Are there any books that introduce all kinds of detailed data of the planets in the solar system? Did you introduce the albums of the starry sky constellation and the constellations of various seasons

Are there any books that introduce all kinds of detailed data of the planets in the solar system? Did you introduce the albums of the starry sky constellation and the constellations of various seasons? ... There are eight planets, and Pluto has been expelled.

According to the new definition now

There are only eight planets in the solar system now.

Pluto is now called the dwarf planet Ceres.

eight planets

Venus, Saturn, Jupiter, Mercury, Earth, Mars, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto are no longer classic planets.

The General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union voted to pass a resolution, and partially adopted a new definition of planet, which surpassed Pluto's planetary ranks and was listed as a "dwarf planet".

The statement that the eight planets in the solar system except Pluto abandoned by the General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union are called "classical planets" confirms that there are only eight planets in the solar system, and Pluto is downgraded to a "dwarf planet". Earlier, there were rumors that the two planets, solar power generation system and three other plans of the plan were aborted.

For decades, scientists generally believe that there are nine planets in the solar system, but the discovery of larger celestial bodies farther than Pluto has intensified the debate on the status of Pluto as a giant planet. Because its discovery process is based on a wrong theory, its mass estimation is wrong, and the error is in the ranks of big planets. At the International Astronomical Union Congress, whether to give Pluto a "name" became the focus of the congress, and astronomers gave various plans.

1930, American astronomer tombo discovered that Pluto, Pluto and Pluto miscalculated the mass of the earth, so they were named planets. However, after nearly 30 years of further observation, it is found that its diameter is only 2300 kilometers, even smaller than the moon. By the time Pluto was so big, "Pluto is a big planet" had already been written into textbooks, and the future was wrong.

Pluto is the farthest planet in the solar system, and its orbit is the flattest. Pluto's mass is higher than that of other planets, and even in the satellite world, it ranks only around seventh and eighth. The surface temperature of Pluto is very low, so most of the substances on it can only be solid or liquid.

launch

Mars is the fourth from the sun and the seventh largest planet in the solar system;

Basic parameters of Mars:

Semi-major axis of orbit: 227.94 million meters (1.52 astronomical unit)

Orbital period: 686.98 days

Average orbital speed: 24.13km/s.

Track eccentricity: 0.093

Track inclination: 1.8 degrees.

Planet equatorial radius: 3398 km

Mass (Earth mass = 1): 0. 1074.

Density: 3.94 g/cm3

Rotation period: 1.026

Number of satellite speakers: 2

Orbit: 227,940,000 kilometers from the sun (65,438+0.52 astronomical units).

Mars (Greek: Ares) is called the God of War. Perhaps this is because its bright red color comes from Mars, sometimes called "red line health". The name "March 3", which was previously described by Greeks and Romans as the agricultural worship of Mars God and the Greeks who invaded and expanded, came from Mars.

Humans have known about Mars since prehistoric times. Because it is considered as the best science fiction writer who lives in the solar system (except the earth) and loves it. Unfortunately, the famous "Canal" that Lowell "saw" and others were just made up by Princess Balsumian.

Mariner 4, the first spacecraft to explore Mars, was in 1965. Man series has made some attempts, including two Viking ships of 1976 (left). Then, after a lapse of 20 years,1July 4, 997, the Mars Pathfinder finally landed on Mars successfully (right).

The orbit of Mars is very elliptical. Therefore, when exposed to sunlight, the temperature difference between perihelion and apohelion is close to 30 degrees Celsius. This is the climate of Mars, which has a great influence. The average temperature of Mars is about 2 18K(-55℃, -67 F), but it jumps from 140K(- 133℃, -207 F) to nearly 300k(27℃, 80 F) in winter and summer. Although Mars is much smaller than the earth, its surface area is equivalent to that of land? The surface of the earth.

