The Origin and Formation of the Chinese Nation in China Ethnic Gene Map

The ancestors in the lower reaches of the Yellow River created Dawenkou culture and its Longshan culture, which are widely distributed in Shandong, eastern Henan, eastern Hebei, Liaodong Peninsula and Huaihai area. Since Dawenkou culture expanded to the Central Plains and Yangshao painted pottery culture withdrew from the historical stage, under the strong influence of Dawenkou culture, gray pottery and black pottery began to appear in the Central Plains, but they were not the real Longshan culture and were named the second and third local cultures. The typical Longshan culture is developed by inheriting the factors of Dawenkou culture. Taking Shandong Longshan culture as a typical representative, the basic characteristics of Longshan culture in the Central Plains clearly show the far-reaching influence of Dawenkou culture on the Central Plains, which contains more Dawenkou cultural factors and tends to be oriental.

The ancestors in the lower reaches of the Yellow River took birds as their ancestral totems and multiplied into many tribes with various birds as their sub-totems. Dongyi people created advanced Haidai culture, invented feathered bows and arrows, created inscriptions on Longshan bones (which had an enlightening effect on the birth of Chinese characters), made bronzes and smelting iron, made boats and cars, developed agriculture and controlled water. It has played a key and decisive role in the development and promotion of Chinese culture in the Central Plains. Huaxia civilization is a relatively backward culture in the west. The ancient Xia Qiang people absorbed advanced Dongyi culture and entered a civilized society, and then surpassed Dongyi culture in the Zhou Dynasty. Nearly 2,000 pieces of Oracle Bone Inscriptions have been found in Longshan Cultural Site, which shows that Oracle Bone Inscriptions is closely related to the origin and inheritance of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the earliest written language in China and also the written language of businessmen. Pre-Shang is a major part of Dongyi, and Chinese is indeed derived from Dongyi. Qiang people only have language but no writing, and the inheritance of Qiang language and cultural customs depends on word of mouth. Qiang language should be a living fossil of the ancient Qiang language of Zhou people and can be used as the research object. Qiang language belongs to disyllabic language, tonal language-free and cohesive language, and its grammatical structure belongs to Altaic language family, which is very different from modern Chinese. Chinese is an isolated language or analytical language with rich tone system, which really originated from the language structure of Dongyi. If the language of Zhou people is influenced by the eastern language, then the language of businessmen is the root of modern Chinese, which has a monosyllabic, multi-tone and isolated language and grammatical structure similar to modern Chinese. Of course, these characteristics of modern Chinese are not inherited from the ancient Qiang language, so only Shang language is the synthesis of Zhou language and Shang language. Chinese inherits a large number of archaic words and cognates from Zhou dialect, but it also inherits a special language structure from Shang dialect.

According to historical legend, Tai Hao was the leader of the famous Dongyi Group, and the descendants of Fuxi Feng's family belonged to the westward branch of Tai Hao Group. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Ren (Jining City), Su Xu Sentence (Dongping County) and Zhu Zhuan Xu (northwest of Feixian County) were all square countries established after Tai Hao's descendants returned to Dongyi's hometown. Tai Hao tribe (divided into two branches, the original branch developed into Tai Hao group in Qufu, and the westward branch developed into Fuxi Fengxing tribe in Huaiyang) is divided into two systems, Shandong and Huaiyang, both of which are mainly in Dongyi language. Shao Hao tribe is a direct descendant of Tai Hao tribe, and Chiyou comes from Shao Hao family in Dongyi. Taihao Group worships dragon totem, while Shao Hao Chiyou Group worships birds as totem. Shennong Yan Di Tribe originated in Jiang Shui Valley of Shaanxi Province and moved eastward to present eastern Henan. It is intertwined with Shao Hao Chiyou Group, and sometimes there are contradictions and conflicts. Shennong's Yan Di tribe was forced to move back to Jiang Shui's hometown and form an alliance with Huangdi Group.

