A new interpretation of the meaning of "clothing"

How to explain the "Yi" in the Six Ancestors Tanjing written by Dunhuang? China Culture published two research papers by Mr. Pan Chonggui and Mr. Meng Mo. Mr. Pan thinks that "Yi" should be a general term for "Yi". Yi people are barbarians who make a living by fishing. "Clothing" refers to people who fish in Yi Tian. Yi Tian's catching fish runs counter to the road of learning Buddhism, which leads to the key question of Hong Ren, the fifth ancestor: "You are from Lingnan and Anyi, are you worthy of becoming a Buddha?" On the other hand, Mr. Meng thinks that there was no custom of beating donkeys in the late Tang and Five Dynasties, and that "donkey" is a variant of "donkey", which is improperly pronounced as "donkey" and the word "donkey" only borrows its phonetic symbol Ge. People today are the meanest in the Tang and Song Dynasties. If you are a Buddha is a slap in the face of contempt for the same beast.

The author thinks that the discussion about whether "Yi Li" can become a Buddha in the Tanjing is just like the discussion about whether "Li Yi-ti" with all good roots can become a Buddha. This is an important case in the history of Buddhism, which deserves careful study to further clarify. Therefore, in addition to what Mr. Pan and Mr. Meng said, I dare to make a new explanation of the meaning of ""-"should be read as" ",which means" throw "rather than" hit ". Reading "Lao" as "Gelao" is a post-uprising, in which there are still twists and turns in the evolution of cultural customs. I want to quote (volume 10 1) and Liao's biographies as follows:

From Hanzhong to Qionglai and East Sichuan, there is another race of Gainan people-Liao people everywhere. There are many kinds, scattered in the valley, slightly different from the clan, and there is no name, but the men and women born are called by seniority. The husband's name is A Jin and Antonie, and the woman's name is A Yi and Arden. According to the building blocks of the tree, it is called "dry hedge", and the size of the dry hedge depends on the number of families. Often pushing your elders to be king is far beyond your control. If the father dies and the son succeeds, if China is a nobleman. Everyone in the old king had a drum, and let his children play the trumpet by themselves. If you are good at killing, you dare not travel far. You can lie on the bottom of the water and stab the fish with a knife. Its mouth chews food and its nose drinks water. The deceased was buried in a coffin. Sex is like animals. As for anger, father and son don't avoid it, and those with weapons in their hands kill first. If you kill your father and run away, get a dog to thank your mother, and her mother will get a dog to thank you, so she won't hate you anymore. Complain about the attack and kill and eat. Usually looting, selling pigs and dogs. Relatives are neighbors, which means giving and buying. If the seller refuses to cry and runs away, he will arrest the buyer, and if he is sentenced to death, he will be tied up. Those who are bound are treated as cheap slaves and dare not call themselves good. If you lose your children, you will stop crying and stop thinking about them. Take only shields and spears, not bows and arrows. Take bamboo as spring, gather drums and think about syllables. It can be fine cloth with fresh and clean color. Buy a big dog for a lifetime. Its vulgarity is fear of ghosts and gods, especially the worship of obscenity. Those who kill people must skin, cage bamboo, dry in the sun, summon ghosts, and encourage worship for profit. Anyone who sold his wife in Kunji was a sacrifice. Cast copper is a vessel with a big mouth and a wide abdomen, which is called "copper paste". It is thin, light and easy to cook. ……

The cultural habits of people mentioned above have the following nine characteristics:

(a) scattered in the valley, the building blocks are buildings, which are not suitable for living, and the building is called a trunk column;

(2) The bronze drum is the most expensive, but now the king has it, and he is good at casting, especially at casting copper;

(3) Xi Biyin; (four) special funeral customs, the use of vertical burial;

(5) the crime of loving dogs and killing father and thanking mother;

(6) reporting complaints and attacking each other, killing and eating;

(7) Do not understand bows and arrows;

(8) can spin, with fine cloth;

(9) Fear of ghosts and gods, especially the worship of obscenity. Those who are killed will be skinned, caged in bamboo, dried, called ghosts, and encouraged to worship them as blessings.

