Tomb culture in Han dynasty

Cultural relics of the town tomb:

Grave-guarding stone carving: a stone statue placed outside or in front of a grave, sometimes in the shape of an animal, sometimes a portrait of a man or a god.

Town tomb beast: an animal image placed in front of or in a tomb by the ancients, often used as an imaginary animal with distorted face or the ability to ward off evil spirits, such as Tianlu, to ward off evil spirits or to fight evil spirits.

Town tomb figurines: used as town tomb animals to protect tombs with strange or magical idols and avoid the invasion of evil spirits.

Types of graves:

Vertical Cave Tomb: A vertical cave tomb is a kind of tomb that excavates a pit vertically downward from the ground as a coffin room, similar to the popular burial method in Taiwan Province Province today.

The official vertical cave tomb in Han Dynasty needs wooden coffins to separate several spaces for placing funerary objects.

Brick-room tomb: Brick-room tomb, as the name implies, refers to building a tomb with bricks. There are many kinds of bricks, especially hollow bricks.

Brick tombs are often larger than vertical tombs. A complete brick tomb is like a stranger's house, including front room, middle room, back room and ear room.

Cliff tomb: Cliff tomb is basically a horizontal cave tomb dug along the mountain; From the outside to the inside, there are generally four parts: tomb, tunnel, tomb and tomb.

The Huangchang tomb is basically the same as the general wooden tomb, and it is a vertical cave pit. It is characterized in that a large number of sleepers with the same length and width are used to form a protective wall around the tomb, also known as the "tomb".

At first, this "puzzle" may just surround the periphery of the chamber, forming a wall to protect the chamber.

Grave structure:

Tomb passage: the main passage from the tomb door to the tomb in a brick tomb.

Waist pit: a small pit is horizontally opened on the wall of the vertical hole in front of the coffin, which is mostly used as a container room, just like an ear room in a brick tomb.

Guo: The coffin covers the coffin.

Ear room: Ear room refers to a small room added next to the tomb door or main room of brick tomb, which is used as a place to place funerary objects, and its function is similar to the waist pit of vertical point tomb.

Tomb pit mouth: Tomb pit mouth refers to the entrance of vertical tomb, which is mainly divided into bucket mouth type and step type.

Tunnel: a path connecting tombs.

Buried part

Food container:

Stove: A place where food is cooked.

Beans: ancient food containers.

Case: Rectangular table.

In ancient times, the utensils used to eat or store things were called food containers, which were divided into two types: foot containers and insufficient containers.

Orange: a pumping device for pumping well water.

Kettle: an ancient cooker, mainly used for steaming rice.

Zun: Ancient wine containers have three legs, which are divided into two types: basin-shaped and pot-shaped.

Zan: A cooker for steaming rice.

It is a pot-shaped device with a big bottom and a small mouth, with holes at the bottom, through which steam can penetrate.

Tan: Bamboo broom.

Pulley: a lifting device for pumping water on the well.

The difference between it and orange is that pulleys are used in deep wells.

Shovel: An agricultural tool for shoveling earth.

Chopsticks.

Urn: Pottery with a big mouth and a big belly is a container for holding liquid.

Such as "wine jar".

Altar: a kind of pottery with a small mouth and a large and long abdomen.

Bottle: a small jar for holding sauce and vinegar in ancient times.

Water tank: generally speaking, it refers to a round container or washing utensil.

Er: A round vessel for holding wine.

Clock: an instrument for holding wine.

Now use the word "Ang".

Such as "wine".

Bowl: A round container or washing utensil.

Tappet: Ancient wine container.

Moo: a container for water or wine.

Shaper: an awl made of animal bones in ancient times to untie knots.

Ding: Bronze ware with three legs and two ears.

Can be used for cooking, alchemy, decocting medicine, decocting tea, burning incense and other purposes.

Some people say that Xia Yuzhu Jiuding is a national treasure.

Therefore, the change of dynasty was called "Ding Ge" and "Ding Ding".

Pier: an ancient instrument for holding millet.

Tobacco: a flat-topped pan used to make pancakes.

Raccoon: An awl made of animal bones in ancient times to untie knots.

Qi: Ancient condiments, bronzes.

Secretary: Spoon bucket.

Refers to a food container with a big head and a long handle.

