What plants are there in the ancient book Shan Hai Jing?

1. Cinnamomum cassia: it is a perennial evergreen shrub or small tree of Meliaceae, and its height can reach 7 meters. The leaves are opposite, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, and the whole or upper part is sparsely serrated. Evergreen all the year round, blooming in autumn, axillary clusters of flowers, umbrella-shaped, yellow or yellow-white, extremely fragrant, with the reputation of' monopolizing Sanqiu and overwhelming everyone'.

2. Mystery (gǔ): the legendary different wood name. It looks like a tree (Broussonetia papyrifera), but it has black texture. Its flowers are radiant, and people will not get lost when they appreciate its branches or flowers.

Mu (yǐ n) is a kind of tree, and its fruit is like an apple. If the surface is red, you can eat it. "Bangmu" is a persimmon tree, belonging to the persimmon family. Later, because the pronunciation of "Bangmu" is the consonant of "Jun" and "Qian", the name "Bangmu" was forgotten by later generations, and the word "Bangmu" was unknown.

4. Qimu: Growing in Yuyi Mountain, it is very dangerous and people can't get up.

5. Catalpa: Catalpa, an arboreal plant of Catalpa in Osmundaceae, is as high as15m. The crown is obovate or oval, and the bark is brown or grayish yellow. Like light, slightly tolerant to shade, cold-resistant, suitable for temperate regions, poor growth in warm and hot climate, deep roots. Happiness is deep and fertile; The soil is moist, not drought-tolerant, barren and slightly saline-alkali-tolerant. Strong anti-pollution ability. Catalpa bungeana is a kind of tree with straight tree, spreading crown, thick leaves, full of yellow flowers in spring and summer and pods in autumn and winter, which has certain ornamental value. Can be used as street trees and greening trees. Young leaves are edible; Root bark or bark, fruit, wood and leaves can be used as medicine; Wood can also be used as furniture.

6. State: Nanmu. Endemic to China, it is a precious timber tree species well-known at home and abroad. Evergreen trees, more than 30 meters high, DBH 1 meter. Location: Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan and other places. "Natural History" records:' There are three kinds of nanmu, one is Xiangnan, also known as Zinan; Second, Jin Sinan; Three days, Shuinan. There are many nanmu trees in the south, with slightly purple fragrance and beautiful patterns. The pillars of palaces and important buildings must be made of nanmu. Nanmu is a national second-class protected plant and a unique tree species in China. Nanmu bark can be used as medicine.

7. Vitex negundo: shrub or small tree. Branchlets square, densely grayish white tomentose. The leaves are opposite, palmately 5-compound, with serrated edges, green at the top and light green at the bottom, and hairless or slightly hairy. Panicle terminal; Calyx bell-shaped, with 5 teeth at the top; The corolla is lavender with 5 lobes at the top. The fruit is spherical, called "Vitex negundo", yellow-brown to brown. It is used as a medicinal material and can also extract aromatic oil. The flowering and fruiting period is from July to165438+1October.

8. Lycium barbarum: Lycium barbarum of Solanaceae is a multi-branched shrub with a height of 0.5- 1 m. Lycium barbarum is full of treasures. Li Mingzhizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica records: "Lycium barbarum leaves are picked in spring and are famous for their herbal essence; Picking flowers in summer is called long grass; Picking in autumn, named Lycium barbarum; Collecting roots in winter is called bone skin. " The tender leaves of Lycium barbarum, also known as the head of Lycium barbarum, can be eaten or used as Lycium barbarum tea. Now Lycium barbarum has the functions of lowering blood sugar, resisting fatty liver and atherosclerosis.

9. Pine trees: evergreen trees. Most of them are tall trees. It is 20 ~ 50 meters high and can reach 75 meters at the highest. Very few are shrub-like, such as slash pine and slash pine. Pine trees are wheel-shaped branches with long internodes, thin and flat branchlets or slightly bent downward, and slender needles in bundles. There are many kinds of pine trees, such as Podocarpus and Pinus bungeana. Industrial tree species include Korean pine, white pine and yellow pine. Cedar, black pine and masson pine are also common. There are nearly 1 15 kinds of pine trees in the world, most of which are slender needles, commonly known as pine needles.

