What's the story of Daoyan in Ming Dynasty?

Yao (1335 ~ 14 18) was a politician and monk in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. In the 12th year of Yuan Dynasty (1352), he became a monk, preached by law, learned by word, and escaped. Changzhou County, Suzhou (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). Learn Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, and be good at poetry. He made friends with writers such as Song Lian and Gao Qi, and learned from Xi Yingzhen, a Taoist priest in Ling Ying Palace, the Book of Changes, alchemy and the art of military strategists. In 23 years, he studied under Master Yu 'an in Jingshan and devoted himself to studying internal and external classics, becoming a famous monk at that time. However, he never gave up his ambition to achieve great things, pursued utilitarianism, worshipped Liu, the founding hero who became a monk in the early Yuan Dynasty, and wanted to make contributions to the founding of the country. In the early Ming Dynasty, most of his old friends were killed by Zhu Yuanzhang, the great ancestor of Ming Dynasty, and they were strongly dissatisfied with the politics of Hongwu Dynasty.

In the 15th year of Hongwu (1382), Zhu Yuanzhang selected a monk to serve the king and commended the late Ma Huanghou. He was recommended as an important counselor of Judy, the prince of Yan, and went to Beiping (now Beijing) with Judy as the abbot of Daqingshou Temple. From then on, he often went to Yan, participated in the plot to seize the throne, and became an important counselor. Before joining the army, Judy's "Jingnan" recommended Yuan Xun, a fortune teller, and encouraged Judy, the prince of Yan, to strengthen her confidence by analyzing the political and military situation at that time by means of divination. He also trained non-commissioned officers in the back garden of Wang Fu to prepare for the military; On the eve of June in the first year of Wen Jian (1399), Sharla Cheung, the military envoy of Beiping, and Xie Gui, the commander-in-chief of the two armies, were captured. He stayed in Peiping during the Jingnan War. In October, the prince of Yan led ten thousand people to stick to Peiping, and defeated hundreds of thousands of northern expedition divisions of the imperial court. Since then, Judy has won a lot of praise and wisdom. After Judy acceded to the throne, she was made Zuoshan Master, an official monk and recorder. In the second year of Yongle (1404), she was made Prince of Shao Shi and given the name Xiaoguang. In his later years, Yao was not only afraid of the danger of officialdom struggle, but also unwilling to give up his lifelong career. So although he was an official, he didn't change his status as a monk. He was mainly responsible for the counseling and reading of the prince and grandson, and presided over the compilation of books such as Yongle Dadian and Ming Taizu Lu. His extensive knowledge and cultivation had a great influence on the emperor's grandson (that is, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty) and also played a great role in the completion of Yongle Dadian.

His main works include ten volumes of Escape Fiction, one volume of sequel and addendum, five volumes of poetry anthology of Escape Fiction and draft of Escape Fiction.

"Ming history" records:

Yao, a native of Changzhou, is the son of our doctor. At the age of fourteen, he became a monk and became famous. The Taoist position should be real, and you can learn the art of Yin and Yang. After visiting Songshan Temple, interviewer Yuan Xun said, "What a strange monk! The eyes are triangular, like a sick tiger, and the sex will be murderous, Liu Liu. " Yan Tao was overjoyed.

Zhong, Zhao Tong, a Confucian scholar and monk, tried the ritual department. Not subject to the official, return the monk's clothes. After passing through Beigushan, he wrote poems to remember the past. His friend Zong Ling said, "Is this Yu Zi's explanation?" Tao Yan smiled and didn't answer. When the high queen collapsed, Taizu chose a monk to serve the kings and recommended praying and chanting. When Zong Ling was Zuo Shanshi, he gave an example of Taoism. Prince is in harmony with language, please follow. To Beiping, the abbot of Qingshou Temple.