? ? Bucket: a small basin with a handle.

This is a heater or boiler.

The shape is similar to that of today's wok, but the bottom of the wok is deeper.

Horn: a vessel for holding wine.

Shaped like the horns of an animal.

Clothes and other daily necessities

Flat towel: the towel is a man's costume in Han dynasty, belonging to the humble.

A flat towel is a flat-topped towel.

When an official wears a crown, he also needs to wear a towel before wearing it.

Crown: Men began to wear crowns at the age of 20, and at the same time held a coronation ceremony to show adulthood.

Crown is a top hat worn by ancient emperors and officials in China.

Victory: an ornament worn by ancient women.

By extension, it is auspicious.

Jinxian crown: a hat worn by scholars in the Han Dynasty, which is seven inches high in front, three inches high in back and eight inches long.

Ribbon: Ribbon.

Mainly a ribbon for curtains or buttons.

In ancient times, ribbons of different colors were often used to indicate the identity of officials.

housing construction

Paving the first bit ring: "Paving the first bit ring" refers to the base with the bit ring on the door, which is made of copper and plated with gold and silver.

"Put the ring on your head" means putting the ring in your head's mouth.

Que: Ancient tombs, temples and other buildings, with a pair of tall pavilions at the entrance, called Que, are landmark buildings.

Fairy Hall: A kind of roof in ancient buildings.

It consists of a positive ridge and four vertical ridges connecting four slopes.

Gan Lan House: In order to avoid the plague or snake insects, people in southern China built their houses off the ground, and people used stairs to enter the corridor.

Inclined peak: a four-slope roof, the same as the main ridge, or a four-slope roof.

One of the forms of double slope roof in traditional architecture.

It is characterized in that both sides of the roof protrude out of the gables.

Watchtower: another tall building in an army, coast, or castle, used to observe enemy situations, weather, or reports.

Back room: The back room is a stone rice cooker.

The workshop dedicated to using glutinous rice is called "glutinous rice house".

Manor: A feudal system in ancient China.

A large area of land rented by a landlord to a tenant farmer for farming and collecting rent.

A round barn.

Tile: that is, tile head, mostly round.

Some tiles are engraved with words or patterns.

Walloon:

Caisson: Painted ceiling of China Palace-style building.

Arc ruler room

pavilion

Sanxiangwu

Car-horse traffic

Cart: A car with a shed, which can carry both goods and people.

Four dimensions:

Xuanche: A car with a board on both sides, used by ancient doctors.

Axe cart: a cart with a big axe on its seat, mainly used by officials below officials or county officials.

Car: it is a light car that can be used by both officials and people. It is carried by a horse and appears most in Han paintings.

Parallel car: a car with a cover, with covers on all sides, is of higher grade.

Most of them were taken by women.

Parallel cars: similar to flat cars, they are covered cars, but different from parallel cars, they are naked in front and shared by men and women.

Lathe: If you have ears, the two sides of the cart turn outwards and can be used as handrails.

Che An: There are four horses in the car, most of which are the main cars in the Han Dynasty portraits.

Live performance

Liu Bo: Ancient Bo Opera.

Bo refers to fingers, and a set of bo has six fingers, so it is called six bo.

In addition, there are six pieces, six black and six white on each side of the gambler. Before you start, you should throw chopsticks to determine the movement of the chess pieces.

Marble pattern: throw a few balls quickly with both hands, usually with one hand, and keep hanging a few balls.

Also known as "shot peening" or "playing with pills".

Take a bottle:

Spinning ball:

Rotating disk:

Linxi:

Overlapping case: standing upside down on the table.

Drum: a small drum with ears on both sides, similar to today's wave drum.

Shake the handle with it, and the ears on both sides will bump into each other.

Bamboo slips: Bamboo slips were originally placed in front of the government gate.

The government opened and closed doors, beating gongs and drums as signals.

Revenge for the government, you can also beat gongs and drums.

Some Han paintings built drums in front of the official residence, and many of them became one of the musical instruments in the hundred operas. There are two people on both sides of the drum, holding the drum and knocking on it.

Yu: It belongs to Sheng musical instrument.

Thirty-six springs, bigger than sheng, have more tubes.

In the whole ensemble, cymbals are the main melody instrument and the tuning standard of all kinds of music.