The ancestor of Won surname is the descendant of Xu, Jiang, Ge, Huang, Fei, Tan and other countries in the Spring and Autumn Period. Some won surnames moved to the west, established countries in Shaanxi and became the ancestors of Qin and Zhao. . There are two important figures in Shao Hao's descendants, namely Hao Tao and Boyi, who are the common ancestors of all ethnic groups who won the victory in the East.

The embryonic form of China began to appear in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Shang Dynasty took Won surname as the vassal state. According to legend, the ancestors of Won surname came from Shao Hao, the leader of Dongyi, and formed the China Group. The Zhou Dynasty enfeoffed the vassal states of Ji surname, collectively known as Xia Group. It was not until the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period that it began to be called Huaxia. As a descendant of Xu Yi, Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Dynasty, regarded Chiyou as the god of war. It has been more than 400 years since the establishment of the Han Dynasty. With the unification of economy, culture and country, the residents of the Yellow River valley in the Central Plains, commonly known as Huaxia, merged with the Miaoman Baiyue Group in the south, collectively known as Han people. The formal formation of the Han nationality began in the Han Dynasty.

The development order of prehistoric culture in Dongyi is Wutai people in Xintai (about 50,000-20,000 years ago), post-Li Wenhua (about 8400-7700 years ago), northern new culture (about 7300-6 100 years ago), Longshan culture (about 4600-4000 years ago) and Yueshi culture (about 4000 years ago). Its backbone is the northern new culture-Dawenkou culture-Longshan culture-Yue culture, which spans nearly 4000 years. The ruins of Dawenkou culture and Longshan culture are widely distributed in Shandong, eastern Henan, eastern Hebei, Liaodong Peninsula and Huaihai area, leaving traces of the activities of the ancestors of Dongyi. After 5000 years, a new culture overwhelmingly covered the Central Plains and its earlier north-south cultural areas, which is Longshan culture. Longshan culture developed from Dawenkou culture, and generally adopted the quick-wheel pottery-making technology and divination invented by Dawenkou culture. Dawenkou culture and Longshan culture belong to the typical patriarchal social culture created by Dongyi people. Molecular anthropology has confirmed that the Y-DNA of Longshan culture remains is O3-M 122, containing part of O3e, and there is no other type, which is completely consistent with the main part of modern Han nationality, that is to say, the main part of modern Han nationality is completely from Longshan people. Whether Wu Luanhua, Meng Yuan and Man Qing invaded the Central Plains or not, they could not change the permanent pattern of Han nationality with 03-M 122 as the main body. The origin of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties is closely related to Longshan culture.

The ancestors of Longshan culture played a decisive role in the birth and formation of the Chinese nation, and laid a solid foundation for the paternal gene of the Han nationality with 03-M 122 as the main body for 5 thousand years.

Dongyi people have created splendid civilization, which together with the Central Plains civilization constitutes the whole system of Chinese civilization, and is one of the main bodies and origins of the Yellow River civilization and even the whole Chinese civilization. Among the two major tribes in the Yellow River valley, Xia people belong to the western system and are one of the earliest tribes in the eastern group to establish a country. Businessmen come from the Eastern Clan of the Eastern and Western Clans in the Yellow River Valley, although like Xia people, they are a compound of the two clans. The Shang Dynasty took the mysterious bird as a totem, which was related to Dongyi, and indeed had a far-reaching impact on the relationship between Shang Dynasty and Dongyi. The wind of sacrificing human beings in Shang Dynasty originated from Dongyi. According to Oracle Bone Inscriptions's records, the Qiang people were the main victims of human sacrifice. Shang Dynasty enfeoffed the country with the surname Won in the East, and established extensive alliance relations. As the most elite army of Shang Dynasty, the division of Jiuyi was composed of Dongyi tribe living in Shandong, and always supported Shang Dynasty's expedition to Xiqiang. However, Shang Zhouwang is corrupt and dissolute, and constantly forcibly expropriates property from countries that have won western surnames, and frequently conquers the Qiang people in the west. The countries that won the surname in the east were tired of the endless belligerence of Shang and Zhou Dynasties and refused the request of Shang Dynasty to let them participate in the war. Eastern tribes defected from Shang Zhouwang in succession, and the Shang Dynasty had to transfer troops from the west to conquer eastern countries. Zhou Wuwang used fishermen to seize the power of the Central Plains. In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, merchants had a close relationship with Dongyi. Qin people were originally a branch of Dongyi Group and were assigned to Xixiang by the Zhou royal family. They fought against Qiang Rong for a long time and established the state of Qin. When the king became king, he destroyed the business and killed the fee, and moved the people of the Shang Dynasty westward to Zhu, the ancestor of the Qin Dynasty. Shang Xuan, which is now a big country with won surname in Qufu, Shandong Province, including Laiwu, confirmed that the earliest ancestors of Qin people moved in from Shandong. Qin people came from the descendants of Shao Hao, who won the surname, and pushed China into the era of great unification, which had a far-reaching impact on China and world history and laid the basic pattern of China's political system for more than 2,000 years. As a descendant of Xu Yi, Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, regarded Chiyou as the god of war and made a decisive historical contribution to the reunification of the Han nation. After the reunification of the Qin dynasty, the Han dynasty created a unified situation, inheriting and consolidating the unified country that began in the Qin dynasty.

