Ethnic customs of Mongolian, Jinuo and Albanian.

Offering Hada: Hada is an essential item in Mongolian daily salute. Offering Hada is a courtesy used by Mongolian herdsmen in welcoming guests and daily communication. When offering Hada, the host held Hada with open hands, sang auspicious greetings or hymns, exaggerated the atmosphere of respect, and turned Hada's folded mouth to accept Hada's guests. Guests should stand up and face the toaster, listen attentively to the toast and accept the toast. When accepting Hada, the guest should lean forward slightly, and the person who offers Hada will hang Hada around the guest's neck. Guests should put their hands together on their chests to express their thanks to the people who presented Hada.

Tea service: When going to herdsmen's homes or tourist attractions, the host or waiter will give the guests a bowl of milk tea first. Guests should get up slightly and pick it up with their hands or right hands. Never pick it up with your left hand, or it will be considered impolite. When the host or waiter pours tea, if the guest doesn't want to drink tea, please gently touch the spoon or spout with the edge of the bowl, and the host will immediately understand the guest's intention. Offering tea to guests is a noble traditional Mongolian etiquette. In the history of Mongolia, whether it is a rich family or a poor family, whether it is an upper class or a common people, whether it is in communication or at home, on the road, or on all other occasions, tea is an entertainment. Tea is an indispensable treat when guests come home. Therefore, as usual, herders entertain guests with a bowl of milk tea, and then the host brings fried rice and a bowl of cream (called Jiaohe in Mongolian), milk tofu and milk skin.

Toast: pouring wine is a traditional way for Mongolian people to treat their guests. They believe that wine is the essence of food and the crystallization of grain, and offering the most precious food is to express the respect and love of grassland herders for their guests. Usually, the host pours wine into a silver bowl, a gold cup or a horn cup, puts it on a long Hada and sings a touching traditional Mongolian toast song. If the guest refuses to drink, it will be regarded as contempt for the host and unwilling to treat the host sincerely. Guests should immediately catch the wine, dip their ring fingers in the wine and point to the direction of heaven, earth and stove to show their respect for heaven, earth and Vulcan. Don't be reluctant to drink, but touch your lips to show that you have accepted the pure friendship of your master. Then housewives dressed in national costumes bring fragrant milk wine to entertain guests, which is also the traditional etiquette of Mongolian people. The host will persuade the wine in poetic language: "The distant guests invite you to drink a cup of grassland wine, which is the essence of our national traditional food and the kindness and affection of our grassland people."

Sacrifice to God: There is a custom of offering sacrifices to God in Mongolian ceremonies and banquets. According to the Mongolian custom guide, the chef cut the sheep into nine equal portions of meat, "The first is heaven, the second is earth, the third is Buddha, the fourth is ghost, the fifth is man, the sixth is mountain, the seventh is grave, the eighth is land and water god, and the ninth is emperor". Sacrifice to heaven and throw meat on the yurt; Sacrificial land was thrown into the fire; Sacrifice Buddha statues in front of shrines; The ghost sacrifice is placed outside the bag; The mountain is hung on the branches of the sacred tree, and the grave is dedicated to the ancestors of this nation. Put it outside the bag, throw it into the river park to worship the water god, and finally sacrifice it to Genghis Khan and put it in front of the shrine. This custom can be traced back to ancient Shamanism, which worships many gods. Later, Lamaism, a Mongolian belief, absorbed its ancient folk beliefs and brought many gods into the track of Lamaism.

Hospitality: Mongolians have been known for their straightforward temperament and warm hospitality since ancient times. Be enthusiastic about visitors at home, whether they are regular customers or strangers. First of all, offer fragrant milk tea, and serve plates of snow-white milk skin and cheese. After drinking milk tea, the host will offer mellow milk wine and invite guests to drink koumiss in midsummer. In some areas, there are certain rules for entertaining guests with hand-grabbed meat. For example, eating with a pipa with four long tendons; Beef is served with a spine with half a rib and a fat sausage. Before or after marriage, the girl goes back to her mother's house to treat her with lamb breast. The calf bone, chin and neck meat of sheep are all for the younger generation and children. Receive distinguished guests or put a whole sheep mat on a festive day.