The seventh one doesn't know about bows and arrows, as described in Biography of Northern History and General Rules of Frontier Defense, which can prove that the Li nationality has no hunting custom. Judging from the dry-column housing, it is enough to prove that ordinary people are plowmen. Therefore, the "Li" of "Li" can't be trained as a hunting Li, which Mr. Meng has inspected in detail, so I won't go into details. However, the customs mentioned in Article 9 are the most frightening and terrible. It is recorded in Biography of Northern History and General Rules of Frontier Defense, so we should pay special attention to it, and this is exactly the custom we want to discuss.

The head was sacrificed. Qu Yuan's "Evocation of Soul": "The soul returns, and the south can't stop; Carve a black pool, you have to sacrifice it with human flesh and take its bones as the soul. " This is the earliest record of eating bread in Lingnan. A bronze coffin of the Western Han Dynasty was unearthed in Putuo, Xilin, Guangxi. Eight bronze masks were hung on the four sides and four corners of the coffin, symbolizing that the deceased was a warrior with a head. It can be seen that the custom of taking the head originated very early. The head is often caused by vendetta and fighting, and is usually associated with cannibalism. The sixth cannibalism in Shu Wei is related to revenge and attack. Song Yueshi's "Taiping Yuhuan" (volume 167) is under the custom of drinking in Lingnan Road: "My son specializes in eating people, getting a head and getting many wives." "Tan Cui's" Shuo Ren "said that today's people are killing each other. If the beautiful need ugliness, they will gouge out their faces and cage them with bamboo drums, and sacrifice them is to invite happiness." Lu Ciyun's "Tunxi Fiber Record" also said, "(Laos) will take revenge, kill each other, eat their meat, cover their faces with bamboo in cages, and make sacrifices to them, which is called blessing." Wu Laker is quite similar to the current customs, and is actually one of the people now. "Mozi Luwen": "There is a country in southern Chu, and the eldest son of the country has a solution and eats it, which is called the first." The same book "Festival of Mourning": "The eldest son who has a nuclear bath in the East is born to eat it, and his name is Yi Di". The biography of Nan Man in the Later Han Dynasty said that he dared to live in a country. "People who gave birth to their first son need to eat, so they are called brothers ... now Wuhu people are also." Li Xi 'an quoted Zhou Nan's Foreign Things: "The five lakes, the place names, are in the south of Guangzhou and the north of Jiaozhou. He went out to wait for the line, attacked it and made people eat it. " As the book says, it's one thing. "Taiping Lan" (Volume 786) quoted foreign objects as saying that Wu Hu "went home, got together in the neighborhood, hung among the dead, sat around, played bronze drums, danced and drank". This is the custom of Shantou, which proves that Wuhu belongs to Shantou cultural circle. Another proof is quoted from Magnolia Volume 786 Guangzhou Book: "Venus has Wu Hu people who drink water through their noses and put it in their mouths." It can be seen that it is consistent with the second article using bronze drums and the third article drinking through the nose, so Wu Hu and Li people must be of the same family, which is beyond doubt. The custom of cannibalism has a long history, or cannibalism and cannibalism are one of the important cultural characteristics of Liao people. Therefore, it can be confirmed that the custom of cannibalism is common in ancient books and documents, which is well known by northern scholars, and Hongren, the fifth ancestor, specifically raised questions, referring to their custom of cannibalism. What's more, according to certain characteristics of cultural customs, it is also a common brushwork in China historical documents.

The head is a symbol of life, soul and status, and it is the most precious dedication to record sacrifices to the gods with the head. Therefore, it is a primitive way of head worship, the most extreme primitive way, and cannibalism can also be regarded as a primitive way of identity, that is, cannibalism can gain the courage, strength and vitality of the other side to form its own primitive way. The specific process of the head sacrifice of Liao people cannot be verified, but we can still see the blood sacrifice of the head preserved by the Wa people in Yunnan in the 1940s. Today, the text of "Blood Sacrifice of the Head" introduced in the Cultural Studies Dictionary is transcribed as follows:

The blood sacrifice to the female head is the highest sacrificial activity among the primitive sacrifices of the Wa nationality in Yunnan in old China. The armed expedition took the head to sacrifice the "Muyitou", the god who ruled all things. Victims are usually members of other tribes who have enemies with their own tribe. The first activity is held before spring sowing every year. If it fails to arrive before the spring sowing, it can be done at the autumn harvest instead. At that time, a grand religious ceremony will be held, such as head, joint, head sacrifice and delivery. The head was taken back to the tribe and placed on the head of the wooden drum house in the oldest village. The person in charge presided over the joint ceremony and said to the person in charge on behalf of everyone: "We have good wine here, so please have a full meal. I hope that you will invite your parents and brothers to drink and eat in the future to protect the safety of our village and harvest the crops. " And sprinkle some ashes on people's heads, mix them with blood and drop them on the ground, then distribute some to families, and sprinkle them with seeds when sowing. In order to worship the gods, people have a sense of reverence for the head. They regard the head as the object of sacrifice, and solemnly sacrifice the head, praying that the head can keep people safe and the grain is abundant, and praying that the sacrificed person can forgive this person and the people in his village. Every year in April and May of the summer calendar, a sacrificial ceremony will be held to send the heads of the old people to the head piles outside the village for permanent sacrifice.

It is especially mentioned in Wei Shu that it is precious for people with beautiful beards to sacrifice their heads, and the reason can also be explained by the Wa people's head customs. "According to the views of the Wa people. The function of' Beauty Beard' is to realize several cooked sacrifices. This shows that the shower head originated from a similar witchcraft: people think that thick hair and beard will inevitably lead to a bumper harvest of grains, and the blood sacrifice of the shower head is similar to an irrigation-offering sacred blood to the gods in return for the sweet juice of nature. In the algae ceremony of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, we saw the same kind of witchcraft. Therefore, it can be said that the custom of Ruantou opened its historical prelude when it combined the witchcraft of sacrifice and blood sacrifice with head worship. "

Before the Wa people behead, they should look after the "chicken hexagrams" in the village first, and then behead them in an organized way. Interestingly, this cultural phenomenon can also be found in Liao studies. Records of the Historian: The Book of Enchanting Zen says that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty destroyed the state of Yue, which "made Li Yue wish the shrine, and there was no altar on the altar, and also made immortals worship ghosts and gods and use chicken divination." Believe it, the more you use it, the more you use it. "Hanshu Jiaosi" says: "When Guangdong was destroyed ... Guangdong Wuyuan Temple was ordered, and there was no altar on the altar to sacrifice chickens to the God Emperor. Shang (Emperor Wu) believed in it, and then used the Yue Temple Chicken Bu. " Chicken divination, Yan Shigu quoted Li Qiyun as saying, "Holding a chicken bone divination is like using a mouse divination." Gui Yu Zhi Heng: "Chicken Bu, South. People occupy the law. Hold its feet with a rooster and chicken, burn incense to pray for it, jump on the chicken and kill it, pull out two femurs, wash them, tie them with bamboo sticks, so that the two bones face each other at the end of the banquet, and then report to the bamboo for blessing. The law has been amended at 18 ... "Zhou Qufei's Generation Beyond the Ridge (Volume 10):" Southerners use chickens to predict. "The consistency of this divination method different from that of the northern nationalities cannot be regarded as a coincidence, which proves that the head ceremony of the Yi nationality must be similar to that of the Wa nationality.

After confirming that Liao people do have the cultural custom of picking the head, and synthesizing the literature cited by Pan and Meng, we can draw a conclusion from the existence of historical facts and the interpretation of word meaning. Examples of "Yi" and "Yi" have been found in Jiyun Ye Yun: "Yi, Tong" Jia Zi's new book: "I don't care about wildlife today, but I am eager to fight for it. No hurry? " It can be proved that "Yi" and "Yi" communicated with each other, which was the case in the Han Dynasty at the latest. "Yan Family Instructions: Documentary Evidence" even said: "It's wrong, it's vulgar ....." The "beep" became a beep, and the "pet" became a "cage". "So, Xiao Ruojing and A Liang in the Southern Dynasties wrote" Yi people "as" Yi people "in Shi Qiao Shi Hua. Then prove to write a Buddhist scripture in Dunhuang, such as the Thanksgiving Sutra of the Great Convenience Buddha: "What evil things did we do in the past ... fishing for the field"; "Buddha said that parents chanted sutras": "Jiaxu country's main bow shoots deer"; "Nirvana Sutra": "Buddha made Ye Jia. After I was 700 years old, the magic wave gradually stopped me, which is the right way. For example, the teacher wears vestments, and so does the devil Papman. " You Persaijie: Eleven Teachers all show that "women" and "women" could have communicated. In the special context of altar sutra, reading "one" as "one" can only be interpreted as "one head", but not as "arbitrary". Mr. Pan still quotes the orthographic word "La", commonly known as "Zhu", which is considered as a supplementary proof of "Zhu" as "Zhu". Although it is later than Family Instructions of Yan, it is not as clear as Family Instructions, but it is different from Dunhuang Tanjing.

