Please talk about the birth of Terracotta Warriors and Horses from archaeological and military aspects.

Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses amazed the audience with their huge scale, magnificent scenes and superb scientific and artistic level. With the Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum, the ancient city Xi soon became one of the most important tourist cities in China. Tourists from home and abroad have come here. Most foreign heads of state and other distinguished guests visiting our country should put visiting the Terracotta Warriors on their agenda.

The Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is about 1.5 km east of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. There are three pits, one, two and three. The first pit was discovered by local farmers when they were drilling wells, and then the second and third pits were discovered one after another after drilling wells. The first pit is the largest, with a length of 230m from east to west, a width of 6 12m and a total area of 14260m2. There are about 6,000 life-size pottery figurines buried in this pit, and more than 1000 have been cleaned up so far. It is unbelievable to find such a large, numerous and lifelike pottery figurines in the ground.

Entering the hall of the museum, I saw thousands of life-size warriors lined up neatly at a depth of 5 meters underground, all in bronze, with a height of 1.8 to 1.97 meters. They are magnificent and daunting. There are 32 pottery horses as big as real horses. Ma Tao is a group of four horses, dragging wooden chariots.

Terracotta Warriors and Horses are arranged in three rows facing east, with 70 warrior figures in each row, ***2 10, which seems to be the vanguard of the military array. Followed by infantry and chariots, a total of 38 columns, each column is about 180 meters long, which seems to be the main body of the army array. On the left and right sides, there is a horizontal team facing the north and south. Each team has about 180 soldiers, which seems to be the two wings of the army. There is a column of warriors facing west at the western end, which seems to be the guardian of the army array. Some warriors and friends wear battle robes, others wear armor, and the bronze weapons in their hands are all real objects. Well-organized, team purge. Dozens of war horses hissed with their heads held high, ready to go. The whole army is ready to go.

The majestic military array represents Qin Shihuang's military achievements and dignity in order to accomplish the great cause of reunifying China.

The art history of these terracotta warriors and horses is very valuable. The creation of terracotta warriors and horses is based on real life, and its artistic techniques are delicate and vivid. The costumes and expressions of the Terracotta Warriors are different. There are many kinds of hairstyles, different gestures and different facial expressions. From their costumes, expressions and gestures, we can tell whether they are officers or soldiers, infantry or cavalry. There are veterans with beards who have fought many battles and young people who have just stepped into the battlefield. Ordinary figurines, as high as 1.96 meters, stand upright and concentrate on thinking, showing a firm and powerful appearance. The figure of a soldier, with his head slightly raised and his eyes looking straight ahead, looks high-spirited and childish. The soldier is wearing a shovel, holding a long handle and pressing the car with his left hand, which shows that he is a defensive soldier.

In a word, pottery figurines have distinct personality and strong characteristics of the times. These terracotta warriors and horses are a treasure house of sculpture art, adding luster to the splendid ancient culture of the Chinese nation and adding a glorious page to the history of world art.

Bronze weapons unearthed from Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit include swords, spears, halberds, machetes and a large number of crossbows and arrows. According to the test data, these Cu-Sn alloy weapons have been chrome-plated. Although they have been buried in the soil for more than 2,000 years, their blades are still sharp and shiny, which shows that they already had high metallurgical technology at that time, which is a miracle in the world metallurgical history.

199 1 years ago, the Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum opened the No.1 pit. 199 1 September, No.3 pit was officially opened. The area of No.3 pit is only one twenty-seventh of that of No.1 pit. However, from the analysis of chariots, warriors and other artifacts unearthed from this pit, this pit may be used as the headquarters of pits 1 and 2.

1974 In March, villagers in Xiyang Village, Yanzhai Township, Lintong County, Shaanxi Province accidentally found many broken pottery figurines while drilling a well 1.5 km east of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor. According to archaeologists, this is a rectangular pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses. Through drilling hole 1976, two terracotta warriors and horses pits were discovered 20 meters and 25 meters north of the pit respectively. According to the time when they were discovered, they were named Terracotta Warriors 1 Pit, Pit 2 and Pit 3. The total area of the three pits is 22,780 square meters.