10. Stem: the legendary tree. According to Shan Hai Jing, Wen's stem grows on Fuyu Mountain in the western mountain system, and his fruit is like jujube, which can cure deafness.

1 1, white gāo: the name of a plant, unknown and yet to be verified. Broussonetia papyrifera, which looks like an ordinary tree, has a red texture, and the juice flowing from its branches is like paint, and it tastes sweet. People will not feel hungry after eating, and they can also relieve their worries. The name is Bai gāo, with which jade can be dyed bright red.

12, rafter (niǔ): Rafter tree, similar to Di tree, with slender leaves, can be used to feed cattle, and wood can be used to make car rims.

13, jiāng: a kind of cypress with hard wood, which was often used by the ancients to make cars.

14, Mei: A kind of bamboo with long section, thick skin and deep roots, whose bamboo shoots can be dug out of the ground in winter to eat.

15, Palm Tree: Palm Tree. Evergreen trees, up to15m. Rootless, dense fibrous roots. The stem is cylindrical, erect, unbranched, with residual old petiole base, which is wrapped by dark brown leaf sheath fiber. The leaves are large, clustered at the top of the trunk, palm-shaped into many long and narrow lobes, and the top is hard and shallow. Petiole is very long. Dioecious, flowering in May, pale yellow, spikes arranged in panicles. Drupe kidney-shaped, initially cyan,11~1February ripe, dark brown when ripe. Mainly for viewing.

16, ch: Ailanthus altissima, with gray but complete bark, stout branchlets, pinnately compound leaves and white and green flowers in summer.

17, Citrus grandis: Citrus grandis, also known as "orange" and "smelly orange", has thick thorns on its leaves. Compound leaves, three leaflets, transparent glands.

18, Panmu: It has leaves like bitter citrus reticulata, but it has no thorns.

19, bamboo arrows: Shinohara. Good bamboo.

20. Yan (Yu): Yan tree, very small, with thorns on its branches, bearing fruit like ear buds, red and purple, which can be eaten.

2 1, oak tree: the ancients said it was an oak tree. Its wood can be used in buildings, appliances, firewood and so on.

22. Broussonetia papyrifera: a kind of tree. Deciduous trees, up to16m; The crown is open, ovoid to wide ovoid; The bark is smooth, light gray or grayish brown, not easy to crack, and the whole plant contains milk. Simple leaves alternate. The fruit is spherical, orange-red or bright red when it is ripe. The flowering period is April-May and the fruiting period is July-September. Its leaves are good pig feed, bark is high-grade raw material for papermaking, its roots and seeds can be used as medicine, and its juice can treat dermatosis, which has high economic value.

23. Platycodon grandiflorum: the stem of citrus.

24. Peach branch: a kind of bamboo, with a section every four inches.

25. Hook tail: it belongs to bamboos such as Taozhi Bamboo.

26. ebony: Deciduous tree with hard wood, used to make furniture and musical instruments (also called ebony). You can take medicine.

27.Jiì: The cork has thorns and the wood texture is very fine.

Zhang Yu: The ancients said it was camphor tree, also known as camphor tree, an evergreen tree with camphor fragrance.

29. Tang: This refers to a pear tree. The fruit is as small as a pear and can be eaten. It tastes sweet and sour.

30. Unknown tree: round leaves, white calyx, red flowers, black texture, and fruit similar to Fructus Aurantii Immaturus. Eating it can make people have more children and grandchildren.

3 1, Guo Jia: The fruit is like a peach, but the leaves are like jujube leaves, with yellow flowers and red calyx. Eating it can relieve people's troubles and worries.

32. Mu Dan: Red stems have round leaves, yellow flowers and red fruits. The taste is sweet, and people will not feel hungry after eating it. Some people say it's maple. There are many kinds, and the leaves turn red in autumn.

33. Ruomu: A tree in myths and legends has peculiar and sacred characteristics.

34. A very tall tree.

35. Shatang: Shaped like an ordinary pear tree, with yellow flowers and red fruits. It tastes like a plum, but it has no stone. It can be used to generate water, and people can float without sinking after eating it.