During the Han and Tang Dynasties, Shu had a large population. The Biography of Li Texiong, Volume 9 of Huayang National Records, said: "There is no sorrow in the land of Shu, from the beginning of the mountain to the end of the valley." The Book of Jin (12 1) records: "There was no mud at the beginning of Shu. I don't know when it started. It spread from the mountains to Qianwei and Zitong in the north, and it was a great disaster for the people." Nowadays, people are distributed in an extremely vast area. Taiping Yulan (volume 168) quotes the story of Siyi County Road: "When Te Li was in Sun Shou, there were more than 100,000 Liao people from South Vietnam scattered in the valley between Shu and Han." It can be proved that Liao mainly arrived from South Vietnam, and the route passed through the Koch Group. Gelao nationality is a separate nationality differentiated from Lao nationality in Tang Dynasty, and still mainly lives in Guizhou. The book of the New Tang Dynasty, Biography of Nan Man, said:

There is Ge Lao in the boundary road, living in the ancient forest of Yishan, more than hundreds of miles. Popular likes rebellion, and counties do not like it. Thousands of people joined the Party, lined up troops and deployed their positions, made chiefs handsome, and made posthumous title "Bao Neng", and planted flags before and after going in and out. ①

Here Ge Lao, Volume III of Yuanhe County Records and Guangzhou Luofu County Records are regarded as Liao Liao, and the rest documents are either pig, stubborn, earth or. Gai "Yu" has many sounds, and here is just a sound ge. Zhu Fu's Xi Man Cong Xiao Ye Qian Xu Yun;

All the Five Creeks Man are planted in Pan Hu, with different settlements and different names. Judging from its original soil, there are five people living in four seals today: Yue (Miao), Yue (Yao), Yue Lao, Yue Tu and Yue Lao.

The juxtaposition of "Lao" and "Gelao" shows that Song people have consciously realized that they are two different nationalities. However, if we examine the reasons for the division between the old and the old, the most important point is that in the process of contact with China culture, the custom of cannibalism between the old and the old has been gradually changed or relaxed. Looking through the literature, we can see that the Gelao people have never appeared in the sixth and ninth chapters of Shu Wei Liao Shang Zhuan since the Tang and Song Dynasties, while the rest, such as (1), live in houses with dry fences; (2) Bronze drums are the most expensive; (3) Xi Biyin; (4) Buried in a vertical coffin; (5) love dogs; (6) Being able to rotate, etc. It is still recorded in various documents and has been preserved in the customs of the Gelao people for a long time. It is the disappearance of the cultural custom of cannibalism that makes Ge Lao, a descendant of Ge Lao, no longer have the meaning of "Ge Tou Lao". According to some differences in their costumes and customs, later generations divided them into "red singers", "Ge Hua Lao" and "Ge Hua Lao". Knowing the deep twists and turns of this cultural evolution, it is not difficult to understand the poem "Crossing Dongting Lake" by Huang Songting-zhang: "Go before it is too late, and the banana forest will catch up with itself"; Mi Fei's poem to Xue Langzhong and Shao Peng: "Huai Su's trivial matters only become dull as a blind man"; Among them, "Yi Lao" and "Ge Lao" are different!

Of course, the practice of one vote is not limited to Li people. In addition to the Wa nationality mentioned above, people in Taiwan Province Province also have this custom. Sui Shu Liu Qiuguo Biography contains a local custom cloud:

The god of mountains and seas sacrifices wine and food, fights and kills people, and sacrifices what he kills to his god. Or build a hut in Mao Yi, or hang a skeleton on a tree and shoot it with an arrow. Or the tired stone system thinks that God is the Lord, the king lives, and there are many skeletons under the wall.

