Are Mosuo people a branch of Naxi nationality?

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Brief introduction of Mosuo people

Mosuo people are one of the ancient nationalities with a long history in Ninglang. The recorded history can be traced back to Ding Yuan in the Western Han Dynasty, namely 1 1 1 BC, which has been more than 2,000 years. "Mosuo" has been recorded in all Chinese history books since the Book of the Later Han Dynasty. In Ninglang, people of all ethnic groups called them "Mosuo people" before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China. 1950 It was clearly recorded in the documents of the Second People's Congress of all ethnic groups and walks of life in Lijiang: "There were 13 Mosuo people attending the meeting". 1On September 5th, 956, the Lijiang Commissioner's Office explicitly mentioned "Mosuo people" five times in the Report on Establishing Ninglang Yi Autonomous County to the Yunnan Provincial People's Committee. That is, "Ninglang and Liangshan, where the Yi people live in compact communities, include twelve ethnic groups such as Mosuo, Yi, Xifan and Han", and "there are Yi, Mosuo, Han, Xifan, Yi, Tibetan, Bai, Zhongjia, Naxi, Miao, Bai and Hui in the county. This report was forwarded to the State Council by the Provincial People's Committee and approved for implementation in Ninglang. 1On September 20th, 956, the inaugural meeting of Ninglang Yi Autonomous County solemnly announced that there are twelve ethnic groups including Yi and Mosuo in the county. 1959, the "General Situation of Ninglang" compiled by the office of Ninglang Working Committee mentioned "Mosuo people" in many places. But later, the relevant state departments classified Mosuo people living in Ninglang and other places in Yunnan as Naxi people, and Mosuo people living in Yanyuan, Muli and Yanbian in Sichuan as Mongolians. Over the years, the broad masses of Mosuo cadres and masses have strongly demanded to solve the problem of national names. Party and government organs and Mosuo people in ninglang county have repeatedly reflected objectively to the Party and relevant state departments through various forms and channels, and urgently demanded the restoration of Mosuo ethnic names as soon as possible. At the first session of the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh National People's Congress, the first session of the Sixth National People's Congress, the first session of the Seventh National People's Congress, and the fourth session of the Seventh National People's Congress, especially the first session of the Seventh National People's Congress, the deputies of ninglang county repeatedly reflected the proposal to restore the Mosuo nationality and the issue of restoring the Mosuo nationality, which was submitted to the National People's Congress as one of several important proposals of the Yunnan Provincial People's Congress delegation. Under the strong demand of Mosuo people and the repeated reflection of the people of all ethnic groups such as the county party Committee and the government, it has attracted the attention of superiors. On September 1989, the Standing Committee of the Provincial People's Congress sent a working group led by Deputy Director Dao to Ninglang for investigation. 19 On February 6th, the working group submitted a report on restoring the names of the Mosuo people in Ninglang to the provincial party committee, the provincial government and the Standing Committee of the provincial people's congress. With the attention of the provincial party committee, the provincial government and the Standing Committee of the Provincial People's Congress, the Standing Committee of the Provincial People's Congress held the 11th meeting of the 7th session on April 27th, 1990, and was confirmed as a Mosuo in the Autonomous Regulations of Ninglang Yi Autonomous County, which was officially promulgated and implemented on June 27th, 1990+05438+0. And every Mosuo has a legal resident ID card.

Mosuo

Mosuo people belong to Naxi nationality, mainly living in ninglang county, Yunnan Province and Yanyuan, Muli and other counties in Sichuan Province, with a population of about 40,000. The population of Ninglang Mosuo is 1.5 million, mainly living in Yongningbazi near Lugu Lake. The language, dress and marriage customs of Mosuo people are different from those of Naxi people west of Jinsha River.

The family organizations of Mosuo people in ninglang county are mostly paternal families in Cui Yu, Xinyingpan, Daxing, Hongqi and Hongqiao, and they live together with other ethnic groups. There are still matriarchal couples in Yongning residential area near Lugu Lake. The child lives in the mother's house, and the descent is calculated according to the maternal line. Men don't marry, women don't marry, only "xia" (husband and wife) relationship.

