Who knows the main deeds of Confucius? And what are his famous sayings?

A great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Famous mountain, the word Zhong Ni. Lu people. Confucius was an aristocrat in the Song Dynasty and moved to Lu to avoid civil strife. Father and uncle, mother is strict. Lu Xianggong was born in Lushi (now Qufu, Shandong Province) in the 22nd year (55 1). Lu is the fief of Bo Qin, the son of Duke Zhou, and is known as the land of rites and music. By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the rites and music were still intact. Lu's deep-rooted tradition of rites and music has a profound influence on Confucius. When Confucius was young, he often played with Chen Naidou and held ceremonies. He lost his father in his early years and his family was poor. When he was young, he was a small official in charge of granary and grazing. In his thirties, he began to give lectures.

In the 26th year of Emperor Lu Zhaodi (5 16), there was civil strife in Lu, and Confucius was dissatisfied with the Sanhuan forces headed by Ji. He once left Lu for Qi and soon made a comeback. Start sorting out poems, books, rituals and music. The more disciples you recruit, the greater your influence. Nine years in Lu (before 50 1), he served as the commander in chief, with considerable achievements. Later, he was promoted to Sikong and Dashikou. In the tenth year of Lu, Qilu Huimeng, Confucius and Mencius gave each other tributes, and soldiers of Lu gave each other tributes to recover the fields occupied by Qi. In the thirteenth year of Emperor Ding, Confucius proposed to destroy the three capitals, namely, Shu and Shi. After the destruction of Shu and Fei, Shi used troops, and Confucius' plan failed. After the political situation in Lu changed, Confucius saw that his ideal was difficult to realize, so he led his disciples to leave Lu and began to travel around the world. At the age of 55, Confucius was 55. 14 years, Confucius visited Wei, Chen, Song, Cai, Chu and other countries successively to publicize his political views to the governors, but to no avail. In the eleventh year (484 BC), Ji Kangzi greeted Confucius with coins, and Confucius returned to Shandong at the age of 68. Lu Aigong and Ji Kangzi often asked Confucius about politics, but it was useless.

Confucius devoted himself to education in his later years, sorting out ancient books such as poems and books, and deleting Chunqiu. Its students record their thoughts and actions in words. Philosophy Confucius lived in the Spring and Autumn Period, which was a transitional period from slave society to feudal society. Confucius' thought is full of contradictions between the old and the new, reflecting the spiritual outlook of the era of great change. View of Destiny and Ghosts Confucius inherited the traditional view of Destiny and Ghosts, regarded heaven as the master of all things and the god of personality, and believed that destiny dominated people's life and death and also determined social chaos. He advocated that "a gentleman has three fears: fear of destiny, fear of adults and fear of sacred words", and "those who don't know destiny don't think he is a gentleman". But at the same time, he denied the divination activities prevailing in the Zhou Dynasty, and put forward that "what heaven says, what it does at four o'clock, what it produces from the grain", and thought that the destiny was contained in the operation of natural things. Therefore, he advocated "keeping away from ghosts and gods can be described as the unity of knowledge and action." The Analects of Confucius records that Confucius "said nothing about Machamp, chaos and gods" and said "I don't know life, I don't know death" and "I can't serve people, I can't serve ghosts", avoiding the question of whether people become ghosts after death.

The golden mean is the highest standard of Confucius' behavior. He said: "The doctrine of the mean is also a virtue, and it is extremely embarrassing. The people have been fresh for a long time." He advocated that when dealing with affairs, we should neither go too far as the right thing, nor mend it after it is too late, thinking that "going too far as the right thing". Confucius advocated adhering to the "golden mean". As recorded in the Analects of Confucius, Confucius put forward that "quality is better than literature, literature is better than quality, and history" and "literature is a gentleman"; Advocate "combining morality with punishment" and "combining leniency with severity"; For students, those who are too enterprising should be curbed and those who are too modest should be encouraged. Confucius opposed radical words and deeds, but at the same time he also opposed unprincipled "homesickness" behavior, saying that "conforming to the customs, conforming to the world, living like loyalty, acting like sincerity, pleasing oneself and being self-righteous" and saying that "homesickness is also a thief of virtue".