Respect for the old and love for the young: Mongolians have a sense of security for the old and respect for the old and love for the young. Go to the Mongolian herdsmen's house and greet the old people. Don't pass by the old man, don't sit in his superior position, and don't sit side by side with the old man without permission. When addressing the elderly, you should be called "you", and you are not allowed to be commensurate or call them by their first names. Don't shout when you see the herdsmen's children, let alone fight. Don't talk about your child's physical defects in front of your family. Being good to children and being good to children is considered as respect for parents.

Singing: Mongolian persuasion is often expressed by sincere singing. Singing and persuasion go hand in hand. Often after a lead singer, everyone raises their glasses and sings together, and then everyone cheers together. So many times, the wine is full. Singing is ritualistic, impromptu, one person or several people, and chorus, and its singing is often hearty and sleepless all night. Hospitality: Mongolian people have a traditional virtue of attaching importance to hospitality, which has been circulating since ancient times.

Choose hunting dogs: Mongolians have the custom of hunting dogs. Therefore, they attach great importance to choosing a good hound-"Tiger", which is a castrated short-haired boutique dog. When choosing and raising hunting dogs, we should pay attention to good breeds, that is, choose puppies with long waist, long and symmetrical tail, keen hearing, keen vision, quick action and fast running speed as hunting dogs.

Greeting: greet each other when meeting, even strangers; When colleagues meet acquaintances, they usually ask "Sai Bai Nu" (hello). If you meet elders or people you meet for the first time, ask "Hosai Bainu" (hello). It is a traditional Mongolian virtue to entertain passers-by (whether you know them or not), but you must respect your host when you are a guest in a Mongolian home. After entering the yurt, you should sit cross-legged on the carpet around the stove, but the west of the stove is the owner's residence, so you can't sit casually when the owner is not sitting. Guests generally drink milk tea sent by their hosts, and it is impolite not to drink it; The host asks for dairy products, and the guests should not refuse, otherwise it will hurt the host's heart. If it's inconvenient to eat more, just eat a little.

Jinuo customs and habits

Men wear a white collarless double-breasted cotton coat with a round colored light pattern embroidered on the back and wide cotton white trousers; The woman wears a cape-shaped pointed hat, a short jacket with 7 colors of decorative patterns with double-breasted collarless buttons, a triangular pocket with round silver ornaments on the chest, and a short skirt with black and white plane and edges on the lower part. The staple food of Jinuo people is rice, and the accompanying foods are mainly wild vegetables, wild fruits, fungi and their own vegetables and fruits collected by women. Meat is mainly cattle, pigs, dogs and chickens, and animals hunted by humans are also the main sources of meat. Jinuo houses used to be "dry-fence" bamboo buildings. With the improvement of people's living standards, they began to gradually replace thatched bamboo buildings with strong and fire-resistant wooden columns and stone bricks.

The marriage of Jinuo people is monogamous. They are free to fall in love before marriage and rarely divorce after marriage. There are still some remnants of pairing marriage and group marriage in the past. Young Jino men and women are eligible to fall in love only after holding a "rite of passage". Singing in labor, using leaves as letters to agree on the time and place to meet; After two people hit it off, they can live together. Weddings are usually held after the birth of the first child. When a wedding is held, the elders must come in person. The bride went home five days after her marriage and went back to the man's parents' house for a few days.

Funerals of Jinuo people are usually buried in the earth, with a piece of wood dug out as a coffin and buried in a public cemetery, leaving no graves. The whole set of articles for production and daily use of the deceased was sacrificed, and the rich man also buried a silver copper pot. A bamboo house was built on the tomb table, and a bamboo table was placed inside. The family of the deceased went to the bamboo house to provide meals three times a day, 1-3 years, and then the bamboo house was demolished. Because there are few public cemeteries, which cannot be expanded at will, Jinuo people have the custom of burying new coffins in the graves of their predecessors. Dead pregnant women and mental patients should be cremated. Jino couples are not buried together.

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