respondent: Cihai-Tongsheng first-class fish1-311:18.

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Caesar (100+44), ancient Roman leader and military commander. He led troops to fight for decades and commanded dozens of battles, mostly winning by surprise with fewer troops. His strategic thinking and tactical principles were imitated by many famous western military commanders, such as Napoleon, and made outstanding contributions to the development of western military art. He once wrote books with aides, including (Gaul), (Civil War), (Alexandria) and (Africa).

Caesar was born into a noble family. He started his political activities in 78 BC, and was originally elected as a military forum. Later, he served as an official, municipal official, judge and governor of Rome's expedition to Spain. Caesar needed the support of two most influential people at that time, Pompeii and crassus, in order to run for consul successfully, so he decided to establish friendly relations with Pompeii and crassus. In 60 BC, three influential politicians, Pompeii, crassus and Caesar, reached a secret agreement to support each other, which was called "the first three alliances" in history. In order to consolidate this alliance, Caesar married his daughter, who was only 14 years old and engaged to someone else, to Pompeii, who was nearly 50 years old. With the unanimous support of Pompeii and crassus, Caesar was elected consul in 59 BC. After a series of political activities, Caesar won the support of the broad masses of civilians and knights and became a powerful figure as famous as Pompeii and crassus.

In 58 BC, Caesar became governor of Gaul. He led a huge army. After three years of fighting, by the end of 56 BC, he basically annexed the whole Gaul. However, his rule in Gaul was not consolidated, and anti-Roman uprisings broke out in Gaul. In the spring of 52 BC, a great uprising against Roman rule broke out in all parts of Gaul. The rebel main force set up a strong camp in Alicia, north of Gaul. This is an almost indestructible castle, and the Romans had no choice but to surround it for a long time. Caesar transferred all his troops here, and 200,000 Gaul rebels gathered at the gates of Alicia. A fierce battle between the two sides is inevitable. Before the battle began, the Romans built a strong barrier around Alicia. Caesar hoped that these complex and solid fortifications could stop Gaul's attack and supplement his own strength. The Gaul rebels first attacked the Roman fortifications from inside and outside. Under the cover of a shield. Teams of Gauls rushed up like ants. In the battle, the Roman legion suffered huge losses and its morale began to decline. Especially after the Roman flag bearer was cut, the Romans began to look a little confused. Huang Zhang, a young Roman soldier, lost his mind and suddenly found that the tower on which Caesar had just stood was empty. At the same time, the Roman cavalry on the right side of the camp gave up their positions and drove off at full speed. The young man is desperate. Suddenly, the Roman soldiers standing behind the fence found that the Gaul's offensive suddenly weakened. The Gauls, who had just attacked the Roman fortifications, stopped charging and their ranks dispersed. What appeared to the Romans was their own cavalry. It turned out that Caesar commanded his cavalry to copy behind Gaul and gave them a fatal blow. After only a few rounds, the Gauls began to flee rather than attack. After that, all Gauls surrendered. The battle of Alicia ended unexpectedly. Caesar, with 60,000 troops, confronted the troops of Gaul10,000, unexpectedly turned the tide with cavalry attack and won a decisive victory.

Caesar, Pompeii and crassus's "three-headed alliance" can't last long and can't use each other. Crassus was killed in the war, which turned the alliance of three into a situation in which Caesar and Pompeii fought side by side. At this time, Xiao Sa's daughter died, which means that the marriage relationship between Caesar and Pompeii was interrupted, and the power struggle between them was inevitable. So civil war broke out between slave owners.

In 50 BC, the optimates Senate headed by Pompeii was worried about Caesar's establishment of a dictatorship, passed a resolution refusing to extend Caesar's term as governor of Gaul and ordered him to demobilize his army. Caesar refused to carry out this decision. At that time, most of his troops were stationed in the north of Gaul, with only one legion and some auxiliary troops around. In order to grasp the fighter plane, after some careful planning, Caesar decisively led an army to cross the Rubicon, the border river between Italy and Gaul, in 65438+ 10 in 49 BC, and marched into Rome with lightning speed. Unprepared Pompeii rebels hurriedly led a group of elders and two consuls to leave Rome and flee to Greece. In June of the same year 1 65438+1October, Caesar led seven legions to land unexpectedly in Greece, and the following spring, four more legions and1cavalry units were added. In June, Caesar and Pompeii fought a decisive battle in Fasaro, Greece. Caesar completely defeated Pompeii, who fled to Egypt and was killed by the Egyptian king. In 45 BC, Xiao Sa achieved his military dictatorship.

Caesar fought all his life, resourceful, decisive and good at seizing fighters. Especially under unfavorable circumstances, he persisted in his strategic attempt with tenacious will, reversed the war situation, showed extraordinary and superb military art, and left a reputation in the history of Rome and even the world.

Second, the death of Julius Caesar.

Shakespeare's famous play "The Death of Caesar" describes the most famous "assassination of the Fuehrer" in western history. Caesar, the dictator of ancient Rome, was stabbed to death by ministers. For many years, the plot has not been questioned. However, according to a recent report in The Times, Italian criminologist Lucino Garovano and Harvard Medical School professor Buztagin have recently studied a lot of historical materials and used computer programs to simulate the assassination scene more than 2,000 years ago, and reached a surprising conclusion: Caesar was not murdered by a rebel aristocrat without knowing it, but died of "suicide".

