The Stage Art of Han Opera in West Fujian

In the traditional makeup of Han Opera in western Fujian, except for a small amount of oil to strengthen emotions or clear corners to make the face dizzy, water is used for makeup. In the early days, it was easier to dress up as a handsome boy, without hanging eyebrows or drawing eyes. Powder the corners and order a cherry mouth; Just lick your lips. Later, magenta paste was used to dye cheeks and corners of eyes, and wicker charcoal was used to draw eyebrows. Gold ingots are placed on each head, tires are attached to the top of the head, and rudder-shaped phoenix tails are hung on the back of the head. Both ends of wooden yarn made of water-dragging yarn are tied on the forehead with "wooden yarn beads" decorated with silver bubbles. There are few kinds of heads and faces, and "curtain beads" are often used instead. The method of pasting film is also very simple, but there are three or four kinds, among which the forehead is picked into three fine hairs, and the small curved forehead is more distinctive. Mom doesn't wear makeup, just a towel, a handkerchief and "mom"

There is little difference between makeup and makeup. Wensheng Foundation has a slightly red cheek, Wusheng has a little rouge, and Tang Yin has a red line. Other businesses generally do not use pastel ink. Around the 1940s, Danxing began to reform cosmetics, which promoted the development of popular cosmetics. By the 1960 s, it was similar to Yue Opera in the form of oil makeup and hairstyle.

Ugly clothes are covered with white powder, including dried tofu, half-moon, small half-moon, snail, plum blossom, bitter, crying, senile, kid, chivalrous, mountain rat and other face shapes. Ugly women have a special score for large and small gourds, and comb their hair with "back bristles". Face painting is a sketch, with simple composition in the early stage and gradually enriched later, which has developed into nine kinds of existing spectral expressions: ① The color of the whole face is simple. For example, Wen Zhong in "The Return of Master Wen to the DPRK" has a golden brow, a little red, and vertical eyes on his forehead; Hand of Tianshui Pass has a white face, red eyebrows, broken lines and a red dot on his forehead. ② The white eye socket is particularly prominent on the two hole surfaces. For example, Huang Chao in The Temple of Hidden Eyebrows has a red face, a straight eyebrow, a row of teeth and money lines on her cheeks. Bao Zheng has a dark face, thick eyes, eyebrows of yin and yang, and flies on his forehead. ③ Three sides, with bat-shaped eye socket as the core of composition. For example, Jiao Zan in Yang Jiajiang and Li Kui jy in Water Margin are both white-faced and red-faced. (4) Flowers are divided into three parts, such as Zhang Fei in The Three Kingdoms, butterfly wings painted on green cheeks, eye sockets of black bats, red dots painted by Tang Yin, and a green snake hooked on white forehead. ⑤ Reinforce the two faces, that is, add a rib on the foreheads of the two faces, and the tip of the rib starts from the eyebrows and extends to the foreheads. For example, Xu Zhaoyan in "Da Guo Bao" has purple stripes on his forehead, purple cheeks, purple nasal tubes, white nasal fossa and eyebrows; Gao Wang in the Black Wind Overlord has a black bat's eye socket, a black nose, a black knife eyebrow, a red cheek and white smoke stripes on his forehead. 6 bamboo chicken noodles, the spectrum is more complicated, such as the martial arts of Fengbo Pavilion. ⑦ Miscellaneous faces, such as hair, green face, red nose and fangs in "Five Thunder Array", draw two ghost heads with eyes as their mouths. Today, the two sides are single-sided, that is, the spectrum of asymmetry on both sides, such as Zhong Lichun in The Romance of the Four Kingdoms, one side disguised as a handsome man, and the other half hooked with eyebrows and fangs. Pet-name ruby pictographic facial makeup, such as Yang's phoenix-shaped facial makeup and Huyan Zan's tiger-shaped facial makeup.