Archaeology shows that there was a long-term and frequent exchange between the Central Plains culture and the oriental culture in the Neolithic Age, which was manifested by many oriental cultural factors contained in Erlitou culture. Archaeologists agree that Longshan culture is the main source of Erlitou culture. Nearly 2000 Oracle bone inscriptions have been found in Longshan cultural site, which is closely related to the origin and inheritance of Oracle bone inscriptions in Shang Dynasty. Many characters in Oracle Bone Inscriptions directly inherited Oracle Bone Inscriptions's characteristics and styles, but Erlitou cultural site has not been able to find similar written records of the same period as Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, and the existence of Xia Dynasty has never been confirmed.

The study of physical anthropology shows that the bones of Miaodigou culture and Taosi culture in Neolithic age contain many South Asian ethnic elements, which are very close to the residents of Yangshao culture, their predecessors, but far from the cultural residents in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. With the long-term frequent exchanges between the Central Plains culture and the Oriental culture, the fourth phase of Erlitou culture, on the basis of the first three phases, has changed the ethnic types of the residents of Erlitou culture, which is closer to the ethnic characteristics of East Asia, indicating that there have been a large number of people exchanges in this area. According to the report of the Institute of Archaeology of China Academy of Sciences, the study of human bones in Shandong Longshan culture (Zhucheng Chengzi Phase II) is consistent with Dawenkou culture and close to modern North China people. Therefore, it is considered that from Dawenkou culture to Longshan culture and even modern times, the relationship between ethnic types is continuous rather than substitute.

The research of molecular anthropology shows that the mtDNA analysis of the human bones of Miaodigou Phase II culture and Taosi culture in Neolithic Age shows that 85% of them are M-series haplogroup and 64.3% are Erlitou culture matriarchal (compared with before, N-series is slightly increased), which shows that the matriarchal of ancient Central Plains undoubtedly has the characteristics of M-series high frequency. The analysis of bone mtDNA of 7000-year-old people in Changdao, Shandong Province shows that 70% of them are haplogroup, and the human bone mtDNA in Zibo area before 2500 and 2000 is N-series, which contains a few Central Asian-European genes. It can be seen that the maternal mtDNA in the east and west of Neolithic Age is very different. Mtdna of Xi' an modern group: n: 37% is n, 63% is m; MtDNA: 47% of the modern population in Henan is n, and 53% is m; Qingdao Hyundai Group's N series accounts for 40% and M series accounts for 60% (Shandong is an exception, probably because Qingdao is an open city and there are many immigrants from other places); N series accounts for 57% and M accounts for 43% of the Modern Formation in Zibo, Shandong Province, but the N series in Tai 'an and Rongcheng areas is as high as 60~67%, and the average N series in Shandong Province accounts for 565,438+0% and M accounts for 49%. It can be seen that the content and distribution of maternal mtDNA nitrogen in the Yellow River basin showed a trend of diffusion from east to west. From the perspective of paternal genes, according to the study of ancient bone DNA in Longshan culture, the y chromosome SNP haplotype of Longshan culture residents is O3-M 122, which only contains O3 and O3e subtypes, and there are no other types, which is completely consistent with the main part of modern Han nationality. In other words, the paternal ancestors of the main part of the modern Han nationality came from the ancestors of Longshan culture, that is, Longshan people. O3-M 122 is the absolute subject of Han nationality. According to the data of Wenbo in 2004, the Han nationality in Shandong is 59.5%, the Han nationality in Henan is 52%, and the Han nationality in Shaanxi is 56.7%, showing a trend of spreading from east to west. It can be seen that the ratio of O3-M 122 in the lower reaches of the Yellow River ranks first in the north, and the ratio of maternal mtDNA-N is also the highest in the north.