Mosuo people are used to living by mountains and rivers, and their houses are all made of wood, commonly known as "wooden houses" in the local area. Traditional flavor foods include pork belly, pickled fish, Surima wine and so on. The traditional festivals of Mosuo people include Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Chaoshan Festival, ancestor worship festival, animal husbandry festival and land worship festival, among which the Spring Festival and Chaoshan Festival are the most grand. Every year on July 25th of the lunar calendar, Mosuo people in Yongning will dress up to walk or ride to worship the Goddess Mountain beside Lugu Lake, which is called "Zhunv Mountain". In the meantime, there will be horse racing, wrestling, duets and picnics in the mountains. Young Mosuo men and women will take the opportunity to make friends with xia.

The primitive religion of Mosuo people is called "Daba religion", which is closely related to Dongba religion of Naxi people in Lijiang. However, the development of Daba religion is slower than Dongba religion, and its form is more primitive than Dongba religion, which basically maintains the characteristics of primitive tribal religion. Dabaism is named after the wizard Daba. It has no systematic teachings and scriptures, no religious organizations and temples, only dozens of chanting, and another kind of divination (commonly known as the book of days), written in 32 different forms of original pictures and characters.

Mosuo people are good at singing and dancing, and the popular dance is "Jiaju Dance" (commonly known as jumping). "A" means beauty, "Ju" means dancing, which means dancing at a beautiful time. The folk music and dance of Mosuo people are part of traditional culture. The music of Mosuo people, except the funeral lyrics, is generally loud and unconstrained. Fixed music tunes include Ahabara, Madadah, Beating Wheat, Performing Hemp, Funeral Melody, Lullaby, Gem Goddess Hymn and Gacuokuo, that is, Dapaoqu.

Mosuo people's musical instruments include flute, cucurbit silk, suona, drum, cymbal, violin drum, hand-cranked brass bell, oral string and so on. Among the above-mentioned musical instruments, the most commonly used instrument is the flute, which can be played by men and shepherds aged seven or eight. The flute is also a close partner to dispel loneliness in Yongning's horse-driving journey. Hulusheng is an instrument that a few people can use when they jump. Other musical instruments mainly include the instruments used by priests' buses and lamas during sacrificial ceremonies.

Mosuo dance is colorful and rich in content, with distinctive Mosuo dance color and strong national characteristics. There is a saying that Mosuo people can dance 72 kinds of dances, which shows that Mosuo people have rich kinds of dances.

Today, with the development of human society to 2 1 century, the matriarchal family still exists along Lugu Lake, which is called "mysterious daughter country" and is one of the most mysterious and interesting Mosuo cultural phenomena for Chinese and foreign scholars and tourists.

In matriarchal families, the mother dominates everything, and women have a lofty position in the family. All members of this family are descendants of mother or grandmother. In the family, men don't marry, women don't marry, and the woman lives with her mother all her life. Men go to xia's house at night and go back to their parents' home early in the morning to produce and live. This is called Mosuo people's "walking marriage". While the woman is at home, waiting for xia, a male, to visit at night. The family members are all matriarchal relatives, and there are no members of the father's blood. Property is inherited according to the matriarchal line, and the descent of family members is calculated according to the matriarchal line. There is no relationship between Weng Xu, mother-in-law, sister-in-law, aunt and uncle at home. The children of sisters in the family are all their closest children. Sisters who don't care about each other's mothers are also called mothers, and their biological fathers are called "uncles".

The second characteristic of matriarchal family is that "uncle is in charge of etiquette and mother is in charge of wealth", which is the form of power division of matriarchal family. Family festivals, large-scale contacts or transactions, social contacts other than marriage and love are all decided by my uncle or other capable male members, while the custody and use of family property, production and living arrangements, general housework and reception of guests are decided by my mother or smart, capable and prestigious women in my family. Mosuo people have a proverb: "the eagle flying in the sky is the biggest, and the grandfather walking on the ground is the biggest." My uncle's social status can be seen from the aphorism. Male and female members of Mosuo matriarchal family are equal, which reflects the reasonable division of labor among family members. They believe that a reasonable division of labor in the whole society will inevitably bring about social stability and development, and a reasonable division of labor in a family will inevitably promote the economic development and civilization of the family.

