Chess common sense

China's Chess Skills

Overview of chess

The immortal Liu is also called "Xiangqi".

1. Ivory chess pieces in the former Liuqinshan Opera. Six black and six white. "Chu Ci evokes the soul": "There are six numbers in chess." Wang Yi's note: "After the banquet, set up six chopsticks, cover them with chopsticks, and use ivory as chess. It's beautiful and kind." Hong Xingzu quoted Humboldt's Jing Bo in his supplementary note: "Twelve pieces, six white pieces and six black pieces."

2. One of the ancient board games, also called Xiang. According to legend, it has existed since the Warring States period. Liu Han said to "Talking about Wanshan": "Yan plays chess and dances with Zheng women." Later, Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty made the Elephant Classic and collected hundreds of lectures. It is said that "Xiang Jing" has the image of the sun, the moon and the stars to contain soldiers. Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi The militarist recorded a volume of Xiang Jing, which was written by Emperor Wu of Zhou, but this book has not been circulated. The Ancient Chess Map written by Sima Guang in the Song Dynasty is different from today's chess.

It is said that the chess that is popular today was made by Niu Sengru in Tang Dynasty. Carve logs or teeth and bones into 32 pieces, half red and half black. Two people play chess, the red commander in chief, two cars, two horses and two cannons, and five soldiers; The black side will take two generals, two elephants, two chariots, two horses, two cannons and five soldiers. When playing chess, both sides play popular chess in order to win by catching the dead hole of one of the generals.

A brief history of chess

Chess originated in China.

Dr Joseph Needham, a famous British scholar, clearly pointed out in China's History of Science and Culture that chess is the creation of China people. He analyzed in detail the relationship between China's ancient game-Liubo and astronomy, iconology and mathematics. He said: "Only in China, the prevalence of Yin-Yang theory promoted the emergence of the embryonic form of chess, invented astronomical divination, and then developed into a game with military significance." Later, Soviet scholars published articles in succession, refuting the Indian origin theory. 1972 Yugoslav historian bijiv's monograph "chess-a symbol of the universe" draws the conclusion that chess first appeared in China in 569 AD, and then gradually spread.

The ancient modern chess style was not formulated until the Song Dynasty. Cheng Hao, a Neo-Confucianist in the Song Dynasty, wrote a poem about chess: "Most chess is a play, like turning over a play to learn how to fight. There are also Zhou's famous works in chariots and horses, all of which have official Chinese names. The Han army is heavy on all sides, but it is light outside the river, but it laughs at itself with its wrinkles, like Liu Xiang. " There was no mention of guns in his poems, and he was the last one to join. Of course, it was only after China invented gunpowder and firearms that it was reflected in chess.

Chess has a long history in China. During the Warring States period, there have been official records about chess, such as: "Chu Ci evokes the soul" contains "six volumes of chess; Cao Cao goes hand in hand, forcing each other; When you become a cockroach, you will seek it and you will be white. " "Shuo Yuan" contains: Yong Zhoujian said: "The first step is Wang Qian, ... Yan Dou Qi dances Zheng Nv." Therefore, as early as the Warring States period, chess became popular among nobles. According to the above situation and the shape of chess, around the Zhou Dynasty (BC 1 1 century), chess came into being in the clan areas in southern China. In early China chess, the chess system consisted of three instruments: chess, chopsticks and chessboard. The two sides play chess, with six players on each side, namely: owl, Lu, pheasant, calf and stopper (two pieces). The chess pieces are carved with ivory. Bam, equivalent to dice, must be thrown before playing chess. The chessboard is a square chessboard. In the game, he threw six moves, played six games of chess, fought wits, attacked each other and killed each other. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the military system consisted of five men, one handsome man and six men. At that time, as a military training game, there were also six people on each side. It can be seen that early chess was a game symbolizing the fighting at that time. On the basis of this chess system, a kind of chess called "plug" appeared later, which only played chess without throwing chopsticks, and got rid of the element of winning by luck in early chess.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Sai Opera was quite popular, and it was also called "Wu Ge". The chessboard unearthed from the Western Han Tomb in Yunmeng, Hubei Province and the painted wooden figurines unearthed from the Mo Zuizi Han Tomb in Wuwei, Gansu Province can reflect the description of the shape of Sai Opera in Bian Shao's Sai Fu in the Han Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, the shape of chess was constantly changing, and it had a communication relationship with India. By the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wudi (reigned in 56 1 ~ 578) wrote Xiang Jing, while Wang Bao wrote Xiang Xu and Xiang Jing Fu, marking the completion of the second major reform of chess.

