When is the year of Bingyin, and when is the year of Wanli Bingyin?

: Yu Qihe/Qin Shuo circle of friends ID: qspyq 2022

This is the first issue of Qin Shuo Friends Circle 182 1.

The taste of the year is getting weaker and weaker, which is my greater feeling when I go home for the New Year.

Because my hometown is next to the capital, in order to protect the environment, the voice of the city is basically inaudible. Two days ago, I heard from my aunt that someone in the regional exhibition center was buying new year's goods, so I drove with my parents and uncles for a while. There are some items of Tang Hua and windmills, but they sell what you can see in the supermarket. On the way back, I saw a street stall selling couplets, so I said, "It's a little Chinese New Year to see this", but it is estimated that this stall will disappear with the renovation of the city.

What's left on New Year's Eve? Large and small business meetings and New Year's Eve dinners sold by major hotels, as well as electronic red-envelope and Zhong's "dedication" in the WeChat group? After all, the New Year's Eve dinner was born from agricultural civilization, and it is understandable that it has changed its taste in modern civilization. China has passed at least two thousand years of New Year's Eve, and the New Year's Eve of each dynasty should be different. From Foucault's "Archaeology of Knowledge", we should have a lot of things to do on New Year's Eve, but now most people basically spend New Year's Eve with their mobile phones, eating snacks and watching TV.

The germination period of New Year's Eve: Nuo Festival

When I was young, I knew that the literal meaning of New Year's Eve was to scare away a terrible Nian beast named "Xi" with firecrackers. But when I grow up, I really face up to history and find that this is probably a very young one, but this story does have traces of New Year's Eve, which is really related to the expulsion ceremony.

exorcising dance

Nuo is a very ancient primitive culture, and some forms of it are still preserved in some places. The germination period of New Year's Eve is Nuo Festival. Lu's "Spring and Autumn Annals" records that it would be Nuo in spring and summer at that time, and in winter, it was "ordered to Nuo, and the unearthed cattle sent the cold." Exorcism means killing animals and offering sacrifices. Animals will be buried under every avenue leading to the city, so that the evil driven out by exorcism will never return to the city.

In the Han Dynasty, Gaoyou, when commenting on Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, said: "On the first day of this year, beating drums to drive away the epidemic is called driving away the epidemic." "Han Shu continued? Etiquette records, "wax Nuo a day first, and its instrument chooses 120 children of the Yellow Gate as Nuo, holding a big Nuo." Fang has four golden eyes, his palm is covered with bear skin, and he holds a shield ... Anyone who makes the Twelve Gods chase evil spirits says: Henv (you) body, pull, save female flesh, and smoke female lungs and intestines! Women don't worry, the latter is a dish! Because he danced with the twelve animals, cheered everywhere, saved three times before and after, and sent the epidemic out of the end door with a torch. Outside the city gate, he rode a torch out of the palace, and outside the city gate of Sima Que, the five camps were scattered with fire and abandoned in Luoshui. "

Therefore, we can see that the ceremonies in the Han Dynasty are still very lively, and some people play the muttering "Fang" and "Chinese Zodiac". Everyone set out from the city with a torch and expelled the charm of waterinfo outside the city gate. Presumably, people inside and outside the city will come to watch this grand ceremony on this day.

During the Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty, there were customs of killing chickens and dogs, painting chickens, cutting peach trees and eating raw eggs around the New Year, and New Year's Eve, as an important day before the Spring Festival, was confirmed in the Northern Wei Dynasty at the latest. "Shu Wei" (Volume 184) and "Zhi San" recorded "the ceremony of going to the big Nuo at the age of eighteen". So we can see that the ceremony of New Year's Eve has basically been finalized. The Book of Southern Qi records that in the Northern Wei Dynasty, "throughout his life, a rooster appeared at the door, and a peach stalk on the reed looked like a Chinese utensil." We can see that the Northern Wei Dynasty, as a Xianbei people, still followed the tradition since the Han Dynasty, and the ceremony chose the day of New Year's Eve.

How did they keep their age from the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty?

What we often say now is providing for the aged, which was very popular in the Tang Dynasty. The poet Zhang said in the poem "Yuezhou Shounian (Part II)": "Peach branches are evil, firecrackers are so sleepy." It can be seen that the custom of avoiding peach branches in the previous dynasty still exists, but the "firecrackers" here are not really burning bamboo; Firecrackers that can be lit didn't become popular until the Song Dynasty celebrated New Year's Eve. Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, wrote in the poem Shousui: "The twilight scene leans against the fragrant palace, and the year is gorgeous and beautiful. At the end of the year, winter snow and winter snow melt, and it seems that a warm spring breeze blows in the warm palace. Huge red candles are lit and look like a bunch of flowers. * * * New Year, welcome the new year all night. " Du Fu's Shou Sui wrote: "In winter, except in the evening, your king and grandson hold a royal banquet. The Milky Way in Que Palace brushes the trees low, and the lanterns and candles in the palace smoke the sky. Play the plum wind on the string and explore the biography of cypress wine. I want to sing for Jacky to live a long life. Before spring comes, I will stay for a while to enjoy it. " These poems can show the royal family lighting a lamp to watch the scene of New Year's Eve.