In and out of the house, the traces are very dense, and there are always people talking. So Zhao Kuangyin collapsed, and Li and the kings were taken away. Zhou, Xiang, Dai, Qi and Min offended one after another. Yan Tao then secretly suggested that Chengzu send more troops. Cheng Zu said, "What can we do if the people want it?" Yan Tao said, "I know Heaven, so how can I talk about people's hearts?" It's Jinzhong, and he joined the founding fathers and fortune tellers. So Cheng Zuyi decided. Yin chooses the general school, hooks the soldiers, recruits talented people, and is brave. Yan Di, so Yuan Gong is also profound. Dao Yan is training in the backyard. Inside the cave are heavy houses, with thick walls and dense bottles, which are dazzling. Soldiers are cast day and night, and animals, geese and ducks are noisy. In June of the first year of Wen Jian, Niliang, a hundred guards of Yanfu, was replaced. Arrest government officials. They all ordered Zhang Xin to surrender to Cheng Zu, who decided to arise. The wind and rain hit, the eaves tiles fell to the ground, and the ancestors changed color. Yan Tao said, "Xiang Ye. Flying dragons are in the sky, and the wind blows and the rain blows. Wow, it will turn yellow easily. " The soldiers started, and in the name of Zhu Qitai and Huang Zicheng, they were called "the teacher of Jingnan." Yan Tao helped the prince live and defend. In that year 10, Cheng Zu attacked Daning and Li Jinglong surrounded Beiping. Yan Tao defended well and defeated the attacker. At night, the strong man wounded the southern soldiers. The aid of the division, internal and external converging attack, beheading does not count. Jinglong and Ping An were defeated one after another. Chengzu surrounded Jinan in March. Tao Yanchi wrote: "The teacher is old, please call the head teacher." That's right. After the attack on Dongchang, it was defeated, and the general Zhang Yu died and returned. Chengzu wants to have a rest. Taoism is very interesting. Raise warriors, defeat the brave, and break through the water town.

Yan Tao said, "If you don't leave this city, you will run to the capital. If the capital is weak, it will inevitably be lifted. " From it. Then in He Fei and Lingbi defeated the generals one after another and crossed the river into the capital. Chengzu is the throne, and he was awarded the Taoist Zuo Shanshi. When the emperor was in Fanfu, he met all the military personnel, and he decided to set out independently. Moreover, the emperor moved to Shandong and Hebei, and stayed in the army for three years. Whether it was a spin or not, it all depended on Daoyan. Yan Tao has never fought a war, but the emperor led troops all over the world, and Yan Tao was more powerful and made the first contribution. In April of the second year of Yongle, he worshipped Zishan, a doctor, and Prince Shao Shi. After his surname, he was named Xiaoguang and his grandfather was appointed as his official. Emperor and language, that Shao Shi nameless. Life storage, rejection. Give it to one or two palace ladies, but don't accept it. I often live in a monk's temple, wearing a crown and facing up, but I still retire. Out of the vibration of Suzhou and the lake. When I arrived in Changzhou, I gave it to the villagers of Jinbo San nationality. Rebuild Mao's memoir, with Xiaoguang as the supervisor. He also edited Yongle Dadian with Jie Jin and others. When a book was written, the emperor praised it. The emperor traveled back and forth between the two capitals, went out for the Northern Expedition, and Xiaoguang stayed in Nanjing. In April of five years, the eldest grandson of the emperor went to school, and Xiaoguang served as a storyteller.

In March of 16th year, he entered the temple. At the age of eighty, I was four. I am too ill to go to the temple. I still live in Qingshou Temple. The car came to see the guest, very happy, and gave him a golden sleeping pot. When asked what he said, he said, "The Buddhist monk has been in contact for a long time and is willing to forgive him." Pu QIA, the chief monk of Jianwen Emperor. When the emperor first entered Nanjing, it was said that Emperor Wenjian was a monk, and Pu Qia knew the situation, or that he was hiding there. The emperor forbade Puyi to do anything else. However, it was difficult to find the Emperor Wen Jian for a long time. Puqia has been in the department for more than ten years. To be sure, the emperor talked about Guangxiao, and he ordered it. Xiaoguang nodded his thanks. Looking for a chess piece. The emperor mourned, looked out for two days, ordered a funeral and buried it with a monk's ceremony. Posthumous title presented and paid tribute to Pusheng, Dr. Rong Lu, Shanggu and Rong Guogong, who helped the League of Nations to seek publicity. He was buried in the northeast of fangshan county. Tombstones are decided by the emperor. The official adopted son followed Shang Bao and Shao Qing. Broad filial piety, less studious, and poetry. Make friends with Wang Bin, Gao Qi and Yang Mengzai. Song Lian and Su Boheng also awarded. The later writing of Tao Luyu ruined Confucian scholars, and everyone who knows it despises it. He went to Cheung Chau and waited for his sister to have a baby, but she didn't accept it. When I visited his friend Wang Bin, I didn't see him either. I just said in a distant voice, "The monk is wrong, the monk is wrong." Go back to see my sister. My sister will take care of it. Hongzhi is melancholy.

