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Eshan Yi Autonomous County was founded in May 195 1, 12. It is the first Yi Autonomous County after the birth of New China, and the first county in Yunnan Province to implement regional ethnic autonomy.

Eshan lies between east longitude 10 1 degree 52 minutes-north latitude 102 degree 37 minutes and north latitude 242 1 minute to 2432 minutes. It is connected with Hongta District and Tonghai County in Yuxi City in the east, Shiping County in Honghe Prefecture in the south, Xinping County in the southwest and Shuangbai County in Chuxiong Prefecture in the northwest.

County area 1972 square kilometers, land area of 2908869 mu, per capita 19.82 mu, cultivated land area 169590 mu, per capita 1. 16 mu. The county has jurisdiction over five towns and three townships, 75 village (neighborhood) committees and 567 villagers' groups. In this ancient and magical land, there are 25 hardworking, brave and simple-minded people of all ethnic groups, including Yi, Han, Hani, Hui, Dai, Bai and Mongolian, and ethnic minorities account for 64%. The total population of the county is 146764, and the population density is 74 people /km2.

Eshan has a long history, a long history and culture, outstanding people and a glorious revolutionary tradition. History has created a group of cultural celebrities, among which Zhou Yuli, a scholar and famous calligrapher in the pre-Qing Dynasty, is an outstanding representative. General Fan, a famous general in modern times, gave great spiritual and material help to the rebel army led by Zhu De. Eshan is the hometown of singing and dancing, the cradle of art, and a large number of literary and artistic talents. No matter novel, prose, opera, or art, photography, song and dance, every art field has the pride of Yi nationality. Many works have won provincial and ministerial awards.

During the War of Liberation, as a revolutionary base in central Yunnan, the people of Eshan made great sacrifices and made outstanding contributions. /kloc-more than 0/000 people joined the party's underground organization, thousands took part in the armed struggle, and more than 200 martyrs gave their lives for the people's liberation.

Eshan County is one of the hometown of overseas Chinese in the province, with 24 returned overseas Chinese in 24 households and 39 compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao in 9 households. There are 333 overseas Chinese 1398, 41kloc-0/family 2090, and 692 families in Taiwan Province province 139. They are distributed in Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, Viet Nam, Japan, the United States, France, Britain, Italy, Saudi Arabia and other countries 1 1 as well as China, Hongkong and Taiwan Province Province.

Eshan County is located to the east of Ailao Mountain Range and to the west of East Yunnan Plateau. It belongs to plateau topography and has vast mountains. There are many landforms in the mountains, such as river valleys, flat dams and sloping fields, which make the landforms, soil, climate and plants of Emei Mountain have obvious differences and three-dimensional characteristics, and almost bring together Yunnan climate characteristics and subtropical biological resources. Here, the scenery is beautiful, the climate is pleasant, the rainfall is abundant, the forests are dense, and the rivers are criss-crossing. It is known as "how high the mountains are, how high the water is, no severe cold in winter, no intense heat in summer, and the four seasons are like spring".

There are 17 ethnic minorities living in Eshan, including Yi, Hani, Hui and Mongolian. Yi people are the main ethnic group, divided into three branches: Nie Su, Na Su and Susan, with rich ethnic customs and rich national culture.

Eshan aims at promoting the construction of national culture, rallying people's hearts and shaping overseas image, and makes great efforts to plan, excavate fine products and seize the highland.

Eshan will focus on launching the Yi ancestor worship festival, the Yi torch festival and the Flower Drum Dance Art Festival, and launch the Eshan cultural brand featuring the three major ethnic festivals.

Yi ethnic group

The population is 7762286.

General situation of nationalities

Yi nationality is one of the ethnic groups with a long history and ancient culture in China, with different names, such as Sunuo, Nasu, Wu Luo, Misapo, Sani and Axi. Mainly distributed in Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces and the northwest of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Its distribution forms are scattered and small settlements, and the main settlements are Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan, Wei Chu in Yunnan, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Bijie in Guizhou and Liupanshui.

