What is the word "three fields plus one bird"?

Hello, Mita, adding a traditional bird word is a blessing.

Pinyin: Zhuyin.

Radical: bird, external stroke: 15, total stroke: 26.

Wu Bi 86&; 98:LLLO· Cang Xie: WWHAF Zheng Ma: KIKR

Number of strokes: 2512125121251325165438.

Angle code: 67627

UniCode:CJK unified Chinese character U+9E 13

Basic word meaning

● Hey

Leach ?ㄟˇ

◎ [~ mouse] Flying squirrel, which looks like a flying squirrel, has a wide hair film between its front and rear limbs and a long tail. It can slide between trees and often moves at night.

Chinese characters (pinyin: hàn zì, phonetic notation: ㄢˋˋ), also known as Chinese characters and Chinese characters, are recorded symbols of Chinese and belong to morpheme syllables of ideographic characters. One of the oldest characters in the world has a history of more than 6000 years. In form, it gradually changes from graphics to strokes, pictographs to symbols, and complex to simple; In the principle of word formation, from ideographic, ideographic to phonological. Except for a few Chinese characters (such as Zi, Zi, Zi, Chi and Zi), they are all one Chinese character and one syllable.

Modern Chinese characters refer to capitalized Chinese characters, including traditional characters and simplified characters. Modern Chinese characters have developed from Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions, seal script and seal script to official script, cursive script, regular script and running script. Chinese characters were invented and improved by Han ancestors, which is an indispensable link to maintain the Han dialect area. The earliest existing Chinese characters are Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Shang Dynasty and later inscriptions on bronze in about 1300 BC, which evolved into seal script in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and then to seal script and official script in the Qin Dynasty, until the official script prevailed in the Han and Wei Dynasties, and the official script was changed to regular script at the end of the Han Dynasty. Regular script prevailed in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Chinese characters have been used for the longest time so far, and they are also the only inheritors of the ancient Otomachi system. Chinese characters have always been the main official language in China. In ancient times, Chinese characters were also used as the only international communication language in East Asia. Before the 20th century, they were still the official written standard characters of Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Vietnam and Ryukyu, and all East Asian countries created their own Chinese characters to some extent. It should be noted that Japanese, Korean Peninsula, Vietnamese and other countries were deeply influenced by China culture in history, and even other languages borrowed Chinese characters. In the non-Chinese character system, Japan has formulated a list of commonly used Chinese characters, and South Korea has also formulated basic Chinese characters for education, while countries that used Chinese characters in history, such as Vietnam, North Korea and Mongolia, have now abandoned Chinese characters.

The origin of Chinese characters:

Origin theory of Chinese characters

From the ancient legend of Cangjie's word-making to the appearance of Oracle Bone Inscriptions more than 1000 years ago, China scholars have been trying to uncover the mystery of the origin of Chinese characters. There are always different opinions about the origin of Chinese characters, among which the most influential ones are: knot rope theory, gossip theory, seal cutting theory, Cangjie word-making theory, description theory and picture theory.

Conclusion: Before writing came into being, the ancients remembered and recognized things by tying knots, which played a role in helping people remember. The Book of Changes under Cohesion: "After the ancient times, the sages changed it into a book contract, and all officials ruled it, and all the people kept it." Zheng Xuan in the Han Dynasty noted: "Knotting rope is a promise, a big event and a big knot; It's all small things, sum up the rope. " The article "Zhuangzi Guilou" said: "In the past, Rong Cheng, Da Ting, Bo Huang, Zhong You, Lu Li, Xu Li, Xuan Yuan, Xushi He, Zunlu, Zhu Rong, Fu Xishi and Shennong were allowed to use them when necessary." Another example is the Book of Changes, which quotes JUNG WOO's Jiu Jia Yi: "The ancients were silent, but they swore, and the big things tied their ropes, and the small things summarized their ropes. The number of knots depends on the number of things; " It is enough to treat each other with the same test. "After the Eastern Han Dynasty, many people attached the origin of Chinese characters to knots.