In the first year of Hongxi, Shao Shi was given as a gift, and he was awarded the ancestral temple. In the ninth year of Jiajing, Sejong told the cabinet minister, "Yao assisted in life, inherited wealth and prosperity, and was old and strong." Gu is a disciple of the class hero stone, and eating the ancestral hall is not enough to respect the ancestors. " So Prime Minister Li Shixia, university students Zhang Cong and Gui Calyx proposed to move the temple to Daxing Dragon Palace, which was enshrined in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Yao's poetry has three characteristics; First, you often have deep feelings and wise thoughts when you travel around the mountains and visit friends. This feature is in terms of the content of Yao's poems. Yao was in trouble before the Jin Dynasty. He traveled around as a monk, attended Zen and learned Taoism accompanied by Taoist priests and scribes, and witnessed the victory. Therefore, no matter where he goes and the people he meets, he writes poems to commemorate, express with emotion and do with reason. For example, "I come to the Zen couple occasionally and talk about forgetting the long night"; "Forget the middle edge of other areas and enjoy the dust outside."

Therefore, on the side of people and things, there are thoughts of farewell and banquets. For example, "I live in Chengxi Temple, and you return to the lake and go up the mountain. Ma Sheng knows the postal route, and the tree color recognizes the homesickness. "Write farewell. For Yao, on the one hand, the experience of traveling in clouds enriched his cultivation and tempering in philosophy and poetics; On the other hand, I made friends with him and forged a deep friendship. Therefore, "everything is in the short pavilion." The low pavilion was built outside the city and stood on the side of the road, integrating the infinite parting between guests and tourists. And in the emotional parting, I added a memory to my past musical journey. For example, he wrote, "Last year, I folded flowers and gave them to my neighbors. This year, my neighbor has nothing. Poor to see flowers but not people, heartbroken east wind around flowers. I wish Dongfeng would stop doing evil and let northerners be together. Send a kiss to your face and you won't need wine. " It is the real interest of sending my thoughts to the east wind, recalling drinking and talking with friends and learning poetry.

Yao, a native of Wudi, is one of the "Ten Friends of the Northland" and often travels and sings with members of the northland society. He once wrote "Ten Poems on the Pavilion of Zhangshan People's Paradise", which is a choral work with friends from the north. Among them, "go to the hometown of the official, and the overseas Chinese live in seclusion." A song, "Flowers and Flowers Respecting an Old Friend on a Moon, Relaxing the Wind and Playing the Piano", tells the story of Zhang Shi's resignation and his seclusion in the mountains and friends visiting each other. At that time, Gao Qi, Ni Zan and others went to the music park together. They were drinking and chanting, and they were quite happy. And "there are no horses and chariots in the lane, and the door is covered with radish." The song "Catching cranes in cages and collecting geese in pools" is the quiet and ethereal charm of Yao Garden Pavilion. Away from the mountains and the hustle and bustle of the secular world is the realm that scholars yearn for at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty. The leisure of training cranes and raising geese adds a beauty of being calm, which coincides with the meditation of Zen monks.

On the one hand, there are landscapes, paintings and nostalgia. Among them, browsing and painting works are mostly based on today's vision, or painting natural scenery, or expressing feelings, or philosophical thinking. For example, in "The Ballad of Dongting", the majestic momentum of Dongting is described by "Under the Seventy-two Peaks" and "36,000 hectares of Taihu Lake", which has changed from the gloomy water vapor in Yun Lan to the bright sun.

Ji Boping, Zhan Zhan. The scenery is all in thirty-two seven-character poems. Another example is the poem "Poems with Paintings", which reads "Koitabashi Ramp, deeply touching the people in the hut. The bamboo house is rainy at dusk, and the peach garden is blooming in spring. "It tells the tranquility and sincerity of the people in the mountains in six words. The sound of "small" and "deep", the bamboo house and the peach garden blend together, the dusk is cloudy like rain, and the spring blossoms, which seems to have a natural, beautiful and clear taste. Another kind of poems with paintings, such as On Ni Yunlin's Mozhu, often have the meaning of looking at things and thinking about people. The poem says, "Stay in Kaiyuan Temple for a long time and pass by the lake every time", which means that the friendship between Yao and Ni Zan was indifferent and sincere.