An important feature in the history of the Yi people is the long-term maintenance of the slave possession system. Around the Western Han Dynasty in the 2nd century BC, there was a split between nomadic tribes and settled agricultural tribes in the Yi ancestors' society. From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, a group of ancestors of the Yi nationality were constantly divided, which indicated that the Kunming tribe had basically completed the transition from primitive tribe to slave ownership on the basis of conquering ordinary tribes.

Agriculture is the main economic sector in the vast Yi areas, and the crops mainly include corn, buckwheat, potatoes, wheat, rice, barley, oats, roots and so on. Agricultural tools mainly include plough, rake, strip hoe, board hoe and so on.

Culture and art

Yi people can sing and dance well. Yi people have various traditional tunes, such as climbing mountains, entering doors, welcoming guests, eating wine, getting married and mourning. Some tunes have fixed words, some don't, and they are all improvisations. Folk songs are divided into male and female voices, and local folk songs have their own unique styles. Yi musical instruments include Hulusheng, Mabu, Bawu, Kouxian, Yueqin, flute, Sanxian, chime, bronze drum and Daping drum. Yi dance also has its own characteristics, which can be divided into two types: group dance and solo dance, and most of them are group dances, such as "dancing songs", "dancing music", "dancing on the moon", "singing and dancing" and "pot dance". Cheerful movements and strong sense of rhythm are usually accompanied by flute, Qin Yue and Sanxian.

Yi people: a nation that can sing and dance well.

Liangshan is the hometown of singing and dancing, and Yi people are good at singing and dancing.

Liangshan Yi people's music is simple in style and varied, with distinctive and rich national characteristics. Folk songs in folk music are closely related to folk literature, and there are many popular lyric poems, such as Amonilag, Ayi Ajia, Ajia Niu and Axi Niu Niu. They are all sung in the form of songs. In addition to narrative songs, there are songs sung at marriage, such as Hitting People, songs sung during Torch Festival, such as Living Alone, and songs sung at work, such as Plowing the Fields and Pastoral. In addition, there are folk songs, such as Butuo Goldman Sachs folk songs and children's songs.

The style of Yi folk songs varies from region to region. The folk songs in the south of Liangshan are loud and exciting, the folk songs in the central and western regions are soft and beautiful, and the folk songs in the eastern Enoch region are simple and simple. In the past, Yi folk songs generally gave people a feeling of depression, but their simple and beautiful national and regional charm was very distinct. Folk instrumental music is not for accompaniment, but for independent development and its own system. Remarkably, it shows a huge historical time and space span. Common ones are Kouxian, Qin Yue, Mabu, Hulusheng, Huqin, Xiao Yi, Jiandi and Suona. In addition, playing wood leaves, that is, playing music with a leaf, is also a popular folk music of the Yi people. Kouxian and Qin Yue are very common. Almost all women, old and young, have a pair of Kouxian hanging in front of their lapels and can play at any time. Kouxian is a unique and simple musical instrument, which consists of several thin reeds about seven or eight centimeters long. There are two kinds of bamboo and copper, at least two kinds and at most five or six kinds. The timbre of bamboo is deep and deep. The timbre of copper is crisp and beautiful. When playing, move the porn with your fingers and change the timbre with the voice of your mouth. In addition to the local sound, the reed also emits a very beautiful overtone, which constitutes the broad tone of music. Yueqin is mostly loved by young and middle-aged men, among whom there are many excellent folk Yueqin performers. In 1950s, Masha Wuzhi, a Yi girl from Liangshan, played the yueqin at the World Youth Student Festival in Moscow, which was warmly praised.