Confucius attached great importance to social ethics, and regarded ceremony as an important means to maintain the hierarchical system, which was a sign to distinguish China people from foreigners. He condemned the act of destroying the etiquette system of the Zhou Dynasty, and was extremely indignant at stealing the ceremony of the son of heaven, thinking that "it is tolerable, but it is intolerable". Confucius advocated "correcting the name", tried to correct the changed social reality in the form of "Zhou Li", and asked people to "self-denial and return the ceremony". However, under the premise of not violating the basic principles of Zhou Li, Confucius agreed to choose the specific content of Zhou Li in light of the changes of the times. The concept of benevolence was widely used in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Confucius gave it a new meaning, making it one of the most important categories in the history of China's philosophy.

Confucius' theory is extensive and profound. Although there are some traditional conservative ideological factors, their mainstream is conducive to social progress at that time. Therefore, it was further developed in the Warring States period and became one of the prominent schools in the pre-Qin period. However, due to historical reasons, Han was not paid special attention by the rulers before.

After the Han dynasty, centralized feudal rule was established, and Confucius' thought was suitable for the needs of the ruling class, so it was valued. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's strategy of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", and formally established the dominant position of Confucius and his theory in China's ideological circle. Later, rulers of past dynasties took further measures to deify Confucius and advocate Confucianism, thus consolidating Confucius' supreme position.

Confucius' thoughts had a great influence on the philosophy, literature, art, education and history of China feudal society. As an outstanding representative of China's traditional culture, this influence has spread to East Asia and even the whole world. However, in the long feudal society, the ruling class unilaterally developed the conservative aspects of Confucius' thought for its own needs, which bound people's thoughts. Since the May 4th Movement, the conservatism of Confucius' thought has been criticized by progressive thinkers. After the May 4th Movement, some Chinese scholars, including Marxist philosophers and historians, made a systematic study and evaluation of Confucius and his thoughts and made great achievements.

Confucius' thoughts and theories are mainly collected in The Analects of Confucius written by Confucius disciples, and there are also records of Confucius' words and deeds in Zuo Zhuan and Historical Records Confucius Family.

Chronology of Confucius

1 year: 55 BC1year (twenty-two years of Lu Xianggong)

Confucius was born in Changping Township (now southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province). Because my parents prayed for the birth of a child on Niqiu Mountain, they named it Qiuzi.

There are two kinds of records about Confucius' date of birth, with a difference of one year. Today, from the historical records of Confucius family.

3 years old: 549 BC (twenty-four years of Duke Xiang of Lu)

His father Liang Shu died and was buried in Fangshan (now 25 miles east of Qufu). Confucius' mother, Yan Zhi, moved to Qufu Queli with her son and had a hard time.

5 years old: 547 BC (twenty-six years of Duke Xiang of Lu)

Qin Shangsheng, a native of Shandong, was a disciple of Confucius.

6 years old: 546 BC (twenty-seven years of Duke Xiang of Lu)

Disciple Ceng Dian was born in Braille Xi, the father of Zeng Shen.

7 years old: 545 BC (twenty-eight years of Duke Xiang of Lu)

Disciple Yan Yaosheng, also known as Wu Yaosheng, is Yan Yuan's father.

8 years old: 544 BC (twenty-nine years of Duke Xiang of Lu)

Disciple Ran Gengsheng was born in Lu.

10 years old: 542 BC (thirty-one year of Duke Xiang of Lu)

Disciples Zhong Yousheng, Zi Luzi and Bian Ren.

When Duke Xiang of Lu died, his son Zhou succeeded to the throne for good reasons.

12 years old: 540 BC (the second year of Lu)

Disciple Qi Diaokai was born, and Zi Ruo was born in Cai.

15 years old: 537 BC (five years of Lu)

Confucius learned more and more and realized that he should study hard the skills of being a man and living, so he said, "I am ten."

There are five, determined to learn. "("The Analects of Confucius governing ")

16 years old, 536 BC (six years in Lu)

Zheng Zhu executed the tripod.