The plane of No.1 pit is rectangular, with a length of 230m from east to west, a width of 62m and a depth of 5m, with a total area of14260m2. It is a tunnel-type civil building structure with five inclined doorways at the east and west ends, and there are 10 rammed earth partition walls with a width of 2.5 meters in the tunnel. Thick beams are placed on the partition, covered with reed mats, fine mud and soil. The bottom is paved with blue bricks. The terracotta warriors and horses in pit 1 are arranged according to the actual combat formation. At the eastern end of the pit is a long corridor, where there are three rows of warriors facing east, each with 70 people, ***2 10 holding crossbows. They are the vanguard of the No.1 pit army array. On the south side of the corridor, there is a row of warriors facing south, which is the right wing; There is a row of warriors facing north in the north, which is the left wing; There is a line of warriors facing west in the west, who are defenders. Armed with long-range weapons, such as crossbows, they are on alert for the whole army. In the tunnel separated by the partition wall of 1 1, 38 eastbound roads are arranged, with chariots in the middle of each road. All terracotta warriors and horses wear armor and carry long weapons. They are the main force of pit one. There are 27 exploration points in No.1 pit. According to the density of terracotta warriors and horses arranged in each exploration point, more than 6,000 terracotta warriors and horses can be unearthed after all excavations, most of which are infantry.

20 meters to the north from the eastern end of the No.1 pit is the No.2 pit, which is a square army array composed of four arms and four units, covering an area of 6,000 square meters. It is estimated that more than 0/000 pieces of pottery figurines/kloc-can be unearthed, and nearly 500 horses and pommel horses have been found. The first unit, that is, the part of the vat protruding from the east side of the pit, is a small square consisting of 334 crossbowmen. The second unit, the southern half of the figurine pit, includes 1 to 8 holes. It is a square composed of 64 chariots, and each chariot has three sergeant figurines. The third unit, the middle part of the pit, including nine to eleven holes, is a square consisting of 19 chariots and 100 unarmed figurines attached to the vehicles. The fourth unit, the northern half of the figurine pit, includes 12 to 14 passing through the hole. It is a cavalry formation consisting of 6 chariots, 124 pommel horses and 65438 cavalry figurines. Four units are organically connected to form a large array, or four independent small arrays can be formed separately, with powerful functions, strong self-protection ability and rapid response. Three of the four units in the No.2 pit were equipped with chariots, which accounted for more than half of the entire army array, proving that chariots were still the main combat force in the Qin Dynasty. The wooden chariot has been decayed for a long time, but the axles and wheels have left clear traces in the soil, and the copper components on the chariot still exist.

The third pit is 25 meters west of the second pit and 25 meters north of the first pit. The plane is concave, with an area of 520 square meters. There are only four horses, 1 car and 68 clay figurines. On its east is an inclined doorway with a length of 1 1.2m and a width of 3.7m Corresponding to the doorway is a carriage house, and there is an east-west wing on both sides of the carriage house, namely the south wing and the north wing. * * * 64 pottery figurines were unearthed. The arrangement of these terracotta figures is different from pits 1 and 2. The terracotta figures in pits 1 and 2 are arranged in battle formation. The weapons held by the warriors in pit 3 are also different from those in pit 1 and pit 2. The latter is equipped with long-range crossbows, spears, bows, cymbals and swords. In the melee, only one kind of bladeless weapon-copper paddle was found in the third pit. In Qin dynasty, bronze casket was a weapon specially used for ritual purposes. In the north wing, a residual antler and a pile of animal bones were also found. It may be a place dedicated to pre-war divination or prayer activities. Looking at the overall layout of the No.3 pit, it may be the headquarters of the entire underground army array-the military curtain.

In China, the pottery figurines first appeared in the Warring States Period, but the pottery figurines made at that time were small in size, low in temperature and rough in production. Qin terracotta warriors and horses are not only tall, but also beautifully made, accurate in shape and extremely high in craftsmanship. 1980 12 two large painted bronze chariots and horses were excavated 20 meters west of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, which were listed as No.1 and No.2 in the order of discovery. At that time, they were all buried in a pit 7 meters deep with a wooden coffin outside. When unearthed, two bronze chariots and horses were seriously damaged due to the decay of the wooden coffin and the collapse of the soil layer. Among them, the number of No.2 bronze chariots and horses was 1.555 pieces. After two and a half years of careful and painstaking restoration by archaeologists and experts in various fields, the No.2 bronze chariot and horse was officially exhibited on 19836+00, 1.