Paixiao: the name of wind instrument.

Bamboo pipes are woven together, from long pipes playing bass to short pipes playing treble. The big flute has 32 pipes, the small flute 16 pipes, and the flute is often used for ensemble.

Sheng: A wind instrument.

It consists of 13 bamboo tubes with different lengths, and each bamboo tube has a spring.

Rhyme: the name of an ancient musical instrument.

Most of its materials are pottery, so it is also called pottery.

From one to three or five sound holes, there are five or six sound holes today.

Tube: the general term for flute, flute and other musical instruments.

Thursday: pluck the instrument.

Zhong: percussion instruments.

Run out: percussion instruments.

Osmium: percussion instrument.

Box: A small box for storing things.

Barnyard grass: A square vessel made of bamboo or reed, used to hold rice or clothes.

Tube: bamboo tube, wide mouth, used for placing utensils.

Such as umbrellas or mailboxes (bamboo tubes used to send letters in ancient times).

Toilet: An appliance for holding water.

Such as "pen washing".

Bowl: A container for holding liquid or food.

Such as "water bowl" and "spittoon".

Shuicheng: the name of stationery.

A container for storing inkstone and ink.

Cushion: an ancient instrument for placing cosmetics, which is extended to the general name of dowry.

Shell container: A container used by ethnic minorities in southern China to store shell money.

Five-baht money: the name of the money that began to be cast in the fifth year of founding ceremony (BC 18 1 year), weighing five baht, with the seal character of "five baht" on it.

There were governance castings from Han Dynasty to Sui Dynasty, but the shapes and sizes were different.

Iron is an ancient unit of weight, and twenty-four baht is equal to one or two.

Spinning: Spinning shaft.

Yuanbao: the name of ancient currency, which was cast into a fixed form with gold and silver and used as "collar".

Smoker: Incense burner.

Popular in the Han and Jin Dynasties.

Boshan furnace: The furnace body is hemispherical, with a hollow mountain cover, and the mountain is decorated with feathers and animals. , a symbol of the sea fairy mountain Boshan, hence the name.

Lin toe: gold and silver currency with the shape of unicorn horn toe.

A stone tied around a fishing net to help it sink to the bottom of the water.

Sickle: An agricultural tool for harvesting or mowing grass, usually called a sickle.

Plough: an agricultural tool used for plowing land.

Dustpan: A round bamboo utensil used to winnow rice bran, with a true diameter of three feet and short sides.

Like a dustpan.

Tiger: In ancient times, it was made into a toilet in the shape of a tiger.

Knitwear: a cloth bag for needles and thread.

Jun: Yu Pei in a semicircle.

Bi: A kind of flat and round jade with a hole in the middle is called Bi.

Juan: Semi-circular jade.

An awl made of animal bones in ancient times to untie knots.

Witch doctor military

Crossbow: A bow launched by machinery, also known as the nest bow, has a long range and is said to have been invented by the Yellow Emperor.

Axe: an instrument of torture used in ancient times.

Halberd: An ancient weapon.

A spear consisting of a spear and a spear, with a sharp branch-shaped blade attached to the end of the rod.

Hook inlay: it is a weapon with both hook and push functions.

The middle part is equipped with a small shield to resist the swing of the sword, and the hook can hook the opponent's weapon, so the use of hook inlay is often matched with another weapon.

Hook the enemy's weapon with a hook and slash it with another weapon.

Armor: Armor worn by ancient soldiers.

Hammer: the name of ancient weapon.

With iron as the hammer, there is a round object made of metal at the upper end of the handle, which can hit people.

Ring knife: an instrument of torture used in ancient times.

Bi: Dagger.

Because the head of the sword is shaped like a spoon (dagger), it is named.

Spear: an ancient weapon with a long iron tip with a blade that can stab people; Also known as "spear".

Ge: Ancient weapons, such as halberds and horizontal knives.

Bow and arrow: a weapon for long-range attack.

Cluster: tiny bamboo arrows.

Medical basin: medical instruments.

The mouth edge of this basin and the wall of the vessel are engraved with the words "medical workers", which should be used by medical personnel.

Loading vessel: It's barrel-shaped, which can help patients take medicine.

Filter: * * is divided into two layers, the upper layer is a sieve basin and the lower layer is a common basin, which is used to filter and collect fluids.