Lou thinks it's better this way. The gate of the world is the skull horn of the beast. This custom of head sacrifice is probably a transplant of Liao people. Beggars are constantly migrating, and culture is also spreading. However, in the process of contact with Chinese culture, the custom of judging people by their heads gradually disappeared, leaving a legacy in Taiwan Province Province, which is far away from the central area. However, even so, Lingnan, as the nest of Liao people, was preserved for a long time. Until the early Qing Dynasty, the story of "Guangdong" in the book "Diseases of Counties and Countries in the World" was still quoted. "Together with the captive population, they were stripped naked and tied to trees, making them old and weak. Wei Zhi's Learning to Shoot. In the middle, dad is very happy. Every meal, rice is served in a big bowl, and men and women are reunited and eaten with spoons. ..... although father and son often hold the blade. Every robbery is called begging for grass and vegetables. Go camping if you don't take shelter from the wind, take risks if you climb high, and go far away if you leap. Its illness is like the wind, and it is very bad. The speaker says that he can talk better than animals, and so can people with wings than tigers and wolves. "There is another cloud:" Those who go out go home, get together in the neighborhood, hang nave to death, sit on the ground all around, sing and dance on bronze drums, have a drink and cut food. Tian Fang in "Spring Moon" is particularly good at asking for help, and he is greedy for it to worship the gods. After that, it changed a little. People with the same surname are killed by others, so they stay at home and kill the Lord, regardless of right or wrong. They kill people as soon as they meet, thinking that meat is also. " Begging for grass and vegetables stopped immediately, which was the local custom after Liao Dynasty. From the standpoint of Buddhism, if catching fish in the field is a great evil, then taking people's heads and swallowing human flesh is a great evil, which is directly related to whether a person has Buddha nature and can become a Buddha. Considering the seriousness of this problem, monk Hong Ren asked, "You are a Lingnan native and a monk. Are you worthy of becoming a Buddha? "Starting from caring for all sentient beings equally, Master Huineng's response is also very philosophical and mandatory:" People have north and south, Buddhism has no north and south, and the body is different from monks. What's the difference between Buddha's nature? "Although there is the custom of squatting and eating people, the humanity of people caught in great evil is the necessity and inevitability of self-purification and self-transcendence. As long as he is willing to practice Buddhism, it does not rule out that he can embark on the road of learning Buddhism, gain a natural awakening of the soul, and finally achieve the ultimate goal of becoming a Buddha. It can be seen that the surface of the original text contains profound Buddhist philosophical interpretation problems. Later, Zen thought deepened this philosophy into that all Buddhas and Bodhisattvas and all follies contain spirits, and they are in the same body as Nirvana, but not different; Buddha's nature is like this, although it is unbreakable; Dogs have Buddha nature and other legal cases. As Ding He explained with a short beak, if it is pronounced as "Gelao" according to what Mr. Meng said, or even extended to contemptuous language, it is bound to be integrated with Buddha, things and me, with the original intention of compassion, and contrary to the spirit of Bodhisattva's induction and enlightenment to save all sentient beings. Even if Huineng's philosophical foundation lacks rich implication of evidence and pertinence at present, it will make Hong Ren's intentional exploration shallow and naive. What's more, the whole book "Tanjing" written by Yan is also banned everywhere. It is difficult to talk about Mahayana Buddhism and Zen Buddhism only by paying attention to textual research without giving consideration to thoughts. Recently, scholars have negative lessons in this respect, which can be used for reference. Therefore, from the dual concern that both textual research and philosophy must be tactful, the author thinks that the word "textual research" should be taught as "yaoyao", but its interpretation is quite different from that of Mr. Pan. Song Chengyi once said: those who get what they say but are not satisfied have it, and those who get what they mean but don't know what they say have it. This is true of reading Confucian classics, and so is reading Buddhist scriptures. However, ignorant people think that it is inevitable that there is a heart, and the invention is not prepared, so it remains to be taught by family members at home and abroad!