Just like people who can't buy a home in the New Year, or who stay in big cities to continue to engage in housekeeping and express delivery, the wanderers who wandered outside on New Year's Eve in the Tang Dynasty also miss their loved ones very much. The poet Cui Tu's "evening rain" is getting farther and farther away from Sanba Road. I have come three thousand miles, anxious and alert. Through the jagged white snow on the night mountain, a lonely candle in a foreign land. Because the farther away from relatives, on the contrary, the closer to employees and servants. That is drifting, the first day of the New Year, tomorrow morning! "This poem is sad to read because Cui Tu was exiled to Sichuan at this time. On New Year's Eve, I spent the New Year with my servant with a solitary candle in my hand, and the servant's mood must be the same.

There was a custom of "trial marriage" in Song Dynasty, but it was well preserved in modern times. Lu You's "Jian Nan Poetry Draft" said: "Local customs, gathering in the evening of one year, is called trial year." This provides a historical basis for every family to play mahjong during the festival.

Before dawn on New Year's Eve, Song people had a strange custom called "selling dementia". Fan Chengda, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote "Selling Dementia Words", "People don't sleep on New Year's Eve, they are bored and depressed to welcome the new year. Children call for long streets, and people buy them if they have dementia. Who has nothing but two things and people? There is still a surplus of martial arts in the middle, and neither the north nor the south can sell it. When we met, we laughed and teased each other, and the oak block sat under the heavy curtain, so we had to buy it alone and ask for the price. Two clouds: Weng doesn't need money to buy it, and he has dementia for thousands of years! " This poem is humorous to read. In fact, behind the custom of "selling dementia" is that adults pray for children to be smart.

Zhou Mi's "Old Wulin Stories" said: "In the evening, drinking Tu Su, Pepsi Ji, rubber-toothed jars and selling stupid things were left over by Duodongdu (Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty)." It can be seen that New Year's Eve in the Southern Song Dynasty is no different from that in the Northern Song Dynasty, with all kinds of activities. The Palace Museum has a "Big Nuo Picture" of the Song Dynasty, which depicts twelve people, wearing strange clothes and various hats and flowers. As can be seen from the farm tools in the picture, in the Song Dynasty, Nuo dancing not only drove away special things, but also prayed for a bumper harvest.

People in the Yuan Dynasty also continued to keep watch on New Year's Eve, inheriting many customs of the Song Dynasty. Yao sui, a poet of the yuan dynasty, described the system of observing the 30 th anniversary of the yuan dynasty like this: "sixty-one years is like a blink of an eye." I'm too stupid to resign tomorrow. Everything is like a smile. Why is Zhu Yan young? Who won't insult me? Look at Tu Su wine first, and then drink it. No thought, no leisure, no poetry. People are drunk on their birthdays, and they are 100 years old. 36,000 ears, 300 cups a day, clever calendar calculation can be pushed. I don't know if there is any geometry left now. "

At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Xie said in Dong Mingfu's New Year's Eve: "Fan can't help it, and his salary is more important than Wujin." Come to Xiaomi and cook on credit, and let Jiao make a piano. Surrounded by niches in spring, the night weighs three drums. The inkstone is warm and fragrant, I'll write and I'll tuck my knees. "It is written by simple living, a scholar.

The Ming Dynasty basically laid the foundation for the New Year's Eve of later generations. Ming Chongzhen's "Taizhou Zhi" contains: "On the day of the sun, we also worship the gods, bow down, pick up the stoves, change peaches, post Spring Festival couplets, and surround the stoves with the whole family to' keep the old age'." Among them, the habits of worshipping ancestors, sending stoves back to the sky, posting Spring Festival couplets and observing the old age have been completely preserved in some rural areas. In the Ming Dynasty, children played some games, such as throwing, singing children's songs, playing cards, pushing, taking promotion maps, playing snails, and children riding bamboo horses. The painter Tang Bohu wrote in "New Year's Eve", "The daily necessities, sauces, vinegar and tea are generally in other people's homes. There is nothing to do at the end of the year, and Zhutang looks at plum blossoms. " New Year's Eve is New Year's Eve. Every household is busy buying new year's goods, but Tang Bohu is penniless and idle.

| Promotion map

The Chronicle of Yanjing written by Fu Cha Dunchong in Qing Dynasty recorded the scene of guarding the city for the New Year in Qing Dynasty: "After dusk, the family group sat down for the New Year. Wine pulp is on the market, brightly lit, and women and children play dice and compete for leaves. On the occasion of Haizi, the darker the sky, the more firecrackers, the more incense, and the lower bound of God. I have arrived in Korea, the rising sun is the window, firecrackers are in my ears, and my family is knocking at the door to congratulate me. In a blink of an eye, it is a new year. "