Folk dances of Liangshan Yi people are often inseparable from singing and instrumental music. Folk dances, such as Zi Qiao Dance, Bao Gu Dance, Weaving Felt Dance, etc. , are produced in productive labor, mostly simulating labor movement, showing the production process. The other is the common dances at festivals or weddings, such as Pot Field Dance, Fire Dance, Opposite Foot Dance, Felt Dance and Reed Dance. Some people show diligence in agriculture and animal husbandry. The joy of harvest, some show the courage to fight and the pursuit of love.

The flower of Liangshan song and dance, which originated from Yi folk art, not only shines on the stage at home and abroad, but also blooms everywhere in modern life. Today, in Liangshan urban and rural areas, men, women and children can often be seen holding hands, stepping on the rhythm of national flavor and dancing happily. Dazuo is a transliteration of Yi language, which means stepping or pedaling. It is a group dance based on the traditional songs and dances of the Yi people. The movements are concise and lively, the music is melodious and smooth, the local flavor is strong, and the times are strong. Once formed in the 1980s, it quickly spread to the whole state, and with the wave of ethnic ballroom dancing in southwest China, it was quickly introduced to states and provinces. At the 94 Liangshan Yi International Torch Festival, guests from home and abroad joined hands with Yi compatriots and danced around piles of green bonfires. The scene was warm and spectacular, and the atmosphere was cordial and touching.

Social customs and habits

Yi costumes vary from place to place. In Liangshan and Qianxi areas, men usually wear black narrow-sleeved right-angle shirts and pleated wide-leg pants, while in some areas they wear feet pants, with a lock of long hair in the middle of the front of their heads and a pincer-like knot on the right. Women mostly retain national characteristics, usually wrapped in a bun with a waist and a belt; Women in some places have the habit of wearing long skirts. Men and women wear jerva when they go out. Jewelry includes earrings, bracelets, rings, neckties, etc. Most of them are made of gold, silver and jade.

Religious beliefs and important festivals

Yi religion has a strong primitive religious color and worships many gods, mainly animistic nature worship and ancestor worship. In the worship of nature, the most important thing is the belief in elves and ghosts.

The festivals of the Yi people mainly include Torch Festival, Yi Year, Master Meeting, Secret Festival, Song and Dance Festival and so on. Torch Festival is the most common and grand traditional festival in Yi area, usually on June 24th or 25th in the summer calendar. On the Torch Festival, the Yi people, men, women and children, should wear festive costumes, play with livestock, offer spiritual cards, dance, sing, race horses and wrestle. In the evening, we walked around the house and fields with torches, and then got together to light a bonfire and dance.

Yi people are descendants of the Qiang people who lived in the northwest of China six or seven thousand years ago. The characteristics of Yi nationality are scattered in large areas and living in small areas, and they live alternately with other ethnic groups. Yi people have their own writing and language.

Yi people belong to the mountainous ethnic groups, and mainly make a living by planting corn, horse bells, wheat and other crops. There are about 4,705,700 Yi people in Yunnan, among which Wei Chu in the west and Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture in the south are the areas with the most concentrated Yi population in Yunnan.

Its extensive sources, long history and numerous branches have created the richness of Yi culture. Large-scale mixed living, small-scale concentrated living and wide distribution have created the cultural differences of Yi people. Worship of tigers, respect for black, respect for fire and love for martial arts are several obvious characteristics of Yi culture. There is also the October solar calendar of the Yi people. Comparable to the world-famous Mayan civilization.

Torch Festival-Carnival of the Yi people: "Torch Festival" is a grand festival of the Yi people, usually held on the evening of June 24th to 26th in the lunar calendar.

As night fell, people waved torches, swarmed around the village, crossed Shan Ye, sprinkled rosin powder on each other's torches, lit torches, and Shan Ye was as white as day. According to the custom of the Yi people, sprinkling rosin powder on the torch will make the torch "bang" with a gorgeous spark in generate and raise a fragrance. This is a good wish: the younger generation shows respect to the older generation and wishes them a long life; The elders are caressing the younger generation and wish them good luck; Peer interaction is intimacy and friendship; Young men and women give up on each other, which is the beginning of love.