Gossip theory: There are different views on the origin of gossip, such as description theory, astrology theory, number theory and "Hai" theory. The Book of Changes said: "The ancients respected the king of the world, looked up at the sky and the earth, observed the culture of birds and beasts and the suitability of the earth, and took all things near and far, so they started gossip to communicate the virtues of the gods and the feelings of all things." The eight diagrams mentioned in this passage originated from Yong Jia's description of the natural and objective world, which is similar to the origin of Chinese characters "pictographs are written according to categories". In the preface of Kong Anguo's History Book (which is a fake, but very ancient), he said: "The ancients loved the king of Xi family in the world and began to draw gossip and make a book contract instead of tying the rope, so they were born out of literary books." Compare the functions of gossip and calligraphy (writing), and link the origin of Chinese characters with gossip.

Cang Xie said: According to legend, Cang Xie was a historian and creator of Chinese characters in the era of the Yellow Emperor. Huangdi was the leader of the tribal alliance in ancient Central Plains. With the society entering the stage of large-scale tribal alliances, foreign affairs between alliances are becoming more and more frequent. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish a set of communication symbols enjoyed by all alliances, so the work of collecting and sorting out * * * was handed over to historian Cang Xie.

During the Warring States period, "the theory of Cangjie's word creation" was popular. "Lu Chunqiu Junshou" said: "Cang Xie is a book and Hou Ji is a crop." In the Qin and Han Dynasties, this legend became more popular. Han Xu Shen's Preface to Explaining Words: "The Yellow Emperor Shi Cang Xie, seeing the hoof tracks of birds and animals, knows that the points can be different, and makes a book agreement first." "Cang Xie wrote a book from the start, Gai Yi is pictographic, so it is called an article. After that, the form and sound benefit each other, that is, the word. The writer is the foundation of image; "The writing is full of milk, but it is all words." Modern scholars believe that systematic writing tools cannot be completely created by one person. If Cang Xie really exists, he should be a text organizer or publisher.

Engraving: Engraving is another physical recording method to help the ancients remember after tying the rope. It is mostly used in contracts, which is much more advanced than tying ropes. The so-called "carving deed" is to carve a notch on the wood or bamboo. Interpretation of the deeds of famous books: "The deeds are engraved, and their numbers are also engraved." Zheng Xuan's Note of the Book of Changes: "The book is to the wood, and its side is engraved as a contract, each holding its own share, and then it is consistent." Zheng Xuan also said in the note of the Book of Rites Oath: "Book deeds are also city vouchers." Coupons are like two books, engraved on its side. Liezi Fu Shuo: "Song people swam in the Tao, but those who were left behind by others returned to hide them and counted their teeth. "This' tooth' is the tooth mark engraved on the title deed. This kind of block print has the function of keeping records, which can be used as the evidence of the contract and can also be used to transmit information. Some carved symbols are similar to some Chinese characters. Such as "one, two, three, swish,? "It is no different from the numbers' one, two, three, four and five' in ancient Chinese characters. At the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Dai Dong put forward that "the book begins with the deed, and the deed is based on the number" and "each is like its number", and thought that the inscription "recognizing its number" was a source of the original writing.

Description: On the basis of comparative study of Banpo pottery symbols and Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Yin Shang Dynasty, Mr. Guo Moruo thinks that early characters can be divided into two systems: description and drawing. The description system is the evolution of tying rope and tying wood, and there are only a few, and this system should be before the graphic system. Judging from the carved symbols found in Banpo, there are some numbers and some words. Many modern scholars believe that it has a fixed sound, form and meaning and should be the source of Chinese characters.

Wang, a doctoral supervisor at Zhengzhou University, believes that the earliest carved symbols in China were unearthed at the Jiahu site in Wuyang, Henan, more than 8,000 years ago. These original materials are comprehensively sorted out in order to compare the occurrence and development of Chinese characters before Shang Dynasty. However, the situation is not so simple. Except the existing small-scale data of Zhengzhou Shangcheng site and Xiaoshuangqiao site (more than one case of Zhu Shutao's character 10 has been found in the early Shang Dynasty), other symbols before the Shang Dynasty were scattered and lacked many rings, and most of them were inconsistent with the Shang Dynasty characters. There are also some symbols with heavy regional colors and complex backgrounds.