Besides the earth, Mars is a planet with various interesting landforms and solid surfaces. Including some spectacular terrain:

-Olympus Mons: It is 24 kilometers (78,000 feet) above the earth's surface and is the largest mountain range in the solar system. Its base is more than 500 km to 6 km (20,000 ft) in diameter around the cliff (right);

-Tarsis: a huge mass on the surface of Mars, about 4,000 kilometers wide and 10 kilometers high;

-Sailor: 2-7 kilometers deep and 4,000 kilometers long (under the heading);

-Tia, Planus, Geras: In the southern hemisphere, the impact crater with a depth of more than 6,000m has a diameter of 2,000m.

The surface of Mars has been in a crater for many years. But there are also many valleys, ridges, hills and plains nearby.

In the southern hemisphere of Mars, there is an arc-shaped circular highland (left) similar to the moon. On the contrary, most of them are located in the northern hemisphere and consist of newly formed low-lying plains. The formation process of these plains is very complicated. A few kilometers, a huge height change on the north-south border. A huge difference, as well as the reason for the sharp change in the height of the terrain in the north and south of the border area, is still unknown (some people speculate that this is due to the great power of the outer material of Mars, the moment of increase). Recently, some scientists began to suspect that those steep mountains were in their original places. This is undoubtedly the problem solved by the global Mars probe.

The internal situation of Mars only depends on the information of the surface state and is inferred from a large number of data. It is generally believed that its core is a high-density material with a radius of 1700 km, which is covered with a layer of lava, which is thicker than the earth's mantle, and the outermost layer is a thin scab. Compared with other solid planets, when the density of Mars is low, the core iron of Mars (magnesium and iron sulfide) contains more sulfur.

Mercury and the moon? Mars, like the ball, lacks active plate movement, and there is no indication that Mars may cause the earth's crust to shift like so many folded mountains. Because there is no lateral movement, a huge hot zone in the earth's crust that is stationary relative to the ground. Coupled with the slight gravity on the ground, Tharis proposed a huge volcano. However, it has not found any signs of recent volcanic activity. There may have been a lot of volcanic activity on Mars, and it seems that there has never been any plate movement.

There is a flood on Mars. On the ground, there are some small rivers (right), which shows very clearly that they have been eroded in many places. In the past, there was clean water on the surface of Mars, and there might even be too many lakes and oceans. But these things seem to be only a short time ago, estimated to be about 4 billion years old. The Maneri in barres was formed without running water, and the Tarsis projection was produced together due to the stretching and influence of shells.

In the early days of Mars, it was very similar to Earth. Like the earth, almost all the carbon dioxide on Mars has been converted into carbonaceous rocks. However, due to the lack of movement of the tectonic plates of the earth, Mars can't recycle the atmosphere of carbon dioxide, so it can't produce a significant greenhouse effect. Therefore, even if the distance between the distant sun and the earth is equal, the surface temperature of Mars is much higher than that of the cold earth.

The atmosphere in the thin layer of Mars is mainly composed of carbon dioxide (95.3%) (2.7%) (1.6%), argon (0. 15%), oxygen and water (0.03%) and trace amounts. On average, the atmospheric pressure on the surface of Mars is only about 7 mbar (less than 1% of the Earth's), but its change and altitude change can be as high as 9 mbar in the deepest part of the basin, and only 1 mbar at the top of Olympus. This is enough to support hurricanes and storms that occasionally sweep the earth throughout the month. Although the thin atmosphere on Mars will have a greenhouse effect, it will only increase, far below the surface temperature of Venus and the Earth as we know it.

The poles of Mars are permanently covered with solid carbon dioxide (dry ice). The structure of the ice sheet is layered, which is the superposition of alternating layers of ice and carbon dioxide. In summer in the north, carbon dioxide is completely sublimated, leaving a layer of residual ice water. Since carbon dioxide has never completely disappeared in the south, we don't know whether there is an ice layer in the south (left). The reason for this phenomenon is unknown, but it may cause long-term changes in climate change due to the included angle between the equatorial planes of Mars. Maybe there is water deeper under the surface of Mars. The poles cover about 25% of the seasonal changes and the changes caused by the pressure changes on Mars (Vikings).