Black, white and red are the main colors of the facial makeup of Han opera in western Fujian, supplemented by green and gold, not yellow and blue. The application of Facebook plan is flexible, and there is no absolute difference between loyalty and betrayal. For example, on Cao Cao's disfigured face with white face, it is accompanied by a vertical knife eyebrow and a red dot on his forehead, which means praising his hero; Cui Yao in "Kill Qi Jun" takes red as the main tone, showing loyalty, and uses bull's-horn eyebrows to show violence. Ghosts and monsters are mostly made of paper or leather, which can be divided into full face, half face and hairpin shape. There are tigers, donkeys, cranes, mussels, turtles and so on. The donkey is played by a person, wearing a painted donkey head, black shirt and trousers, white socks and black combat boots, holding a short stick in his hand and carrying a suitcase on his back. Because of feudal superstition, shells have long been out of use, and most of the objects are gone. Dunkou is called Hu and Xu. There are three kinds of beards: full-mouth beard, open-mouth beard, beard head, overlord beard and one-stop beard. Ugly people don't need to hang beards, but dress up with "a pinch" and "five pinch". The sideburns are painted.

Let's take a few representative images as examples.

The facial makeup of treacherous court official Cao Cao not only draws a white face, but also draws a "mirror" on his forehead, so that different colors can be painted on different occasions to reflect different attitudes towards him. The act of justice paints the "mirror of revelation" red; Good and evil are mixed, and the "mirror" is painted gray; Evil deeds, the "mirror" was painted black.

Guan Yu's facial makeup is a well-known figure, with a lying silkworm eyebrow and a bordeaux face, but there is a white stripe between the eyebrows and eyes.

Weichi Gong's facial makeup is a black face with a white forehead, but the cells in the lower eye socket keep the actor's own skin color from blackening, and the corners of his mouth are hooked with white edges and thick lips, just like the expression of the left goalkeeper in the woodblock New Year pictures of the Qing Dynasty. Draw an exaggerated red triangle "sun rib" in the middle of the forehead. It is said that it not only praised his loyalty and courage, but also belittled his service to the two masters.

Although Zhang Fei's facial makeup usually says "black Zhang Fei", it does not discredit his face. Instead, he painted a black flying bat-shaped pattern and a wooden comb-shaped "cat-male eyebrow" on his dark green face, and then drew a small green snake on his white forehead, with a red dot in Tang Yin, indicating that he was good at using the Octopus snake spear and a red heart loyal to Taoyuan.

Yao Gang, who is also green-faced, has a red dot between her eyebrows, but a green dragonfly is outlined on her white forehead as a sign of "troubled times". Li Gang and Xue Gang in historical dramas have the same name as Yao Gang, and their life experiences and behaviors are similar, so * * * uses this spectrum.

There are vivid stories about the faces of Meng Liang and Jiao Zan in Yang Jiajiang. According to the changes of the two characters' events, when performing this drama in the past, you should stick a sticker on your forehead on the spot, cut the graphics, and then make up the graphics after the end. In order to remind the actors not to stick in the wrong direction, there is also a joke that "the gourd mouth is facing down, and the banana leaves are sharp." This story is unique in western Fujian Han drama, so it is highly praised by Facebook researchers.

Toad essence is a pictographic face. According to legend, the green forest rain frog is the embodiment of "Shan Gui", which is a taboo for people to avoid and kill trouble. According to this, ancient painters painted the face of toad venom; A green frog is painted on the white surface. It has its head down, its front paws holding the actor's mouth, its hind legs lying on the actor's eyebrows, and its eyes are on the actor's nose. Clever layout can vividly reproduce the illusion of frog beating with the help of facial muscle tremor, eye opening and closing and nostril relaxation. The modeling concept is extremely consistent with the folk mentality, which makes people know that it is a monster at a glance. Costumes of Han opera in western Fujian are all made by Chaozhou Square. Clothing and shoes are usually embroidered with Chaozhou embroidery, with strong color contrast and fine and complicated patterns. The technology of making helmet adopts hard tire painting, mud gilding, pearl inlaid with jade, powder immersion carving and so on. The finished product is firm and durable. Embroidered robes, official robes, armour (reclining), platform (opening), small sleeve (arrow clothing) and robes for men and women are all equipped according to the five-color system. Cold clothes (pleats) used to be called "five colors cold", but since the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, they have not been restricted by this, and the color system has become increasingly colorful. After the Japanese invasion of China broke out, traditional Chinese opera declined and became depressed, and the troupe often improvised because of ignorance. On the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China, influenced by Cantonese opera and Cantonese opera costumes, Sheng Dan and Dan Dan's costumes once abused bubble plating and sequins. From the 1960s, fashion products were no longer used, and the clothing style became increasingly gorgeous and elegant, pursuing lightness and multifunction.