Medical needle: a medical instrument in the Western Han Dynasty. The needle body is slender and the handle section is square. When the cross section of the needle body turns round, there is a small hole in the upper part of the handle.

It is an important tool of acupuncture in ancient China.

Five-tube bottle: also known as "five-tube bottle".

Because of its special shape and lines when unearthed, it is also called "Five Grains Lun", "Five Grains Poppy" or "Soul Bottle" with more religious flavor.

It is characterized in that the top of the can has five bottle mouths, the middle one is larger, and the other four small bottles surround it.

The shoulder of the jar is decorated with birds, animals or people.

Division: "Division" is one of the five gods of Chu, who is in charge of life and death, so there is a book collection of "Image Common Sense".

This division of labor makes the gods one person, holding a book bag (also called banjo) in his right hand and holding a baby in his left hand, which is one of the gods that people in the Han Dynasty often sacrifice.

Chamberlain: an astrology or divination tool, consisting of a circular celestial disc with a diameter of 6 cm and a square field. The big dipper is embedded in the center of the celestial disk, and the inner circle is carved with December God, and the outer circle is carved with 28 stars.

The inner circle of the website is engraved with heavenly stems, and the outer circle is engraved with earthly branches.

It is the product of the prevailing theory of local heaven and earth in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Jingling auspicious

Nine-tailed fox: There are beasts in Qingqiu Mountain. This beast is called the nine-tailed fox because of its Kyubi no Youko and its posture like a fox.

According to legend, it sounds like a child, and its meat is edible and beneficial to consumers.

But also symbolizes the reproduction of future generations, so it is classified as auspicious by future generations.

Portraits of the Han Dynasty often appear in the portraits of the Queen Mother of the West.

Three ancestors and five ancestors: According to legend, three ancestors and five ancestors are the essence of the sun, with long beaks and claws, and feed on the Queen Mother of the West.

Nu Wa: According to legend, Nu Wa is a goddess with various abilities in ancient China mythology, such as filling the sky with stones, playing the role of a man, taking charge of marriage and making musical instruments.

Fuxi: It is said that a woman in Hua Xushi accidentally stepped on the footprints of a giant in the place of Razer, so she got pregnant and gave birth to Fuxi.

According to legend, Fuxi is the head of the snake body, with virtue, treating spring, making gossip and getting married happily.

Fuxi Nuwa: In Han Dynasty stone reliefs, Fuxi Nuwa wore a crown, a robe with wide sleeves and a snake body below the waist.

For their legends, some say brother and sister, some say husband and wife, and some say they have changed from brother and sister to husband and wife.

But the main argument is that they are brother and sister, and they are the only ones left in the world after the flood, so they got married and passed it on to mankind.

Be the ancestors of mankind, protect and benefit mankind.

Feather Man: Also known as' Flying Fairy'.

Feathers, wings, flying in the clouds.

This is how the ancients described immortals.

Queen Mother of the West: The image of the Queen Mother of the West in the eyes of the ancients is: a goddess with unkempt appearance, leopard tail and tiger teeth, good at screaming, wearing jewels and living in Kunlun Mountain, with many waiters serving her.

The legend of the Queen Mother of the West spread widely in the Han Dynasty, and even the official regulations stipulated that the Queen Mother of the West should be sacrificed, mainly because she had the elixir, which coincided with the desire of the people of the Han Dynasty to pursue immortality at that time. Therefore, the works about the Queen Mother of the West can often be seen in stone reliefs of the Han Dynasty. Perhaps for the above reasons, the face and posture of the Queen Mother of the West in the portrait are not as horrible as described in the literature, but solemn, generous and elegant.

Dong: It is said that Dong, who lives in the barren hills of the East, is a fairy leader in the East China Sea. He is white-haired and has a bird's face and a tiger's tail, and is often tied with the Queen Mother of the West.

Phoenix: a legendary bird symbolizing good luck.

The man's name is Phoenix and the woman's name is Phoenix.

Three fruits: According to legend, three trees were born in the north of Chishui, and their trees are like cypress, and they are said to be shaped like brooms, and their leaves are all pearls, so they are called three fruits.

Pangu: In China's myths and legends, Pangu is the creator of the world.