However, recent observations by the Hubble telescope show that the Viking environment is not a typical survey. The atmosphere of Mars now seems colder and drier, suitable for pirate investigation (please refer to STSCI website for details).

Vikings tried to determine whether there was life on Mars through experiments, but the result was negative. But optimists point out that only two qualified samples are small, and they will not come to the best place. Future Mars explorers will continue to do more experiments.

A small meteorite (SNC meteorite) is thought to come from Mars.

1On August 6, 996, Zhu () said at the opening ceremony that Martian meteorites were first discovered to be composed of organic substances. The author even said that this composition, together with some other minerals from meteorites, may be evidence of ancient Martian microorganisms. (Left)

Such an amazing conclusion does not establish the existence of aliens. Studies criticizing Zhu for opening up some opponents have also been released. But any conclusion should not be "rational words, evidence." It is not clear that the announcement is over, and there are still many things to do.

The weak gravity of Mars in the tropics. This was an unexpected discovery when Mars Global Explorer entered the orbit of Mars. They may have lost their early shells and been thrown to the left. This may be a study of the internal structure of Mars in the past? Is that air pressure? It may be very useful to let ancient life exist.

Mars is easy to see with the naked eye in the night sky. Because it is close to the earth, it is very bright. Mike harris Methodist Planet Search Map shows the positions of Mars and other planets in the sky. More and more details, more and more better charts are found and completed, just like the astronomical program of bright stars.

mercury

Name: Mercury

Mercury is the closest to the sun and is the second asteroid in the solar system. Mercury is smaller in diameter than Ganymede and Titan, but it is heavier.

Basic parameters of mercury:

Semi-major axis of orbit: 57.9 1 100 million kilometers (0.38 astronomical unit)

Orbital period: 87.70 days

Average orbital speed: 47.89 km/s

Track eccentricity: 0.206

Track inclination: 7.0 degrees

Planet equatorial radius: 2440 km

Mass (Earth mass = 1): 0.0553

Density: 5.43g/cm3

Rotation period: 58.65

Satellite: None

Orbit: Sun 579 10000 km (0.38 astronomical unit)

In Roman mythology, Mercury was the god of commerce, travel and theft, and in ancient Greek mythology. Hermes was the messenger of God, perhaps because of the name of Mercury before it moved rapidly in the sky.

As early as 3000 BC, in Sumerian times, it was discovered that Mercury was given two names by the ancient Greeks: when it was called the morning, when it was called the sun god, it was called Hull, and when it flashed in the night sky, it was called Hermes. However, ancient Greek astronomers knew that these two names actually referred to stars, and Hercules approached (the Greek philosopher in the 5th century BC) and even thought that Mercury and Venus revolved around the earth, not the sun.

Only Mariner 10 "spacecraft Mercury has been here three times in 1973 and 1974. According to the survey, only 45% of the surface of Mercury (fortunately, because Mercury is too close to the sun, the Hubble Space Telescope can get a security camera).

Mercury's orbit deviates from the perihelion with perfect roundness, and the perihelion is only 4600 1000 meters away from the apogee of the sun, which is 7000000 kilometers away. Its orbit orbits around the sun at a very slow speed in precession. (precession: the precession of the earth's axis causes the vernal equinox to slow to the west by 0.20 ",which runs every 25,800 years, making the tropical year shorter than the sidereal year. Sub-precession and planetary precession, the latter is caused by planetary gravity. Caused by the change of ecliptic plane. )/kloc-in the 0/9th century, astronomers observed the orbital radius of Newtonian mechanics of mercury very carefully, but they could not use it to make a proper explanation. The slight difference between the actual observed value and the predicted value is secondary (once every seven thousand years). But for decades, some people thought that there was another planet near the orbit of Mercury (sometimes called Vulcan, "Vulcan"), and the final answer was quite dramatic. The general theory of accepting early endorsement is a very important factor. Mercury's gravitational field revolves around the sun, and the sun's gravitational field is very huge. According to the general theory of relativity, the mass of the gravitational field can be regarded as mass, so the huge gravitational field can be regarded as mass, which leads to the deviation of the small gravitational field from the electromagnetic wave diverging from the same orbit, the changing magnetic field generates an electric field, the magnetic field generated by the changing electric field, and -S) the transmission distance.