The film production company launched an investigation.

Lucino Garofano, an expert at the Crime Investigation Center in Palma, Italy, is also a professor of forensic medicine at the University of Turin, Italy. In European legal circles, Garovano's name is widely known, and he is called "Mafia Hunter". Many wily Italian mafia godfathers were planted in his hands. Atlanta, a famous film production company in London, plans to make a film about the Roman dictator. In order to know as much as possible about the inside story and truth of the most famous murder in history, they hired Lucino Garovano to investigate this incident. This murder case before 2000 took Gallowano almost half a year. He traveled all over the library in Rome, and also went to an Argentine residential area in Lago, Rome for a "crime scene investigation"-more than 2,000 years ago, this was the seat of the Roman Senate, where Caesar was murdered by several members of the Senate on March 15, 44 BC.

Computer program simulates "being stabbed"

According to historical records, about three hours after Caesar was stabbed, his body was carried home by servants. A doctor named Antis Tius performed an autopsy on Caesar and left the world's first valuable autopsy report. According to Andteas Tius, Caesar had 23 wounds, but only the last one was fatal. According to the autopsy report, Lussino GarLofano set up a simulation program in the computer. He wants to know exactly how many people participated in the attack on Caesar by the number of wounds known on Caesar. The computer program shows that there are about 10 people. After that, he arranged for actors to repeat the killing 2000 years ago in the laboratory. The experimental results show that there are five people involved in the attack, which is most likely to cause 23 wounds. Combined with computer simulation and scene reenactment, it is finally determined that the number of accomplices in Caesar's assassination is between 5 and 10.

Three doubts about Caesar's death

In his research, Garofano found that this murder case, which was settled by a coffin long ago in history, exposed more and more doubts.

Doubt 1: Caesar is a shrewd political genius, but why did he deliberately humiliate and provoke his enemies at the Senate meeting to make them kill? When members of the Senate awarded Caesar the title of "Holy Ruler", Caesar did not stand up as expected to accept the title, but sat motionless in his seat, giving great insult to the members of the House of Representatives.

Doubt 2: Since he angered the enemy, why did he suddenly fire all the bodyguards before going to the Senate next time? A wizard warned him not to go out on March 15 when predicting his fate. However, on the day when 15 went to the Senate in March, Caesar suddenly fired all his bodyguards!

Doubt 3: With Caesar's cleverness, he could not be unaware of the existence of the conspirators, but why didn't he take any precautions like a mediocre and stupid general? -Caesar has the most powerful intelligence system. In fact, at that time, rumors that someone was going to assassinate Caesar began to spread everywhere in Rome. On the way to the Senate, someone in the crowd still warned him and stuffed a note into his hand. However, all these efforts failed to stop Caesar's death.

Psychiatrists have drawn the inference belt of "suicide".

With such questions, Garofano went to Harvard Medical School and had a discussion with Professor Harold Buztarkin, a world-class psychiatrist in the school. "Caesar is one of the smartest and wisest politicians in the history of the world. When he was a general on the battlefield, every war could be won by planning, and all his political opponents were played by him. But before he was murdered, Caesar seemed to be a different person. There must be something wrong. " Garrowano said to Buztagin. Professor Buztagin's inference is amazing, but it coincides with Garovano's idea-Caesar himself "planned" his own murder-and it was not the wily Brutu and simple-minded cassius who planned the most notorious assassination in history!

Suicide motive: epilepsy before being stabbed.

So, why did Caesar, the most powerful man in the world, commit suicide? "We think that health problems forced him to take his own life." Professor Buztarkin told reporters. Caesar died at the age of 56, when the standard in Rome was the old man; In addition, according to the investigation of Garovano and Buztagin, they found that Caesar suffered from severe temporal lobe epilepsy at that time, which not only made the patient forget everything at the onset, but also led to urinary incontinence. Perhaps this can explain many things, including Caesar's rude behavior when members of the Senate awarded him the honorary title, but Caesar sat still in his chair. Maybe he happened to have a seizure and was incontinent. Buztarkin said: "This is enough to make a proud mind choose the road of suicide. Would a man like him rather die in a coma after a seizure, or would he rather die consciously and use death as a tool to finally strike his political enemies? Caesar is still Caesar, and he won't even let go of death. "

The shrewd Caesar calculated everything after death.

In fact, the shrewd Caesar has already arranged everything for his own death, and even calculated the sorrow and glory that the assassination will bring to him. "And for those nobles who plotted to assassinate Caesar, they found nothing. When these people chose to assassinate Caesar in the Senate, they also signed their own execution papers. Moreover, Caesar revised his will six months before his assassination and chose his nephew Octavian to succeed the Roman consul. In Caesar's will, he also asked to share his private wealth equally with Roman citizens. After hearing this' touching will', the mood of Roman citizens attending the funeral suddenly changed from mourning to anger. They smashed tables, threw chairs and expressed their sadness with the craziest emotions. " As the main executioners who betrayed and murdered Caesar, brutus and cassius were forced to flee Rome soon, and were defeated by Caesar's successors Octavian and Antonius in the Battle of Philippi in Macedonia two years later, and forced to commit suicide. In Shakespeare's tragedy The Death of Caesar, Shakespeare wrote a dramatic ending: the knife that cassius used to kill himself was the same one that he used to stab Caesar to death.