36. Mulberry: Deciduous trees, mulberry leaves are the main food for feeding silkworms; Sang Mu can be used to make furniture, farm tools and small building materials; Mulberry skin can be used to make paper; Mulberry strips can be woven into baskets; Mulberries can make wine.

37. Hazelnut (zhēn): Deciduous shrub, the fruit is called hazelnut, which is nearly spherical and has a hard skin.

38. Tree (hù): It looks like a Jing, and its red trunk looks like a scorpion. Wood can be used as an arrow.

39. lacquer tree: deciduous tree. The sap flowing from the trunk can be used as paint.

40. Cypress: evergreen trees, the height of which can generally reach 20 meters. The bark is reddish brown and longitudinally cracked. Branchlets are flat. The leaves are scaly and small. Monoecious, with a single cone crown. Cones are almost ovoid. Long life. Seeds, roots, leaves and bark can be used as medicine; Oil is extracted from seeds and used to make soap, food or medicine.

4 1, papaya tree: Fruit trees are also called hairy trees, deciduous shrubs or trees. Their fruits are ripe in autumn, oval and fragrant, and can be eaten or used as medicine.

42. Aimu: It is shaped like a pear with round leaves and red fruit. The fruit is the size of papaya, and people can increase their physical strength if they eat it.

43. Danshu: Leaves are like leaves, and fruits are as big as melons. Red calyx with black stripes. People who eat it can cure jaundice and make a fire.

44. Machine-made wood: that is, alder (qρ) tree, which looks like elm. Burning branches and leaves to ashes and scattering them in rice fields can be used as fertilizer. Alnus cremastogyne, also known as Alnus cremastogyne, Alnus cremastogyne, belongs to betulaceae. Deciduous trees with obovate leaves, ovoid or obovate nutlets, 1 1 month.

45. the tree (qū) is the tree of longevity: that is, the tree of longevity. There are many swollen knots on the trunk, which the ancients often used as crutches. ?

46. Indus: deciduous trees, up to 16 meters; The bark is turquoise and smooth. Leaves heart-shaped, palmately 3-5-lobed, diameter 15-30 cm. The petiole is as long as the leaf. Panicle terminal with yellow-green flowers; The seeds are spherical with wrinkles on the surface. The flowering period is from June to July, and the fruit is mature 10- 1 1.

47. Peach: Mountain peach, also known as peach, is a wild fruit tree. The fruit is very small, the core is bonded to the pulp, and the peach kernel is fatty and can be used as medicine.

48. Plum tree: Deciduous fruit tree. There are 8 species, 5 varieties and more than 800 varieties and types of Prunus in China.

49. Zhe (zhè): Zhe Shu, also known as Huang Sang and female Zhe. Deciduous shrub with leaves for feeding silkworms, edible fruit, bark for papermaking and root bark for medicine.

50. Hovenia dulcis Thunb: Deciduous shrub or small tree with spiny branchlets and white flowers in spring. The fruit is yellow-green, sour, inedible and can be used as medicine.

5 1, thorn wood is a small jujube tree, that is, jujube, its branches and leaves are covered with thorns.

52. Willow

53. Unknown tree: Leaves are like willow leaves with red texture.

54. Three mulberry trees: tree height 100 meters, no branches, flower-like leaves, clustered at the top of the crown. Usually this kind of tree grows in one place every three trees, and its leaves are like mulberry leaves, so it is named Sansan. (3) The trees in the south of Sangshu have red leaves like fire; The one in the middle has golden leaves; Trees in the south have blue leaves.

55. Li Jue: The ancients often used wood from tree trunks as crutches.

56. Yu: the foreign word of "qi". Poplar with general appearance has red texture, and the juice in the trunk is similar to blood and does not bear fruit. The name is Mao, and the horse can be tamed by applying sap to it.

57. Poplar-like tree: It is shaped like an ordinary poplar, with red flowers and fruit similar to jujube but without stone, and tastes sour and sweet. Eating them can prevent people from getting malaria.

58. Rare wood: female rare wood, a leathery, egg-shaped shrub with opposite leaves, which does not wither in winter and is evergreen all the year round. The flowers in early summer are white and the fruits are oval.