Before 1962, people always thought that the rotation and revolution of mercury were the same, so the side facing the sun remained the same. Very similar, the moon always has the same half face facing the earth. However, in 1965, it was found that this theory was wrong through Doppler weather radar observation. Now, we know that Mercury rotates three times. In these two revolutions, Mercury is the only known celestial body whose dynamic ratio of orbital period to rotation period is not 1: 1.

Mercury's orbit deviates from a perfect circle in extreme cases, which will make the observers on Mercury see a very strange sight. At a certain longitude, the observer will see that when the sun rises, it will gradually get bigger by moving slowly to the zenith. The sun will stop at the zenith, stop again after a short setback, and then continue to travel to the horizon, while dropping significantly. At the same time, the stars will travel three times faster in the sky. In some places on the surface of Mercury, observers will see unusual celestial movements.

The temperature difference on Mercury is the largest in the whole solar system, ranging from 90 to 700. In contrast, the temperature of Venus is slightly higher, but it is more stable.

Mercury is similar to the moon in many ways. There are many craters on its surface, and it is very old. It has no plate movement. On the other hand, the density of Mercury is much higher than that of the Moon (Mercury 5.43g/cm3, Moon 3.34g/cm3). Mercury is a celestial body in the solar system. In fact, in the high-density part, the compression ratio of the earth; Or the density of mercury will be greater than that of the earth, indicating that the iron core of mercury is relatively larger than that of the earth, and it is possible to form most planets. Therefore, mercury's silicate mantle and crust are relatively thin.

The huge iron core has a radius of 1,000 meters, ranging from 1800 to 1900, dominated by mercury. There is only one silicate shell with a thickness of 500 to 600 kilometers. At least, it can be melted as part of the core.

In fact, mercury's atmosphere is very thin, and the damage caused by solar wind atoms. Mercury's temperature is very high, and it dissipates quickly, so compared with the Earth and Venus, Mercury's atmosphere frequently supplements the stable atmosphere.

The surface of Mercury presents a huge cliff, several hundred kilometers long and three kilometers long. Some craters intersect at the outer ring, and they are compressed to form the cliff surface. It is estimated that the surface of Mercury will shrink by about 0. 1% (or the reduced planet radius is about 1 km).

One of the largest landforms on Mercury is the Caroli Basin (right), with a diameter of about 1300 km. People think it is similar to Maria, the largest basin on the moon. Like the moon, the basin, Caroli basin, was probably formed in the early collision of the solar system, which may have caused special topography in the basin on the other side of the earth (left).

The terrain of the crater, Mercury also has a relatively flat plain. Some people may be the result of ancient volcanic activity, but others may be deposits of ejecta formed by meteorites.

The data of Mariner spacecraft provides some preliminary signs of recent volcanic activity on Mercury, but we need more information to confirm it.

Surprisingly, the mercury radar scanning is well protected, and the ice in the Arctic (10 survey area) exists in some craters, indicating the existence of shelters.

Mercury's magnetic field is very small, and its intensity is about 1% of that of the earth.

Mercury has never found a satellite.

Mercury can usually be observed through binoculars or even the naked eye, but it is always very close to the sun and it is difficult to see in the twilight. Mike Harvey's planet, more detailed customization, find a map indicating the position of Mercury in the sky (and the position of other planets), and then by the program of the Star Planetarium.

The original plan proposed by the Planetary Definition Committee identified the classic planets Venus, Saturn, Jupiter, Mercury, Earth, Mars, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto as degenerate planets, and added two planets, Ceres, Ka Rong and 2003UB3 13 Zena.