As for nostalgic works, they often look at the present world from an ancient perspective. For example, a poem "Passing Zhong Xian's Tomb in Spring". Standing in front of the tomb, Yao recalled the charm of Gu Long in the past, and for a time, he was "angry everywhere". However, in a blink of an eye, everything was empty, only sighing "I don't know how to make a big difference, and heaven and earth live together." My career is on the water and my fame is on the grass. Life and death are unpredictable, where is the glory? "For Yao, the experiences and careers of the ancients, such as rolling waves and floating rivers, are gone forever. However, the name and death of reality are also like passing clouds. Fate comes from fate, and finally it is empty in history and nature, and finally it dissipates in eternity. Therefore, the obsession with fame, life and death, and glory can be abandoned. This transcendental observation is not only the understanding of Zen, but also the enlightenment of inner broadmindedness. In addition, poems such as "Visiting the Ancient in Huai 'an" and "Crossing Shunde City" are all of this kind, which contain ancient and modern feelings.

Therefore, the second feature of Yao's poetry is "absorbing the strengths of many schools and not sticking to one pattern", which has the style of Tang, Song, Han and Wei. Poets in Yuan Dynasty often dye poems? Yao, on the other hand, likes to learn from the ancients, and his poems often bear traces of imitating the ancients, with fresh and elegant poetic style and lofty artistic conception. For example, "I have been eager to learn since ancient times, and five words are really my teacher", "Where is Xiao Liang's career now? Gu Bei Qingqing guest tired see ". This feature is related to the literati atmosphere at that time.

As a monk who is proficient in literature and art and good at poetry, Yao naturally has a lot of contacts with literati. From the 20th year of the end of Yuan Dynasty to Zheng Zheng (1360) to the 7th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1374), it was related to the poetry society in the North. In these ten years, Yao and Gao Qi, the soul figures in the two societies, are the most congenial and give more answers. Gao Qi was the most outstanding poet in Yuan and Ming Dynasties. According to Zhao Yi, a poet in A Qing, his poems "speak to the point, each sentence is muddy, the charm is extremely beautiful, seemingly simple, but in fact profound." In other words, Gao Qi's poems have the characteristics of being a teacher by example, and are completely self-contained in his mind. Yao also "read the books of ancient and modern sages, study the truth, write poems, and deliberately pursue the past." They learn from each other and gradually become the standard and concept of poetry writing and appreciation. For example, Gao Qi believes that poetry "must be a teacher, and should be imitated with the times, harmonious but different, and form its own family, so as to be generous and avoid the disadvantages of husband's paranoia". Yao didn't make such remarks, but he did it anyway. Therefore, when Gao Qi prefaced Yao's Collection of Lonely Ancestors, he said that he loved Guangxiao poems and never got tired of reading them. He even praised his poems as "rich and light", "round and thorough" and "generous when he becomes himself". It can be seen that Xiaoguang's poems dyed the style of writing at that time, reaching ancient and modern times, learning from literati, influencing each other and gradually becoming one school.

Another feature of Yao's poetry is that it contains Zen philosophy. Poets write poems, often in the real world, chanting landscapes, lyrical and freehand brushwork. Yao is both a Zen monk and a poet, so his poems have Zen meaning and an understanding of the other side of the world. For example, "If you can't see in the dark, how can there be silence and noise?" And "when the bamboo clouds are shining, the osmanthus is fragrant."

Yao once wrote "Oasis Song", five words and four sentences, describing the natural landscape, not involving Buddhist language, but Zen. One of the teachings of Zen Buddhism is "heart to heart, not words to express", so the relationship between Zen Buddhism and poetry, such as spring and flowers, "spring lies in flowers, and flowers are all spring; Flowers are in spring, and all spring is a flower. " Thinking and poetry can be combined without hindrance. In Song Dynasty, Yan Yu used Zen as a metaphor for poetry, saying that "poetry is like Zen" and "Zen is wonderful and poetry is wonderful". Wang Shi, who also insisted on the consistency of poetry and Zen, chose the word "verve" to express a thorough and delicate environment. The realm of poetry is different from that of Zen, and it is different to describe poetry with Zen. The beauty of poetry lies in its touching atmosphere and lyrical sentiment. Its natural spring breeze, autumn moon, Xia Xia, cold winter, human joys and sorrows and life experiences touch the soul. The depth of Zen lies in the thorough understanding of self-nature, the understanding of various Buddhist realities in mountains and rivers and in daily life. Poetry's "incoherent, endless meaning", such as Zen Buddha's flowers and Ye Jia's smile, all win with "nothing to say, everything to be romantic". Therefore, Zen enters poetry, that is, from the heart, realizing the value of life and religious experience, thus achieving the realm of aesthetic harmony.