59. Melia azedarach: Melia azedarach, also known as Melia azedarach, a deciduous tree, blooms at the turn of spring and summer, and the drupe is lavender, spherical or rectangular, and yellow when mature. Wood is solid and easy to process, and can be used in furniture, musical instruments, buildings, farm tools and so on. The ancients said that mashed neem seeds can be used for laundry, and taking them can benefit the kidney.

60.Loǐ wood: This kind of tree has square stems, round leaves, yellow flowers and fluffy petals. Fruit is like the fruit of a neem tree. People can enhance their memory by taking it without forgetting things.

6 1, Diaotang Tree: The leaves are square like elm leaves, and the fruits are like red beans. Eating it can cure deafness.

62. For example, Zelkova schneideriana, a deciduous tree, grows fast and tall, has solid wood and is widely used. ?

63. Vitex negundo: A shrub that grows near the water's edge. Its stems are spread out and its height is more than ten feet. It has red and white flowers in June, black spots on its fruit in September and leaves in winter.

64. Ziziphus jujuba

65. Tussah (Zuà): Tussah, also known as Mongolian tree, chiseled tree, holly and evergreen shrub, blooms in early autumn, dioecious, with small yellow-white flowers and small spherical berries in black.

66. Sophora japonica: deciduous trees. Wood can be used for building and making furniture. Buds can be used as yellow dyes.

67.chūn wood: similar to tall Ailanthus altissima, the trunk can be used as a shaft.

68. Ziziphus jujuba: Ziziphus jujuba is a woody plant of shrub family. It is difficult to grow into a tree. When it grows to the thickness of the cup, it will naturally dry up and regenerate buds from the roots.

69. Willow: Deciduous tree, slender willow branches, like wetlands, 20-30 meters high, 50-60 cm dry, growing rapidly; The bark tissue is thick and longitudinally split.

70. Bamboo: A branch of Gramineae, also known as bamboos or bamboos. Some are as low as grass, and some are as tall as trees. Grow in pieces by creeping rhizomes underground. Perennial plants. Some kinds of bamboo shoots are edible. There are about 150 genera and 1225 species in the world.

7 1, Galla chinensis: Rhus chinensis, small deciduous trees or shrubs, 2- 10 m high. Branchlets are brown, odd pinnate compound leaves alternate, and they are gallnut medicinal plants, so they are called "gallnut trees".

72.xiāo: the same as "Yi". Catalpa bungeana is a deciduous tree with tall and straight trunk ends. Flowering in summer, the fruit can be used as medicine, mainly for heat toxicity and various sores and scabies.

73. Hey (gǐ n): Small bamboo can be used as an arrow shaft.

74. Tanabe: The square stem is like a sunflower. Taking it can make people eat without choking.

75. Meng Mu: Leaves are similar to locust trees, but yellow flowers do not bear fruit. Taking it will make people not confused.

76. Dixiu: The shape of leaves is similar to that of poplar leaves. Branches cross each other and extend in all directions, with yellow flowers and black fruits. Taking it can make people calm and not angry.

77. Tochigi: The leaves are shaped like pear leaves but have a red texture, so people will lose their jealousy after taking them.

78. Pepper: There are three kinds, one is woody plants, that is, peppers; One is vines, that is, peppers; One is vegetable plants. Here refers to Zanthoxylum bungeanum, the branches have acupuncture, the leaves are solid and smooth, the fruit is red, and the seeds are black, which can be used as medicine or seasoning.

79. Wu Di: The leaves are similar in shape to those of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, with prickly thorns and red fruits, which can ward off evil spirits.

80. Kangmu: A tree with leaves shaped like Ailanthus altissima leaves and red fruits, which people can eat to drive away insects and evil spirits.

8 1, thistle (j √) cypress: A tree that looks like a Vitex negundo with white flowers and red fruit. Eating its fruit can make people not afraid of the cold.

82. yü utree: same as "pomelo". Grapefruit is similar to orange but bigger, with thick skin and sour taste.

83. Citrus: an evergreen tree with white flowers in early summer. It bears fruit in late autumn. The fruit is called orange, which tastes sweet and sour, and the peel can be used as medicine.

84. Taozhi Bamboo: A kind of bamboo. Youyang miscellaneous and wide transplanting sequence: "Peach, Zhu and Zhi are divided into four inches."