The head of the dragon and snake hisses as wind and rain, blows as lightning, opens its eyes for day and closes its eyes for night.

After his death, his blood became a river, his muscles became fields, his left eye was the sun, his right eye was the moon, and his moustache became stars.

Taiyi: Also known as Taiyi.

That is what the emperor meant.

Ming Kai Beast: According to legend, Ming Kai Beast lives in Zangkun Mountain and is as big as a tiger.

Jiahe: Also called "Dahe", it is a very strong rice.

In ancient times, it was used to express auspicious meaning.

Zhu Cao: The legendary red Cao Rui.

According to legend, it only appears in times of peace and prosperity.

historical?figure

Duke Zhou: Duke Zhou is the son of Zhou Wenwang and the younger brother of Zhou Wuwang.

After Zhou Wuwang's death, he became the king and the system of rites and music.

Xiang Tuo: He is a seven-year-old child prodigy. It is said that Confucius once asked him for benefits.

His words can serve as a warning to Confucius.

Hao Tao: Minister of Yu Shun, surnamed Yan, also known as Guilty.

According to legend, he was the leader of Dongyi nationality and was appointed by Shun to be in charge of criminal law. Later, Yu, who died young, was elected as the heir and succeeded to the throne.

Guan Longfeng, a loyal minister in the late Xia Dynasty.

Xia Jie was fatuous, Guan Long repeatedly remonstrated and was killed by Jie.

Zhao Gong: Ming Ying.

Because the fief is in Zhao, it is called.

Assisting in cutting Zhou, it was sealed in Yan, the ancestor of Zhou Yan.

After he became king, he ruled Shaanxi with the Duke of Zhou and governed the western part of Shaanxi.

Jin Xiangong: During the Spring and Autumn Period, the son of Emperor Wu of Jin had various names.

After 26 years in office, he destroyed the small country.

Shen Sheng: Prince Jin Xiangong in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Because of his love, he wanted to make his son king and sent him to Quwo. Later, because Li Ji fabricated the facts, Shen Sheng committed suicide.

Qi: The illegitimate child of, the son of Li Ji.

At the expense of a public pawn, he was made king and later killed by Rick.

Zhuo Zi: A native of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period, the younger brother of Qi.

After Xi died, he succeeded to the throne and was killed by Rick soon.

Li Ji: Li Rong's daughter in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Jin Xiangong captured Li Rong, took him away, became his wife, and gave birth to Xi and Zhuozi.

After Gong Xian's death, his sons succeeded to the throne, but they were all killed by Rick, and Li Ji was later killed by Rick's whip in the city.

Qi Jinggong: During the Spring and Autumn Period, the monarch of Qi State, Qi Zhuanggong's younger brother, was named Chu Jiu.

When he was in office, he was good at governing the palace, levying heavy taxes and imposing severe laws.

Wu Geng: Son of Yin, first name.

After the Zhou Dynasty, he appointed Wu Geng as a follower of Shang Dynasty.

After the death of King Wu, he rebelled against Cai Shu with Guan Shu and was killed by the Duke of Zhou.

Guan Shu: Guan Shu is fresh.

Brother Zhou Wuwang, brother Zhou Gong, sealed in a tube.

After the death of King Wu, the Duke of Zhou became the Regent, Guan Shu and Cai Shu rebelled against Wu Geng, and the Duke of Zhou was killed in the crusade.

Yan Ying: During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi people were called Yan Zhongping.

Twenty-six years after Qi's death, his father succeeded to the throne as a doctor, and successively served as a doctor, Zhuang Gong and III.

Strictly frugal, directly remonstrate and persuade, famous as a vassal, and advocating "courtesy" to govern the country.

Gu Yezi: In the Spring and Autumn Period, he served Qi Jinggong with great courage.

Once crossing the Yellow River with Gong Jing, chinemys reevesii in the river bit the horse's foot on the left side of the car. The horse was frightened and pulled into the rapids. Gu Yezi swam back a hundred paces, went down the river for nine miles, and killed the tortoise.

Tian Kaijiang: People in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Join hands with Gu Yezi and Sun * * * to force Gong Jing to do things.

He helped Gong Jing defeat three enemy armies.

Gong Sunjie: I played erhu game after game and won.

Win Gong Jing by force.