At the beginning of this poem: "The sunset pavilion is far away from the trees", the scene written in this sentence is open and gorgeous, which makes people feel a sense of overlooking and infatuation. "Pavilion" is a dynamic interval. Under the setting sun, clouds are steaming, like red flowers and gold threads, scattered in the Woods of Lin Yuan. Bai Juyi has a saying, "When the sun rises, the river flowers will win the fire", which describes a beautiful scene. Here, the splendor of the sunset is transformed into pavilions in the humanistic environment, creating an environment in the landscape, which is unique in charm. The last sentence was followed by "Spring clouds clear into the river", which set off the sunset beautifully and suddenly added a bit of wildness and lightness. The word "cloud" in this sentence is a word commonly used by poets. However, different contexts have different meanings. The Buddha's case once said that when I didn't meditate 30 years ago, I saw mountains and water. Later, I saw knowledge with my own eyes and walked into that place. I saw that mountains are not mountains and water is not water. Now I must have a place to rest. According to the past, mountains are just mountains and water is just water. This is the three stages of ignorance, first enlightenment and thorough enlightenment. As far as "cloud" is concerned, it should also be regarded as a cloud.

However, the different levels of Zen meditation and the different ways of looking at things make Zen monks and poets have different feelings about the understanding of clouds in the spiritual horizon. The Spring Clouds written by Yao, visually speaking, painted the blue of spring on the white clouds. Spring clouds are like blue, melting into the beauty of sunset, which seems to be called "Yun Lan at sunset" by Jiang Yan. As far as the mood is concerned, the cloud has the meaning of leisure and leisure, and it also has the taste of loneliness. Yao used the word "scattered", but vividly showed his carefree and relaxed mood. The clouds are scattered in the river, while the poet's feelings are scattered in the clouds, and the water flows in the clouds, all of which are quiet. This quiet state of mind is precisely the "uneasy" and "normal mind" cultivated by meditation practitioners. Normal mind is the Tao, which is a common language of meditation practitioners. Yao's Spring Clouds Into a River didn't say a word, but he did his best to be pure and peaceful.

As for the last two sentences, "See the boatman, leave for Bai Ou", then write a close-up. Wang Guowei cites the realm, which is divided into my realm and my realm. From the middle point of view, Yao's phrase "no boatman, empty pair" seems to have entered the realm of no self, and has no objection to many foreign objects. The boat was empty, and Bai Ou flew together. The poet stood in the empty scene with a detached heart, as if he had forgotten things and merged with me. This is quite similar to the Buddha's interest in everything. In addition to meditation, Yao often travels around the mountains and experiences the harmonious purport of Buddhism in the mountains and rivers. For another example, he once wrote, "There are five battles at the stone edge, and peach blossoms fly in March." Harmony between man and environment, and harmony between things and me is a natural and wonderful sight.

Yao has other works that clearly state Buddhism and Zen. For example, "Zen Weng teaches people in the second meaning", that is, the first meaning cannot be said. Zen believes that the highest truth cannot be expressed in any language. If you speak forcefully, you will fall into words. Therefore, the non-verbal doctrine of "it's interesting to be silent, why not look for mysterious sounds" can become a Buddha if you see sex. The so-called "non-standing writing" of Zen Buddhism, which conveys the heart with the heart, actually cancels the authority of writing, cancels the mind and guidance of writing in daily affairs, and replaces it with the feeling of heart. Therefore, it is more sincere and clear to look at the world with Zen mind.

In fact, the most important thing to appreciate Yao's poems is to look at people with poems. When people talk about filial piety, they often vilify it with different monks. The reason is probably that he persuaded and helped the prince to seize the position of Taizu's grandson, which not only violated the Buddhist precepts, but also violated the Confucian ceremony of monarch and minister. However, if we don't change the attitude of monks after all, we can't judge by pure utilitarianism. Therefore, it seems appropriate to look back at the contradiction between sensibility and intellectuality in his heart. This stagnation made Yao have a harmonious understanding of the universe and life in spiritual cultivation. On the other hand, in real life, it makes him full of true and broad sincere feelings about the world.