85. Hook tail: bamboo name.

86. Li: The pear tree is shaped like a pear tree, but its trunk and branches are all red, with yellow flowers and black fruits.

87. Chestnuts: Deciduous trees, the fruit is called chestnuts (chestnut seeds), and the nuts are sweet and edible. Wood is solid and can be used for building and making utensils; Bark can be used for tanning and dyeing; Leaves can be fed to tussah.

88. Catalpa: a arboreal plant of Catalpa in Osmundaceae, with a height of 65,438+05 meters. The crown is obovate or oval, and the bark is brown or grayish yellow. Like light, slightly tolerant to shade, cold-resistant, suitable for temperate regions, not tolerant to drought and barren, and tolerant to mild saline-alkali soil. Strong anti-pollution ability. Shaded leaves, full of yellow flowers in spring and summer, hanging pods in autumn and winter, are tree species with certain ornamental value. Can be used as street trees and greening trees. Young leaves are edible; Root bark or bark, fruit, wood and leaves can be used as medicine; Wood can also be used as furniture.

89. Peach: Deciduous tree of Rosaceae, with black bark, is a common fruit tree and ornamental flower. The flesh is sweet, and the fruit and leaves contain almonds, which can be used as medicine.

90. Plum tree: deciduous tree of Rosaceae. Fruit trees.

9 1. plum tree: Rosaceae tree with brownish purple stems and many longitudinal stripes. Branchlets are green. Leaf blade broadly ovate to ovate, margin serrate. The fruit is spherical and sour.

92. Apricot tree: Fruit tree, belonging to deciduous trees of Rosaceae, distributed in northern China.

93. Yumu: Also known as Wantong, it is a parasitic tree. There are two kinds. The round leaves are called water bamboo, and the leaves like ephedra leaves are called female radish. Because this plant grows on other trees, like a bird standing on a tree, it is called parasitic, woody and woody. Commonly known as parasitic grass.

94. Begonia tree: Rosaceae, with oval leaves and inverted petals. There are both herbs and woody plants, including Xifu Begonia, Sticky Begonia, Papaya Begonia and Four Seasons Begonia. Has the effects of promoting fluid production, quenching thirst, invigorating spleen and stimulating appetite.

95.(xún): Wood name, which can be used as a raider and a staff.

96.qiū: trees with hard wood can be used as materials for making cars.

97. Ba (z u): I don't know what kind of tree.

98. Shen (shàn): Also called Bai. The wood is hard and white, and can be used to make combs, spoons and other utensils.

99. Poplar: The general term for deciduous trees of Populus in Salicaceae. All genera/kloc-more than 0/00 species, with more than 50 species in China. Wood is used as civil building materials to produce furniture, matchsticks, sawn timber, etc. And used as wood boards and fiber materials. Leaves are good feed.

100, Ba (shěn) Rafters: Rafters have curved trunks, while rafters have straight trunks, which are different from ordinary rafters.

10 1, Castanopsis eyrei: Castanopsis eyrei, the fruit is like the fruit of an oak tree, which is edible and the wood is corrosion-resistant, and is often used as the pillar of a house.

102, Huan: Huan tree with willow-like leaves and yellow and white bark. The ancients said that it was also called "finding everything without finding it", which could wash clothes and remove dirt.

103, Ba: According to the ancients, it is a cold-resistant tree that does not wither.

104, Cave: Also known as Castanopsis eyrei, it looks like Ailanthus altissima, and its trunk can be used as a shaft.

105, Jane (wisteria tree): Also called rattan, the ancients said it was a kind of plant similar to cowpea. Tiger beans grow around branches. When mature, the pod is black, with exposed burrs, like Tiger Claw, and the beans in the pod have spots, like stripes on the tiger, so it is also called Tiger Claw. Tiger Point, which is wisteria today. Mao, with "Hong", is a vine.

106, the emperor's daughter mulberry: a Fiona Fang mulberry with a trunk folded 50 feet thick, branches extending in all directions and leaves more than one foot long, with red texture, yellow flowers and blue calyx.

107, carambola: The shape of common peach trees is square stems, which can be used to treat human skin swelling.