In the Yi people in southern Shandong and Guishan, during the festival, people will play the big three-stringed instrument, jump "an Xi over the moon" and hold wrestling, bullfighting and other activities. The Yi people in Chuxiong and Maitreya also held traditional "fire sacrifice" ceremonies. On the night of the festival, in the depths of the mountains where the Yi people live together, there are "sleepless fire trees and silver flowers" everywhere, and the scene is very spectacular.

Dressing Festival-Yi Girl Fashion Show: There are two places in Yizhou, Chuxiong where there are dressing festivals. One is the clothing festival in Zhiju village, Yongren county, which is held on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month every year. One is the Saizhuang Festival in Santai Township, Dayao County, which is held on March 28th every year.

Fashion Festival provides an opportunity for young men and women who live in scattered places and have little chance to get together and get to know each other. What girls can show themselves best is to see whose clothes are the most beautiful. Yi women's dresses rely entirely on handmade peach blossoms and embroidery, and it often takes one or two years to make a suit. Therefore, whoever has more clothes and good patterns will be regarded as hardworking, capable and ingenious.

Different from the previous way of competition, people no longer wear all their clothes on their bodies, but keep changing clothes. Some girls have to change five or six sets of clothes a day. As a result, another scene appeared at the competition festival: beside the mountain barrel and under the green trees, the old people set up countless tents, cooked food and faithfully guarded the clothes for the girls.

Fashion Festival has the nature of competition from the beginning, and it is the earliest fashion show. The difference is that Yi girls are not only designers and producers of clothes, but also "fashion models" in performances.

Playing songs-the most popular folk dance in the world: Every harvest, wedding or festival, the Yi people living in Yunnan are as few as dozens and as many as hundreds, surrounded by piles of flaming bonfires, with the quiet and solemn green hills and deep and mysterious awnings around as the background, accompanied by the music beat played by Lusheng, piccolo, Qin Yue and leaves, men and women form a circle hand in hand and set foot to sing counterclockwise.

From 65438 to 0986, American International Folk Art Organization once listed this kind of folk self-entertainment song and dance as one of the most popular "Top Ten Folk Dances in the World".

"Dage" is popular all over Yunnan. Not only Yi people have Dage, but also Bai people, Naxi people and other ethnic groups have Dage, but they have different names, such as Dage, Left Foot Dance, Dage and Lusheng Dance.

According to research, "Big Brother" is a transliteration of "Tage". As early as the Han and Tang Dynasties, "Tage" was a very active folk song and dance in the Central Plains and South China. However, the "Yunnan Feather Dance" cast on the bronze drum-shaped shell container unearthed in Shizhai Mountain, Jinning, Yunnan, and the 18 copper buckle unearthed in Lijiashan, Jiangchuan, as well as the solidified dance pattern on the Cangyuan rock painting in Yunnan, are all the same as the image of the Yi people's "big", which may be used as evidence of the ancient origin of the Yi people's "big".

There is still a "Tagetu" painted in the Qing Dynasty on the mural of Longtan Temple in Weishan County, Yunnan Province, which is very similar to Daige in Weishan today.

Yi people's October solar calendar comparable to Mayan civilization: the calendar is a symbol of human civilization. One of the essences of the world-famous Mayan culture is the calendar. In the past, most parts of China used the Lunar New Year. However, among the Yi people in China, there is also a little-known ancient calendar-the October solar calendar of the Yi people. It is speculated that this calendar originated from Fuxi in ancient times, with a history of about tens of thousands of years. It traces the history of China's civilization back to Egypt, India and Babylon.

The October solar calendar of the Yi people is marked by two cycles of the ecliptic 12, with three cycles of the ecliptic as a cycle (month), that is, the 36th is January and 30 cycles of the ecliptic are one year. 1 year, 10, 360 days, 10 ends, plus 5 days of "New Year's Day", commonly known as "October Year", 365 days for the whole year. Add 1 day every three years, that is, leap year (leap day), that is, 366 days.