In traditional costumes, embroidered robes are full of gold, there are three rivers of teeth, and embroidered peony goldfish are difficult to put; The mother python has no pendulum. Soft belly, flagpole bent backwards; If you don't prepare female armor, the conductor will only wear a "five-color skirt"; Chivalrous men from official backgrounds can also wear "five-color skirts". The "red cold shirt" is a common dress of the groom, bridesmaid, playboy, monk, nun, Taoist and Taoist. The "women's black shirt" is full-bodied, with sleeves covering fingers and sleeves, showing the sad image of middle-aged women. The "shirt sleeve" looks like a short tea coat with narrow sleeves, and the sleeves are externally connected. The palace dress is a hidden dress, and the eunuch's clothes are open. Zhuge Liang's special shoes have double tendons and red teeth on his face, and there are "beard supports" (similar to bibs) to beautify the clean clothes. The black veil for women's barriers, the cover (triangle skirt) of Wudan shorts to cover the buttocks, and the Hua Dan beaded forehead decorated with Cuipai are all relatively old traditional costumes.

The original dress code of Han opera in western Fujian is strict. In the early 1950s, the original dress code was still used. Now, after beautification in the 1960s, the dress code is basically similar to that of Beijing Opera. The ending of masonry is called "something" in the Han drama in western Fujian. Among the unique things, there are two kinds of long flags: "victory flag" and "canopy". Victory flag is a four-sided flag with a white background and red edges, and one side wears a flagpole; There are calligraphy such as "winning the flag", "winning the horse", "commander in chief of the three armed forces" and "singing and shouting" on the white background. It is impossible for a general troupe to have three sets of flag soldiers (walk-on) to symbolize the military strength of the three warring parties. When necessary, the actor will also play the role of "big flag army" representing the victorious side of justice. The flag used by the Daqi Army in the battle is called the "Daqi Army Flag" (that is, the victory flag), which can replace the weapon "Kai". "Huagai" is a special naval flag with a flagpole in the middle and four flags. On the white background, the words "first in the river", "caught by the wind", "don't make waves" and "safe navigation channel" are written in ink. The champion sometimes patrols with four red plain flags, and some plays use black or cyan striped flags, such as "The King of Qi Crys".

Commonly used Daos include pictographic heads, imperial edicts with 30% carved flowers, olive-shaped bucket with pointed bottom, authentic southern weapons for martial arts performances, crochet, palladium heads, rattan plates, broadsword, multicolored weapons for special effects, and bamboo ladders with ladder functions. In addition, the simulation cloth horse, donkey shape and whip are used on the same stage. The special uses and production methods of props such as sticky chicken, woodcarving pig's feet, big beads instead of pig intestines and pig's heads with soft hats all retain traditional characteristics. Curtain tent is the main device to organize the performance space of Han opera in western Fujian, which is called Chinese painting, wall hanging and signboard. The signboard is connected with the Chinese picture, and the signboard is on it. After fixing, the left and right sides of the hanging wall are pulled horizontally with ropes; The middle picture protrudes forward, forming a tent-like space where the band sits; There are hanging walls on the left and right sides of the signboard, and the distance between the hanging wall and the middle picture forms the left and right channels for actors to enter and leave the venue, that is, the upper and lower stages. Restricted by historical conditions, the modeling of scenery has always been very simple. In the early days, in addition to a table with two chairs and embroidered cloth city, there were lanterns for the "firewood house meeting" and "Yan Qing beat".

In the early years of the Republic of China, there were simple scenery and attempts to create an atmosphere by using colored light. After the founding of New China, the use of scenery and lighting modeling has made new progress, especially since the 1980s, the forms of scenery began to diversify, which made the sense of performance more distinct. Ghost Love (designed by Huang Yongshuo and Zhou Yang) covers 2/3 of the sky with a large black velvet curtain. In the dark blue background of 1/3 of the empty sky, you can vaguely see the top of Mount Fuji and withered cherry blossoms. This shows the tragic tone of a deep, confused and depressed night. During the period of 1995, Longyan Chinese Opera Troupe performed "Playing Piziqi Banner" (designed by Huang Yongshuo). The play was built with thick wooden strips, and there were many large-scale frames in the performance area. This wooden frame set has never been dismantled or moved from beginning to end. However, through lighting projection conversion, lighting area cutting, or some props embellishment, combined with actors' performances, a rich scene atmosphere or psychological atmosphere is created.