108, Zhu Gui: a kind of bamboo. The ancients said it was four or five feet high, with a thick stem of two feet and long leaves, shaped like bamboo and red skin.

109, Bamboo Support: Zhu Qiong. The section is long and solid in the middle, which can be used as crutches, so it is also called helping the old bamboo.

1 10, barnyard grass: Zhu Gui. According to the ancients, it was called Zhu Gui because it grew in Guiyang.

1 1 1, mushroom bamboo: a small bamboo.

1 12. Cave: Mulberry is a wild mulberry with hard wood, which can be used to make bows and shafts.

1 13, Luo Tang Shu: I don't know what tree it is.

1 14, according to the tree: According to the ancients, it is because mulberry trees spin silk when eating mulberry leaves, like silkworms. This is probably the shape in the picture.

1 15, Gan (zhā): the legendary tree with red branches, yellow flowers, white leaves and black fruits.

1 16, dried flowers: the legendary red goldenrod tree.

1 17, Jian Mu: It looks like a cow. When it is pulled, its skin is peeled off. It looks like a tassel band on the crown hat and yellow snake skin. Its leaves are like a net, its fruit is like the fruit of a Luan tree and its trunk is like a thorn elm.

1 18, Luan: the legendary tree with yellow roots, red branches and blue leaves.

1 19, scorpion: that is, thorn elm.

120, bird hierarchy tree: unknown.

12 1, Gammu: That is, if a tree does not die, people can live forever if they eat it.

122, Maple: The ancients said it was a maple, with leaves like poplar leaves, many round branches and fragrant oil.

123, bamboo tree: red branch, blue flower and black fruit.

124, cabinet pine: tree name. Unknown.

125, Mu Bai: A pure white tree.

126, Zhu Mu: Bark, branches and trunk are all red, and leaves are blue.

127, Berlin (pán) Wood: A tree with thousands of miles of twists and turns.

128, Peony: Small deciduous perennial shrub with slow growth and small plant type. Woody precious flowers, whose roots and bark are used as medicine, have many colors, such as pink, red and white.

Shan Hai Jing is an ancient book of China, written by Chu or Bashu people from the middle and late Warring States Period to the early Han Dynasty. It is also a fantastic book. The author of this book is unknown. The ancients thought that this book was "the work of the curious people in the Warring States period, Zhuang Zaji, Biography, Lisao, Zhou Shu and Jincheng". Modern scholars also believe that writing a book is not an instant, and the author is not a person.

There are 18 articles in Shan Hai Jing, and other chapters have long been lost. The original ***22 articles, about 32650 words. * * * There are 5 Tibetan Mountain Classics, 4 overseas Classics, 5 domestic Classics and 4 Wild Classics. There are 13 chapters in Hanshu, not counting the later wild classics and family classics. The contents of Shan Hai Jing are mainly geographical knowledge in folklore, including mountains and rivers, Taoism, nationalities, products, medicines, sacrifices and witch doctors. It has preserved many famous ancient myths, legends and fables, including Kuafu's day by day, Goddess's mending the sky, Jingwei's reclamation and Dayu's harnessing the water.

Shan Hai Jing has extraordinary literature value, which can be used as a reference for studying China's ancient history, geography, culture, Chinese and foreign transportation, folk customs and myths, among which the mineral records are the earliest related documents in the world.

The edition of Shan Hai Jing is complicated, so the earliest edition is Shan Hai Jing Zhuan by Guo Pu in Jin Dynasty. But when it comes to Historical Records, the title of Shan Hai Jing, the earliest bibliography is Hanshu Yiwenzhi. As for the real author of this book, many predecessors thought that it was Yu, Bo Yi, and was collated by Liu Xiang and Liu Xin in the Western Han Dynasty before it was handed down from generation to generation. Nowadays, many people think that the exact date and author of this book cannot be confirmed.

Ancient and modern scholars have different understandings of the content and nature of Shan Hai Jing. For example, Sima Qian bluntly said that its content was too absurd to be used as a reference for making history. For example, Lu Xun thought it was "the book of wizards and alchemists". At present, most scholars believe that Shan Hai Jing is an early and valuable geographical work.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-shanhaijing