Disciple Min Shousheng was born in Lu.

17 years old: 535 BC (six years of Lu)

Confucius Yan Zhizhai died. This year. Ji's family gave a banquet to entertain the first-class aristocrats. Confucius went to the banquet, but yang hu, the home minister of Ji's family, turned him away.

19 years old: 533 BC (the ninth year of Lu)

Confucius married the daughter of an official in the Song Dynasty.

20 years old: 532 BC (the tenth year of Lu)

Guan Qi's son. It is said that this time is just the time to give the carp to Confucius, so he named his son carp, the word Bo fish. It was in that year that Confucius began to be a Commissioner and manage the warehouse.

2 1 year: 53 BC1year (11th year of Lu Dynasty).

That year, Confucius changed his land to manage animal husbandry. Confucius said, "I am cheap because I am few, so I can despise."

(The Analects of Confucius Zi Han) Such "despicable things" should include "entrusting officials" and "occupying farmland".

In 525 BC (the seventeenth year of Lu), he was twenty-seven.

When Tan Zi was facing Lu, Confucius asked Tan Zi about the ancient official system of Tan Guo. Confucius set up private schools around.

30 years old: 522 BC (twenty years of Lu)

It has been more than 15 years since he 15 years old. Confucius gained a firm foothold in society through hard work, so the cloud "stands at thirty." ("The Analects of Confucius for Politics")

1920 and Yan ying visited Lu Qi Jinggong and met Confucius, and discussed with him why Qin Mugong was dominant.

Disciples Yan Hui, ran yong, Ran Qiu, Shang Qu, Liang? Healthy. Yuan, Yong Zi Zhong Gong, You and Qu are all Lu people; ? The word uncle fish, qi people.

3 1 year: 52 BC1year (twenty-first year of Shandong).

Disciples Mashi Wu, Gao Chai and Mickey were born. Zi Zi Shi Zi, Chen Guoren; Chai is tall and Qi is a local. Uneven words are cheap, Lu people.

Thirty-two years old: 520 BC (twenty-two years of Lu)

Disciple Duanmu Ci was born, endowed with tribute, and a patriot.

34 years old: 5 18 BC (twenty-four years of Lu)

Meng and uncle Jing of Nangong learned manners from Confucius.

According to legend, Confucius and Uncle Jingnan of Nangong paid tribute to the old employees and asked them to have fun with Changhong.

35 years old: 5 17 BC (twenty-five years of Lu)

There is civil strife in Lu. "Historical Records Confucius Family" says: "Lead the division to attack (season), attack with the division and uncle, and flee with great defeat." Confucius also went to Qi in this year.

36 years old in 5 16 BC (twenty-six years of Lu)

Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about politics, and Confucius said, "Jun Jun, minister, father and son". Confucius was appreciated by Qi Jinggong. Duke Jing of Jin tried to seal the hole with a field of mud streams, but Yan Zi stopped him.

Confucius was so fascinated by Shao in Qi State that he didn't know the meat flavor in March.

37 years old: 5 15 BC (twenty-seven years of Lu)

Doctor Qi wanted to harm Confucius, and Confucius returned to Lu from Qi.

The son of Wu Gongzi was hired, and his son died and was buried between Ying and Bo. Confucius went to see his funeral.

My brother was born in Xu Fan and Yuan County. The word will be late, and Lu Guo will enter; Xian Zisi was born in Song Dynasty.

38 years old: 5 14 BC (twenty-eight years of Lu)

Xianzi (Shu Ming) was in power in Jin and Wei Dynasties, and he promoted talents regardless of personal relationship. Confucius thought it was a righteous act, and the cloud said, "It is righteous to raise your loved ones far away."

39 years old, 5 13 BC (twenty-nine years of Lu)

The tripod was cast in the Jin Dynasty last winter, and Confucius said, "If the Jin Dynasty dies, it will lose its degree."

40 years old: 5 12 BC (thirty years in Shandong)

After decades of tempering, I have a clearer understanding of various problems in life, so I say "forty without confusion."