According to Sichuan's Xudu County Records, "Respect and respect the old, saying' Resign the Year'. Family members crowded around the house and couldn't sleep all night, saying' Shousui'. Next to it, gongs, drums and firecrackers are one after another, and it is very noisy, which is called' noisy year'. " "Fujian Chronicle" records: "On New Year's Eve, people put up stickers with spring and spring, set off firecrackers in court, and left a dolphin cake as a legacy, saying" Hello to the New Year ". Have a wine and food party and say' don't be old' and' group age'. Da Dan is not sleepy and says' Shounian'. "

In the Qing Dynasty, the scene of ordinary people observing age can be seen in Wang Fu's sketch Observing Age. Although the house is simple, the family is happy. There is also an inscription on this painting: "firecrackers are cold and smoke, and children are strong and sleepless." Reunion night, laughing in front of the lamp. Today, I can drink a lot, and my poetry is better than the clouds. More importantly, I like to take peace money. "The custom of giving children lucky money in the poem has been preserved until now, and there is also a kind of" electronic red-envelope ".

Wang Fu's Sketch of "Life-long Picture" (only cut a part)

"Yanjing Years Old" records the lucky money like this: "Use colored ropes to thread money, weave it into a dragon shape, and put it at the foot of the bed, which is called lucky money. The elders give their children lucky money. " So the ancient lucky money was really for blessing. Now children want to get lucky money to spend money on shopping.

There are also listening to the mirror, offering poems and collecting debts. ...

Jiaxing Museum has a picture album of New Year pictures painted by Huzhou painter Shen Zongqian in Wu Jia, Qianlong (1774). This book has six pages, four of which are "Blessing", "Evil", "Drunk" and "Firecrackers", but two pages are rare:

On the second page of the album, a woman is holding a bronze mirror and another woman is holding a lantern. Note: "Listen to the mirror. Li Kuo's words: "Deeper and weaker, as cold as iron, embroidered with the warmth of Ling Hua's embrace." Wang Jian's words:' Put a pair of ribbons in your arms so as not to be surprised when you see them.' Listening to the mirror is a custom on New Year's Eve. It is said that people can hold a mirror to eavesdrop on the unintentional words of passers-by on this day, so as to predict good or bad luck.

On the fourth page of the album, an old lady worships at the table with a glass in her hand, and the inscription explains: "Sacrifice poems. Jia Dao, in addition to, take a year of poetry to wine chest. He said, "working hard for my spirit is compensation for it." "The man in this painting seems to be Jia Dao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty. He took out a poem he had written for a year and put it on the table to worship. From the story of "Jia Dao Deliberating", we can see that he is a person who loves and respects poetry very much.

On modern New Year's Eve, another popular thing is debt collection. Hu Shi wrote in "Forty Reading Books": "Every New Year's Eve, there is always a large group of debt collectors in my family, each holding a lantern and refusing to leave in class. Eldest brother has avoided going out. The two rows of chairs in the hall are covered with lanterns and lanterns. My mother goes in and out, making New Year's Eve dinner, thanking the kitchen god and giving lucky money, as if she had never seen this group of people before. In the middle of the night, just before closing the door, my mother went out the back door. A neighbor came to my house, and every debtor had a little money. Doing good deeds, this group of debt collectors went out with lanterns one by one ... I have passed six or seven times this new year. " Hu Shi lived in southern Anhui when he was a child, so he was really unhappy on New Year's Eve. Because New Year's Eve is a time for family reunion, it is also convenient to collect debts. In some areas, debtors will hide in hospitals or bathhouses on New Year's Eve, so as the saying goes, "eat as much as you earn". If you don't pay back the money you owe the bank, you won't be able to wait for the next New Year's Eve.

In addition to family reunion on New Year's Eve, some people will do their favorite things alone on this day. In 20 10, a lotus dress statue stone tablet was discovered in Gaochun, the southern suburb of Yangzhou. There is an inscription on the upper right of the monument, "Bing Yin's New Year's Eve, another fragrance collection." At the inscription, there are also two seal characters, namely "the original help of the minister and the monk" and "bitter gourd". The original painting on this stone tablet came from Shi Tao, a painter in the early Qing Dynasty, who created it on the 29th night of the twelfth lunar month in the year of Bingyin (the year without the 30th lunar month). On New Year's Eve this year, Shi Tao stayed alone in a pavilion in Chang Gan. He stood at the door, but his heart turned to the world. After the New Year, he will go north to Beijing for development. Wang, a famous expert, scholar and collector of cultural relics, recalled his early collection of cultural relics. "During the Spring Festival, I also went to Baodi County, JD.COM. On New Year's Eve, I slept in a small shop. It was cold in the shop and there was no fire. I took two shoes, buckled the soles and put them on the edge of the kang as pillows. Only in this way can we buy extremely cheap items. " It can be seen that Mr. Wang's obsession with antiques is what spirit supports him to spend such a New Year's Eve.

/kloc-born in 0/993, researcher of ancient art history and archaeology in China, museum lover and critical audience, handicraft collector.

"This article only represents personal views."

The above is related to the date of the year of Bing Yin, and it is about the sharing of New Year's Eve. I hope this will be helpful to everyone after reading Wanli bingyin year!