According to textual research, the tomb of the Yi people looking to heaven is actually an observatory used by the ancients to observe the stars, which is closely related to the Yi solar calendar. The October solar calendar of Yi people is a long and mysterious ancient calendar, which has a deep relationship with China's Confucianism, Taoism and Yin-Yang theory. Today, there are still many "passwords" to be deciphered and studied.

Climbing the Flower Building-Love and Marriage of Yi Men and Women: "Climbing the Flower Building" is a unique custom of Chu people. When a girl reaches the age of 16, her parents will build another hut for her to spend the night alone, while young men over 20 can climb the hut of their beloved girl and have sex at night. They whistle together, listen and tell each other their love. Even if there are several young couples at the same time, everyone is at home. Once love is mature, both men and women can get married with the consent of their parents, and parents generally do not interfere with their children's choices.

The wedding of Yi people in Xiaoliangshan, Yunnan is quite distinctive. When getting married, the man should prepare a horse and bring gifts such as wine, cloth, meat and noodles to meet the bride. Girls in daughter village can do everything they can to splash water on the wedding guests and catch them to have fun. All the people who send the bride are men, and the bride can't enter the door until the sun goes down. Before entering the door, a wooden bowl filled with mutton, a handle and wine was held by one person and wrapped around the bride's head to show that she was rich after marriage. Then the bride was carried into the house by her cousin.

"Jumping vegetables"-Yi people's singing and dancing meals: "Jumping vegetables", that is, dancing and taking food. It is the unique serving form and the highest etiquette for banquets of Yi people in Wuliangshan and Ailaoshan in Yunnan, and it is a long-standing traditional food culture that combines dance, music and acrobatics perfectly.

When entertaining guests, square tables are generally placed along two lines, with guests sitting on three sides, leaving a "food jumping" channel in the middle. Three gongs kicked off the "vegetable dance": gongs, lusheng, sanxian, stuffy flute, leaves and other folk music played together; In the girls and boys "woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo-woo. They joined a simple and honest folk music concerto, made funny expressions on their faces, and acted strangely with two dancing partners holding towels, just like butterflies playing with flowers, rushing forward and rushing back, hugging left and right, escorting them.

A pair of waiters have to serve four tables, and their partners put 32 bowls of vegetables into a back-to-the-palace gossip array, and each bowl of vegetables is like a "chess piece". Have their own positioning, everything according to the ancient rules under the table one by one, not disorderly.

Earth tent workshop-a unique residential building of the Yi people: The earth tent workshop of the Yi people is very similar to the Tibetan stone building, with the same flat roof and the same thickness. The difference is that its wall is made of earth, but it was not fixed with a splint when it was built. The earth wall was formed after the earth was compacted and raised layer by layer (so-called "dry paving"). The flat roof is also similar to the stone building, and it also has the function of threshing floor. Zhang Fang is distributed in the middle and southeast of Yunnan. The excellent soil and moderate dry and wet conditions in this area provide a lot of convenient and accessible materials and conditions for the construction of earth palm houses.

Most Yi people have three or five houses. In the middle is a hall where family members get together to receive guests. There is a fire pit on the left side of the wall, and three stones on the side of the fire pit stand in a tripod shape, which supports the pot, called "pot village". People are forbidden to trample on the pot farm, otherwise it is considered unlucky. Above the potted farm, a rectangular wooden frame is hung with a rope and covered with bamboo strips, which are used to roast dried meat of wild animals or garlic, pepper and red pepper. Fireplaces are used for cooking, making tea, heating and lighting. Yi people, old and young, often sit around the fireplace to celebrate their family happiness, and the fireplace has become a place where Yi people inherit their culture. Generally, Yi people lay straw mats by the fire pit and sleep in blankets.