Disciple Tan Taiming was born. Yu, Lu people.

4 1 year: 5 1 1 year BC (thirty-one years in Shandong)

Disciple Chen. Kang Ziqin, Chen Guoren.

42 years old: 5 10 BC (thirty-two years in Lu)

Zhao Gong pawns and goes public.

Forty-three years old: 509 BC (the first year of Lu)

Gong Xi's brother Chisheng. Thanks to China, Lu people.

Forty-five years old: 507 BC (three years in Lu)

Disciple Shang Bo was born. Shang, a patriotic man.

Forty-six years old: 506 BC (four years in Lu)

Disciple Yan Yan was born. There are swallows, Wu people.

In 505 BC (five years of Lu), he was 47 years old.

Disciples Zeng Shen and Yan. Son of god, Lu people. Fortunately, it is Lu.

Forty-eight years old: 504 BC (six years of Lu)

Yang hu, the retainer of Ji's surname, became increasingly powerful. Confucius called it "accompanying ministers in national life." ("The Analects of Confucius") Historical records Confucius said: "Accompany the minister to run state affairs. ..... So Confucius retired as an official to learn poetry, books, rituals and music. He has many disciples, all from afar. "

Yanghu wants to see Confucius, but Confucius doesn't want to see Yanghu and the latter two meet on the road. Yang hu advised Confucius to be an official, but Confucius did not make a clear statement. It should have been done for five years or six years.

Forty-nine years old: 503 BC (the seventh year of Lu)

Teachers, students and disciple Zhuan Sun. Teacher Zhang Zi, Chen Guoren.

50 years old: 502 BC (eight years of Lu)

Claiming to be "fifty knows the destiny." ("The Analects of Confucius for Politics")

Gongshan didn't betray Ji's surname for a fee, which made people call Confucius. Confucius wanted to go, but he was blocked by the quilt.

5 1 year: 50 BC1year (nine years in Shandong)

Confucius ruled Zhongdu for one year and achieved remarkable results.

Disciples Ran Lu,,, and Uncle Zhong Huisheng. Lu Ziluzi, Lu Guoren: Ge Xunzi, Cai Guoren: Qian Zizi Analysis, Lu Guoren; High words are arrogant, and Lu people: they must be literate. Lu people.

52 years old: 500 BC (ten years of Lu)

Confucius was promoted to small sikong, and later to big Sikou, taking pictures. In summer, Ding Gong and Qi Hou meet in Oracle bones. Confucius was very alert and prepared to invite Lu Jun to Jiagu in advance, so he not only foiled the plot of hijacking by Qi, but also forced Qi to promise to return the land of Lu 'an, Shaanxi and Shaanxi that invaded Lu.

53 years old: 499 BC (11th year of Lu)

Confucius was Lu Sikou and Lu Zhiguo.

Fifty-four years old: 498 BC (the twelfth year of Lu)

Confucius is a Confucian. In order to weaken the Third Ring Road, measures were taken to capture the three capitals. The purpose of my uncle and supporting Confucius was to weaken the influence of my family, but this action was resisted by my family, and I secretly supported my family. The action of falling into Sandu fell by the wayside.

Disciple Gongsun Longsheng. When the dragon word was written, it came from Chu.

Fifty-five years old: 497 BC (thirteenth year of Lu)

In spring, Qi sent 80 beautiful women to Lu. Ji accepted female music, and the monarch and his subjects were addicted to singing and dancing, and ignored state affairs for many days. Confucius was at odds with Ji's family. Confucius left Shandong to defend the country.

In October, Confucius was injured by slanders and left Weiguo for Chen. Passing through Kuang, surrounded. Later, when Confucius and his disciples were besieged, his uncle rebelled against Wei. Then I went back to Dewey.

In 496 BC (the 14th year of Lu), he was 56 years old.

Confucius was summoned by Wei Linggong's wife Nanzi in Weiguo.

Lutz criticized Confucius for reading Nanzi.

After hearing this news, Confucius was very sad and praised Zi Chan as "the legacy of ancient times".