It is reported that according to the written materials unearthed from archaeological excavations, China had formal written materials at least in the Xia Dynasty. For example, archaeologists once found the word "Wen" for writing brush and bamboo script on a flat pottery jar unearthed from Taosi site in Xiangfen, Shanxi. These symbols belong to the basic configuration in the early writing system, but unfortunately such unearthed writing materials are still rare. About 6000 years ago, there were more than 50 kinds of carved symbols on the outer wall of pottery in Yangshao cultural sites such as Banpo site. They are well-planned, regular and have the characteristics of simplified Chinese characters, which may be the bud of Chinese characters.

Caption: About the origin of Chinese characters, the theory of "confused Luo Shu" once prevailed in history. Book of Changes: "Rivers draw, Luo writes, and saints write." The chronicles of bamboo books point out: "In the autumn and July of the fiftieth year of Emperor Xuanyuan, the phoenix arrived and the emperor offered sacrifices to Luoshui." Shen Yue's note: "The dragon figure goes out of the river, the turtle book goes out of Luoshui, and the word is sealed in red and given to Xuanyuan." "River Map Jade Edition": "Cang Xie is the emperor, hunting in the south, making the mountain have a yang que, the water near the yuan, Gui Ling's book, Jia Danwen Qing, to give it." Some modern scholars believe that Chinese characters really originated from the original picture. Some figures carved on unearthed cultural relics are probably related to words. Chinese characters mainly come from recordable pictographs, which are the basis of the formation and development of Chinese character system.

1927 Mr. Shen Jianshi put forward the view that Chinese characters originated from notes and pictures, and thought that ancient Chinese characters were preceded by the origin stage of "calligraphy and painting". Shen Jianshi's "People and Paintings before Liu Shu" deduces the antique: "There should be another stage before Liu Shu's writing period, which is the source of Liu Shu's writing. Today, it is named' Character and Painting Period' ". Figure painting is a narrative painting that evolved into characters. It has the characteristics of drawing and writing, and initially has the recognizable function of recording information in words. As for the connection and difference between pictures and words, Mr. Shen Jianshi said very incisively: "Pictures with words are images depicting things, not symbols representing words. Although it is a hieroglyphic mother type, it must not refer to the hieroglyphics of the Six Books. "

In the pottery of the late Dawenkou cultural site and Liangzhu cultural site about four or five thousand years ago, relatively regular graphic descriptions were found, which were early graphic characters.

Chinese characters

Experience stage

Chinese characters mainly come from recordable pictographs, which are the basis of the formation and development of Chinese character system. Later, it evolved for thousands of years, including Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions, seal script, official script, regular script, cursive script and running script. Regular script is used, but it has not been fully finalized.

oracle bone script

Oracle Bone Inscriptions mainly refers to Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, which was written by the royal family on tortoise shells and animal bones in the late Shang Dynasty in China (14~ 1 1 century).

About 654.38+05,000 pieces of Oracle bones were found, with more than 4500 words. These Oracle Bone Inscriptions records are extremely rich in content, involving many aspects of social life in Shang Dynasty, including not only politics, military affairs, culture and social customs, but also astronomy, calendars, medicine and other science and technology. Judging from about 1500 characters identified in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the methods of "pictographic, comprehending, pictophonetic, referring to things, transferring notes and borrowing words" have been developed, which shows the unique charm of China characters. Documents based on tortoise shells and animal bones in Shang Dynasty and early Western Zhou Dynasty in China (about 16 BC-0/0 BC).

Ancient bronze inscriptions

Bronze inscriptions, also known as Zhong Dingwen, refer to the words carved on bronzes that began in the Shang Dynasty. Shang and Zhou Dynasties were the bronze age, with the tripod as the representative ritual vessel and the bell as the representative musical instrument. Zhong Ding is synonymous with bronze ware. Therefore, Zhong Dingwen or inscriptions on bronze refers to inscriptions cast or carved on bronzes.

Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. China entered the Bronze Age in the Xia Dynasty, and the smelting of copper and the manufacture of bronzes were very developed. Because copper was also called gold a week ago, the inscriptions on bronzes were called "bronze inscriptions" or "auspicious inscriptions"; Because this bronze ware has the largest number of words in Zhong Ding, it used to be called "Zhong Dingwen".

The application time of bronze inscriptions is about 1200 years, from the early Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty's destruction of the Six Kingdoms. According to Rong Geng's Jin Wen Bian, there are 3,722 inscriptions, of which 2,420 can be identified.

There are different words in the inscriptions on bronzes. The content of memory is also very different. Its main content is mostly to praise the achievements of ancestors and princes, but also to record major historical events. For example, the famous Mao has 497 words, covering a wide range, reflecting the social life at that time.

big seal character

Dazhuan is a Chinese character. Legend has it that it was written by Zhou Xuanwang's uncle, so it is also called Wen Shu or Shu Shu. In the Qin dynasty, it was called Da Zhuan, which was different from Xiao Zhuan. Dazhuan originated in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and traveled in Qin during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The fonts are similar to those of Qin Zhuan, but the configurations of glyphs overlap. Representing the present Shi Guwen, it was named after a book written by Tai Shihuan of Zhou Xuanwang. On the basis of the original text, he transformed it and got his name because it was engraved on the stone drum. It is the earliest stone carving text and the ancestor of stone carving.

Small/small seal characters

Xiao Zhuan is also called "Qin Zhuan". During the Qin Dynasty, Li Si was ordered to unify the characters, which was called Xiao Zhuan. It was in the Qin dynasty. The shape is long, even and neat, and it evolved from Da Zhuan. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen said, "The first Qin Emperor, the emperor was also in the world ... not to mention those who were at odds with Qin Wen." Reese wrote Cang Xie, CZ ordered Zhao Gao to write Ji Li, and a surname ordered Hu Wujing to write Bo Xue. "All the quarrying books are big seals, or they are quite preserved, so the so-called small seals are also." Today, there are remnants of "Engraving Stones in Langyatai" and "Engraving Stones in Taishan", which are the representative works of Xiao Zhuan. The seal script carved in Qin Quan is said to be a unified writing form of Chinese characters created by Li Si after Qin Shihuang unified China. With the principle of "the words are the same language, and the cars are the same track", the seal script was unified and measured by Li Si, the prime minister. On the basis of the original seal script used by Qin State, it was simplified and the variant characters of other six countries were cancelled. It was popular in China until the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and was gradually replaced by official script. But because of its beautiful font, it has always been praised by calligraphers. Because of its complex strokes and simple form, it is possible to add twists and turns and seal cutting at will, especially the official seal that needs anti-counterfeiting. Seal script was always used until the collapse of feudal dynasty and the emergence of modern new anti-counterfeiting technology. All the words in Kangxi Dictionary are also marked with seal script writing.

official script

Official script is basically evolved from seal script, mainly changing the round strokes of seal script into square folds, which makes writing faster, and it is difficult to draw round strokes when writing with pigments on wooden slips.

"Li Ben" is not a prisoner, but a small official, that is, a small official in charge of documents. According to legend, Li Shu was compiled by Cheng Miao in prison at the end of Qin Dynasty, which simplified traditional Chinese characters, rounded fonts and changed strokes into straight ones. Change "Lian Bi" to "broken pen" and change from line to stroke, which is more convenient for writing.

Lishu strengthened the marking function of Chinese characters and weakened the pictographic function. Great changes have taken place in Chinese characters, which has become a watershed between ancient and modern characters. Lishu laid the foundation for the derivation of cursive script, regular script and running script.

Lishu is divided into Qin Li (Guli) and Han Li (Jinli). With the appearance of official script, official script is a common solemn font in Chinese characters, with a slightly wider and flatter writing effect, long horizontal drawing and short straight drawing, and paying attention to "swallow-tailed silkworm head" and "twists and turns".

regular script

Regular script, also known as official script, or original script, began in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Its characteristics are: square shape, straight strokes, can be used as a model, hence the name.