Historical story

Two peaches killed three scholars: during the Spring and Autumn Period, Gong, Tian Kaijiang and Gu Yezi served bravely and were arrogant because of their favor. Prime Minister Yan Ying suggested that Gong Jing get rid of three people, so he set a trap for Gong Jing to give two peaches to three people and share them according to their merits.

As a result, the two men went their separate ways and took the peach away first.

After the third one finished, the first two felt that they were inferior to each other, but they took the peaches first. This is an insatiable behavior, not a real warrior.

So he returned the peach and committed suicide. The third thought that living alone was heartless and committed suicide.

Confucius meets Laozi: According to Records of the Historian, Confucius once asked Laozi for gifts.

Laozi is a learned elder who is in charge of the books and archives of the Zhou Dynasty.

When Confucius asked him for advice, he also brought many students.

Duke Zhou assisted in becoming a king: After Zhou Wuwang's death, he became a king when he was young, and Duke Zhou and Shaogong assisted him in his administration.

Duke Zhou took the initiative to conquer, but also treated him with courtesy and enjoyed it, laying the foundation for Zhou's 800-year peace.

The Duke of Zhou claimed the king and regained power, becoming one of the sages in the eyes of the Han people and a model for people and ministers.

Scholar-officials in the Han Dynasty liked to follow the example of Duke Zhou.

Ji Zha hangs a sword: During the Spring and Autumn Period, Ji Zha, the son of Wu State, went to the State of Jin and passed by Xu State to pay his respects to Xu Jun. Xu Jun liked the sword worn by Ji Zha very much, but he didn't give it to him because he had to wear it when he went to the State of Jin.

On my way home, I passed by Xuzhou and learned that Xu Jun was dead. Ji Zha was about to give the sword to Sijun. ..

The attendant immediately said that this sword is the national treasure of our country. Since Xu Jun is dead, why give it to him? Ji Zha said: Although Xu Jun is dead, I have acquiesced in my heart. How can I break my word because of prosthodontic's death? So he gave the sword to Sijun, but Sijun didn't accept it. Ji Zha hung his sword on the tree in front of Xu Jun's tomb and left.

Surabaya rose to the top: According to Records of the Historian, one of the Jiuding in the Zhou Dynasty fell into Surabaya.

Qin Shihuang toured Surabaya in the East and sent people to salvage it. The tripod went up and down and disappeared.

This story symbolizes that Qin Shihuang should not be doomed and unpopular.

Word-making in Cangjie: According to legend, Cang Xie is a historian of the Yellow Emperor and has four eyes. He observed the footprints of birds and animals and created words.

Jing Ke Stabbed the King of Qin: During the Warring States Period, Jing Ke went to the State of Qin to assassinate the King of Qin on the orders of Yan Taizi Dan.

So he presented Fan's head and Yan Dukang's head in disguise. Jing Ke saw the king of Qin and stabbed him with a dagger. He failed and died unfortunately.

Carving technology

High relief:

Shallow relief:

By carving:

Yinxian lettering:

Carve a pattern

Vertical texture:

Eight-leaf pattern:

Water wave curve;

Water ripple:

Straight line:

Cirrus:

Slant:

Pottery pattern:

Diamond pattern:

other

Yubao: Decorated with bird feathers.

Later, it was used for ceremonial ceremonies and decorated with a canopy.

Instant noodles: large rectangular fan with long handle, mainly used to cover the face and cover the fan, and can be used to drive horses.

Fringe: Ears made of colorful feathers or silk thread in ancient times, often used as pendants for chariots and horses, tents, terraces, etc.

Wat: bamboo board held by ancient courtiers.

Festival: Jeff.

The token held by the ancient messenger is also a trust to carry out the king's orders.

Ji Lang: A stone as beautiful as jade.

Kit: a bag made of brocade, which was often used by the ancients to hide poems or important documents.

Bletilla striata: a symbol made of wood in ancient times, which looks like a halberd and has armor.

In ancient times, officials used it to prove their identity when they passed the pass or reached their destination.

Du You: Han Jia, county magistrate.

Mainly responsible for supervising the delivery of postal books, in addition to supervising counties instead of county orders, announcing fatwas, catching thieves, interrogating prisoners, collecting rent and collecting taxes, etc.

It is divided into east, south, west, north and middle, which is called Wudu Tour.

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