Chess was invented by Yuwen Yong, Emperor of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and developed steadily during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. It was frequently recorded in history books. Among them, the most important is Wu Zetian's chess dream narrative in Shiliju series Nine Swords of Lianggong, and the chess dream story about Censhun in the first year of Baoying (AD 762) in Niu Senru's Mysterious Records. Combining Suzhou brocade decorated with four patterns of "Qin, Qi, Calligraphy and Painting" and bronze chess pieces with figures painted on the back unearthed in Kaifeng, Henan, we can draw the conclusion that the shape of chess in Tang Dynasty is quite similar to that of early chess. The popularity of chess at that time can be seen from many records in poetry legends. The three-volume version of Xiang Bo Xiang's Opera Song may be a work of the Tang Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was an era when chess was widely popular, and its form also changed greatly. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Sima Guang's Elephant Drama in Seven Countries, His Elephant Drama Style and Chess, Chao's Elephant Drama Map and other works came out one after another, and Elephant Drama was also deeply loved by the people.

After nearly a hundred years of practice, chess became a modern pattern at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty: 32 pieces, 1 general in black and 65,438 generals in red, 2 chariots, horses, cannons, elephants and scholars, and 5 soldiers. During the Southern Song Dynasty, chess became a household name and a very popular chess activity. Writers such as Li Qingzhao and Liu Kezhuang, politicians such as Hong Zun and Wen Tianxiang all like playing chess. In the "chess to be called" formulated by the court, players account for more than half. There are professionals called "chess players" and craftsmen who play autocratic chess and chessboards. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Hong Mai's Chess Classic, Chen's Chess Manual and Chen's Guang Ji also appeared.

During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, chess continued to be popular among the people, and its technical level was constantly improved. There are many summative theoretical monographs, among which the most important ones are Dreaming, Eighteen Changes of Jin Peng, The Secret of Orange, Shu Ya, Plum Blossom Music, Zhuxiangzhai Chess Manual and so on. Scholars such as Yang Shen, Tang Yin, Lang Ying, Luo Qi and Yuan Mei all like playing chess. The emergence of a large number of famous chess players shows that chess is loved by people from all walks of life.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), China Chess entered a new stage of development. From 65438 to 0956, chess became a national sport. Since then, national competitions have been held almost every year. 1962 The China Qi Xiang Association, a subsidiary of the All-China Sports Federation, was established, and corresponding subordinate associations were also established in various places. Over the past 40 years, due to the promotion of mass chess activities and competitions, the level of chess has improved rapidly, and outstanding players have emerged, among which the most famous players are Yang Guanlin, Hu Ronghua, Liu Dahua, Zhao Guorong, Li Laiqun, Lv Qin and Xu Yinchuan.

The four major chess games in the world (Weiqi, China Chess, Chess and General Chess) are all related to the political system of this country. The political system reflected by chess is the feudal society in China, and it is almost a microcosm-there are palaces (9 palaces), officials (non-commissioned officers), civil servants (that is, China's chess is like an elephant, and it is forbidden to cross the river), military commanders (cars, horses, guns) and soldiers (soldiers, soldiers).

Chess, Walking and Symbols

chessboard

The place where the chess pieces move is called a chessboard. On the rectangular plane, nine parallel vertical lines and ten parallel horizontal lines intersect, and * * * has ninety intersections.

Chess pieces are placed at the intersection. The middle part, that is, the blank area without vertical lines between the fifth and sixth horizontal lines of the chessboard, is called "River Boundary". In the middle of China's chessboard, there is often a gap with the words "Chu River" and "Han Boundary" written on it, which is the "Chu-Han War" in the history of chess. According to historical records, the "Chu River Han Boundary" was located at the height of Xingyang (Zhengzhou) in ancient times, with the Yellow River in the north, Mangshan Mountain in the west, Plain in the east and Songshan Mountain in the south. It is a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties. In 203 BC, Liu Bang sent troops to attack Chu, and Xiang Yu was short of food and soldiers, so he was forced to put forward the requirement of "dividing the world, cutting the gap for Han in the west and Chu in the east". Since then, there has been a statement from the Chu and Jianghan circles. There are still two ancient city ruins in Guangwu Mountain of Xingyang, one in the west is called Hanwang City, and the other in the east is called Bawang City, which is said to have been built by Liu Bang and Xiang Yu. Between the two cities, there is a big ditch about 300 meters wide, which is what people usually call the gap, and it is also the basis for marking the boundary river on the chessboard.

The square between the two ends, that is, between the fourth and sixth vertical lines at both ends, is called "Jiugong" (with exactly nine intersections), which symbolizes the military account.

The initial position of the chessboard is divided into two equal parts by the river boundary. In order to record the game and learn chess, the current rules stipulate that each vertical line in the red side is represented by chinese numerals 1 to 9 from right to left, and each vertical line in the black side is represented by Arabic numerals 1 to 9. Our own chess pieces always use their own line numbers, regardless of whether the chess pieces "cross the river".

Before the game starts, the red and black sides should put the chess pieces in the designated position. Every step of any chess piece, walking sideways like a car, writes "advance", "retreat" and "flat".