What are the four major cultural heritages?

The four major cultural heritages refer to the archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties, Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, Han bamboo slips in Juyan and Dunhuang manuscripts.

I. Archives of Ming and Qing Dynasties

Archives in Ming and Qing Dynasties are divided into cabinet files, Ministry of War files, internal affairs files, Zongren files, National History Museum files, files in various places in the Qing Palace, and files in government offices of various ministries and institutes in Qing Dynasty. Among them, most of them are in Chinese, and there are old Manchu archives and diplomatic archives in Britain, France and Germany.

During the Republic of China, these archives with great historical value experienced various hardships. After liberation, the new China government changed the document library of the Palace Museum into an archive, which was directly under the management of the Archives Bureau. In the 1950s, the archives took back all the Ming and Qing archives left in different places in Beijing. There are about100000 files in Ming and Qing dynasties in China.

Second, Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins

The tortoise shell and animal bones unearthed from the Yin Ruins in Xiaotun, Anyang, Henan Province, the capital of China in the late Yin and Shang Dynasties (from the late 4th century BC to the former 1 1 mid-century BC), include tortoise shells, crustaceans and shoulder blades that have been corrected, drilled, burned and carved. Because it is carved on Oracle bones, it is called Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins is the earliest written language with a complete system in China, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins is the earliest recorded imperial script in China, which has become an important raw material for linguistics, history, ethnology, astronomy, meteorology, agriculture, medicine, historical geography, archaeology and other disciplines.

Third, Juyan Han bamboo slips

In the 20th century, Chinese and foreign scholars discovered a large number of Han bamboo slips in Juyan and other areas in the northwest of China, namely "Juyan Han bamboo slips". Stone is one of the "Four Discoveries" in China's archival field in the 20th century, which has important historical value for studying the document archival system and political system in the Han Dynasty.

The "Juyan Han bamboo slips" are named after these Han bamboo slips found in Juyan area of Ejina Banner in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Puta County east of Jiayuguan in Gansu Province.

To understand all aspects of Juyan bamboo slips, we must first understand the situation of Juyan Fort, the Great Wall of Han Dynasty. "Juyan" was called "quicksand ze" in ancient times. The sentences of "West" and "After the waves enter quicksand" in Shangshu show that there was once a river called "Weak Water", which was named after Wang Guowei and Luo Zhenyu co-authored the study of the famous Han bamboo slips "Liusha Luojian" in Juyan.

Fourth, Dunhuang scriptures

Dunhuang manuscripts, also known as Dunhuang documents, Dunhuang suicide notes and Dunhuang suicide notes, refer to ancient manuscripts in 4- 1 1 century language unearthed in Mogao Grottoes (commonly known as Thousand Buddha Cave) in Dunhuang County, Gansu Province, China. Since the first cave was dug by monks in the second year of Jianyuan (366), it has been passed down from generation to generation and has been carrying out activities of writing scriptures and making statues.

When Renzong was in the Northern Song Dynasty, Xixia attacked Dunhuang. In order to avoid the fire, monks hid a large number of documents in the compound room of the cave, then built mud walls and painted them as camouflage. Since then, these documents have been sealed in private rooms for more than 900 years and become famous Dunhuang suicide notes at home and abroad.

Cultural heritage classification

Cultural heritage is the wealth left by history to mankind. From the form of existence, it can be divided into material cultural heritage (tangible cultural heritage) and intangible cultural heritage (intangible cultural heritage).

1, tangible heritage

Tangible cultural heritage is a traditional "cultural heritage". According to the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (hereinafter referred to as the World Heritage Convention), it includes historical sites, historical buildings and human cultural sites.

Material and cultural heritage includes immovable cultural relics such as ancient sites, ancient tombs, ancient buildings, cave temples, stone carvings, murals, important historical sites in modern times and representative buildings.

Movable cultural relics such as important physical objects, artworks, documents, manuscripts, books and materials in various periods in history; And famous historical and cultural cities (blocks, villages and towns) with outstanding universal value in architectural style, uniform distribution or combination with environmental scenery.

2. Intangible heritage

According to the definition of UNESCO Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage, intangible cultural heritage refers to various customs, performances, forms of expression, knowledge and skills and related tools, articles, handicrafts and cultural sites that are regarded as their cultural heritage by various groups, groups and sometimes individuals.