57 years old: 495 BC (the fifteenth year of Lu)

Confucius went to Julu. In the summer of May, Lu died and was made public.

58 years old: 494 BC (Ai Lu AD).

Confucius lived in Lu, and the State of Wu sent someone to hire Lu to ask Confucius about the "special car for festivals".

59 years old: 493 BC (two years in Lu Aigong)

Confucius went from Lu to Wei. Asked Chen (array) about Confucius, he was politely refused. Confucius couldn't live in Weixi in Weiguo. Go to Guo Song via Cao Guo. Song Sima Huan? (Left Ghost and Right Wei)

Hate Confucius, threatened to harm Confucius, and Confucius left anonymously.

60 years old: 492 BC (three years in Lu Aigong)

Confucius claimed to be "sixty and obedient."

Confucius crossed the State of Zheng and went to the State of Chen. He was separated from his disciples in the capital of Zheng and waited for his disciples to come to him alone at the East Gate. He was ridiculed as "a very rich dog." Confucius smiled happily and said, "Yes, yes!"

6 1 year: 49 BC1year (four years in Lu Aigong)

Confucius abandoned Chen and voted for Cai.

62 years old: 490 BC (five years in Lu Aigong)

Confucius from Cai to Ye. Ye Gong asked Confucius about politics and discussed the moral issues of integrity with Confucius.

On his way back to Cai, Confucius met a hermit

63 years old: 489 BC (six years in Lu Aigong)

Confucius and his disciples were trapped between Chen and Cai. Many disciples fell ill because of hunger and were later rescued by the Chu people.

I met a hermit on my way back to Wei from Chu.

64 years old: 488 BC (seven years in Lu Aigong)

Confucius is defending. Advocating to clear one's name before defending the country.

65 years old: 487 BC (eight years in Lu Aigong)

Confucius is defending. That was the year when Wu Wolu was defeated. Confucius' disciples contributed to the war.

66 years old: 486 BC (nine years in Lu Aigong)

Confucius is defending.

67 years old: 485 BC (ten years in Lu Aigong)

Confucius is defending.

Mrs. Confucius died as an official.

68 years old: 484 BC (11th year of Lu Aigong).

In the same year, Qi defeated Lu, and Confucius disciple Ran Youshuai fought against Qi and won. Ji Kangzi asked Ran where his command talent came from. You Ran replied, "Learning is to Confucius". Ji Kangzi sent someone to welcome Kong with money.

Kong 14 travels around the world, which is the end.

Ji Kangzi wanted to be a "land tax", but Confucius opposed it. Confucius said to You Ran, "A gentleman's trip is also a ceremony. Take what is thick, what is thick, and what is thin. If so, the hill will be enough. "

69 years old: 483 BC (12th year of Lu Aigong).

Confucius still had a heart for politics, but it was not used. Confucius continued to engage in education and literature work.

Kong Li, the son of Confucius, died.

70 years old: 482 BC (13th year of Lu Aigong).

Confucius said that "seventy can be done, not exceeding the moment." Yan Hui died, and Confucius was very sad.

7 1 year: 48 BC1year (14th year of Lu Aigong).

That spring, hunting paid off. Confucius thought this was not a good sign and said, "I am poor." So I stopped writing Spring and Autumn Annals.

In June, Qi killed Qi Huangong, and Confucius met with the Third Ring Road and asked Lu to send troops to attack, but he was not supported.

72 years old: 480 BC (15th year of Lu Aigong).

When Confucius heard about the coup in Weiguo, he had a premonition that Lutz would be in danger. Luz was killed. Confucius was very sad.

73 years old: 479 BC (16th year of Lu Aigong).

In April, Confucius fell ill and died. Buried in Lucheng North. Lu Aigong said, "How? I won't hang up every day, and I won't stay when I'm old. I'll regret leaving the screen alone. Alas! Father! No self-discipline. "

Many disciples kept the tomb for three years, and Zigong kept the tomb for six years. Hundreds of disciples and Lu people came home from the tomb.

His name is Kong Li. Confucius' former residence was changed into a temple, and Confucius was worshipped by people.

Article source: Network