When studying paternal genes, we should also pay attention to maternal genes. The old Asian CD originally corresponded to the matriarchal M, all of which belonged to Paleolithic humans in Asia. The maternal gene M is the majority in northern Han nationality, and the frequency of N is very low. The matriarchal M and N in Shandong account for 50% and 50% respectively, which is obviously different from other northern regions. Early paternal O3 originally corresponded to maternal N.O. haplogroup, a new Asian, who originated in South Asia 30,000-50,000 years ago and was divided into O 1, O2 and O3. Before Paleolithic 1-20000 years ago, o 1 and O2 first spread northward. Archaeology has confirmed that Hongshan Culture human bone Y-DNA contains O 1O2, which is probably closely related to Japanese and Korean O2b. Although O3 started later than O 1O2, the explosive expansion northward replaced O 1O2. In ancient China, all matrilineal genes were M, which was the same as the matrilineal genes of Tibetan and Burmese people, but at that time, the matrilineal N frequency of Gudongyi was higher. With the large-scale expansion of Longshan culture, mtDNA spread northward to the Central Plains. The Y chromosome O3 of Jiaoliao Mandarin accounts for 66.70%, ranking first among all dialect areas in China. Y chromosome O3 accounted for 64.90%, ranking second, and maternal mtDNA-N was the highest in the north. Longshan culture overwhelmingly covered the Central Plains and its earlier north-south cultural areas, and O3 exploded and expanded, completely replacing Tungusic C and Qiangzang D in North Asia, obtaining the matriarchal M, and driving Baiyue O 1 and Miaoyao O2a back to the Yangtze River basin. O2b was forced to flee northward to the wild area in the northeast of China, and then spread to Japan through the Korean Peninsula. Longshan culture covers the Central Plains and its northern and southern regions, and finally forms the status quo of paternal O3 spouse matrilineal N and M of northern Han nationality.

The high frequency of O3e-M 134 is unique to the Tibetan and Burmese people in the upper reaches of the Yellow River and their northwest Han people, and the ratio of O3-M 122 is low. In the lower reaches of the Yellow River, O3-M 122 is the most common, and O3e-M 134 is relatively rare. O3-M 122 is the ancestor of O3e-M 134. O3-M 122 first entered the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and became the master of the East, forcing O3e to migrate westward and merge with the Qiang-Tibetan D series to form the Tibetan-Burmese nationality. O3-M 122 generally appears in the place of O3e-M 134, but O3e-M 134 does not necessarily appear in the place of O3-M 122. Judging from the overall trend of the Yellow River Basin, O3e-M 134 is higher in the west and lower in the east, and lower and lower further east. In the lower reaches of the Yellow River, the content of O3-M 122 is obviously higher than that of O3e-M 134, showing the trend of spreading from east to west. In the decomposition pedigree of O3-M 122, O3*-M 122 and O3 A4-00261are mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, which is obviously the main type of Dongyi group, because this haplogroup is rare in the Tibeto-Burman language family, but it can account for a large proportion in the Han nationality. The Dongyi people are mostly O3-M 122, and there is almost no Qiang-Tibetan D series, which is completely consistent with the main part of modern Han nationality. Dongyi O3-M 122 and Xia and Zhou O3e-M 134 belong to two major sources of paternal ancestors of Han nationality.