The third characteristic of matriarchal family is that Mosuo people think that all members of the family are of the same matriarchal descent. In addition, Mosuo people's remarkable moral consciousness, that is, the spread and promotion of the concept of mother worship, all family members are cordial and harmonious, respect the old and love the young, give priority to courtesy, and be generous and modest. There is no social atmosphere in Mosuo people. From the perspective of vertical and horizontal relations, they are all civilized and polite, and they have cultivated Mosuo people's gentle enthusiasm, dignified manners, generosity and loyalty to men, deep affection and introversion to women, and social unity and harmony.

Its fourth feature is that matriarchal families generally do not split up or rarely do, and matriarchal families generally have a large population, ranging from ten to dozens. Many people are conducive to the division of labor of families, and they can engage in all aspects of work, and families are easy to get rich. In the traditional concept of Mosuo people, separation means disrespect for ancestors and the elderly, which means fighting for property. This is a very shameful thing and will be reprimanded by the world. Therefore, even a matriarchal family of dozens of people is full of happiness and peace. Children have a happy childhood and are loved by many mothers. There is no doubt that the elderly enjoy their old age and enjoy family happiness.

Enter 2 1

In the civilized era of 2 1 century, no matter in foreign countries or in China, many families are constantly engaged in "war of words" and violence, which is full of family "wars", so that the old and the young are abused and their lives are not guaranteed. However, the Mosuo people along Lugu Lake still retain an ancient and beautiful matriarchal family. The family here is harmonious and the society is harmonious, and the violence in the matriarchal family is even more ruthless. A harmonious and peaceful atmosphere is worthy of praise as "the last red rose in the oriental matriarchal cultural home".

Matrilineal family

The matriarchal family members range from a dozen to dozens, usually more than ten. These family members are descendants of one or more grandmothers.

Adult men and women in the family "men don't marry, women don't marry". In the evening, the woman accepts Axiu from another family at home, while the man goes out to live with Axiu from another family. All the children born belong to the woman, the blood relationship is calculated according to the maternal line, and the property is inherited according to the maternal line.

A matriarchal family is arranged by the most capable, just and prestigious women to produce, live and keep property. Mosuo people call this person Yidu Dabu or Dabu for short. The family absolutely obeys the arrangement of Tai Po. Dabu is the head of the matriarchal family and is responsible for all internal and external affairs. "Big supplement" often comes naturally without any election or ceremony. Men in matriarchal families generally carry out activities in the name and identity of their uncles. They try their best to help Dabu, participate in all the activities of the whole family and safeguard the matriarchal family. Because of their life and work, their relationship with their sisters' children is closer and more special than their biological fathers.

Members of the matriarchal family of the Mosuo people in Lugu Lake, regardless of their cousins, are regarded as born to one mother. Among the members, grandma and their brothers and sisters are the only ancestors. Mosuo called men of this generation "Apu" and women "Ayi". Only mom, uncle and aunt. My mother's name is Aya or Aba, and my uncle's name is Ah Wu. Younger students only have the same mother, brothers and sisters, aunts and cousins. Half-brothers, brothers and sisters are collectively called "Eminem", and brothers and sisters are called "Gerry" and "Gomi" respectively. Children born to younger children call their biological father "Ada" or "Abo" or "Awu". All family members are United and harmonious, and it is shameful to separate "private money". They work together, discuss things with each other, have a strong democratic atmosphere, respect collective opinions, respect the old and love the young, and especially give special care and respect to the old, the weak and the sick. At the same time, there are no contradictions such as mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, and there are few quarrels and disputes. In the matriarchal family of Mosuo people, a set of conventional traditional concepts and moral norms has been formed for a long time, that is, raising children is the common responsibility of mothers and their brothers. The younger generation should do their duty to support their mothers and brothers and sisters. If you don't abide by the "old rules", you will have no "conscience" and you will be criticized, condemned and even punished by society. The closest relatives are the mother and her sisters and brothers, while the biological father is relatively far away, and there is no necessary connection and no clear responsibility and obligation for support.