At the beginning, there were not many official scripts left in regular script, which were slightly wider in structure, longer in horizontal drawing and shorter in straight drawing. In the Wei and Jin dynasties handed down from ancient times, such as Zhong You's Epiphany Table, Ji Zhi Table, Wang Xizhi's Le Yi Lun and Huang Ting Jing, they can all be regarded as representative works. Look at its characteristics, as Weng Fanggang said: "Change the wave painting of official script, pick it up, and still keep the vertical of official script."

The development of regular script reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty, and many famous regular script writers appeared, such as Ou Ti (Tang), Yu Ti (Tang Yu Shinan), Yan Ti (Tang Yan Zhen Qing), Liu Ti (Liu Tang Gong Quan) and Zhao Ti (Song Yuan Zhao Mengfu).

In the Song Dynasty, "Song Style" appeared in regular script, and modern printing fonts such as Song Style, Black Style and Imitation Song Style all belonged to regular script.

cursive script

Cursive script is a convenient font for writing. It began in the early Han Dynasty, when Cao Li, a scribbled official script, was popular, and then gradually developed into a Cao Zhang with artistic value. By the end of the Han Dynasty, it was said that Zhang Zhi had lost the trace of the official script strokes preserved by Cao Zhang, and the strokes between the upper and lower characters were often connected and borrowed from each other, which became a modern cursive script, commonly known as cursive script. In Zhang Xu and Huai Su in the Tang Dynasty, Mi Fei in the Song Dynasty wrote this kind of grass more indulgently, with continuous strokes and changeable glyphs, and became a kind of wild grass? . Cursive script is commonly used by calligraphers.

Cao Zhang's rescue rod has rules to follow. Representative works, such as the Songjiang version of Urgent Chapter by Emperor Dongwu in the Three Kingdoms Period.

This grass is informal and the brushwork is smooth. Representative works such as "The First Moon" and "Getting Time" by Wang Xizhi in Jin Dynasty.

Mad grass appeared in the Tang Dynasty, represented by Zhang Xu and Huai Su, and became an artistic creation completely divorced from practicality. Since then, cursive script has only been copied by calligraphers. Representative works include Zhang Xu's epigastric post and Huai Su's autobiographical post.

Semi-cursive/running/calligraphy (China's calligraphy)

Running script came into being in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, which is a font between regular script and cursive script. It can be said to be cursive script or cursive script. It is to make up for the shortcomings of slow writing in regular script and illegible cursive script. The brushwork is not as sloppy as cursive script, and it is not required to be as correct as regular script. If there are more ways to open a mold than cursive calligraphy, it is called "opening a mold". Cursive calligraphy is more than regular script, which is called "cursive script". Representative figures: "Two Kings": Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi.

Word formation method:

Chinese character-making method is a word-making method summarized by the ancients according to the structure and laws of Chinese characters. There are six ways to make Chinese characters, also known as "Six Books"-pictographic characters, signifier characters, pictophonetic characters, knowing characters, loanwords and Zhuan characters. "Six Books" first appeared in Zhou Li, but it didn't specify the specific content. Xu Shen perfected the "Six Books" in Shuo Wen Jie Zi in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Modern scholars have made many improvements on the basis of Shuowen Jiezi, including three books and four books, but "six books" is still a recognized method of word formation.

Ideographic characters: Ideographic characters: the method of creating characters by depicting the images of "sun, moon, mountains, water, people, wood, fire, mouth, eyes and fields" has gradually evolved into its present shape. Pictographic word-making is the most instinctive way for human beings to create words.

Finger: add symbols to pictographs, such as "Blade (a little bit on the blade side), Ben (a little bit on the root), Gan (a little bit on the tongue), and also (people who open their arms from" Da "add two points to the armpit).

Using pure symbolic symbols to make words also belongs to the method of referring to things, such as "one, two, three, five, seven, ten, up and down", and using pure symbolic symbols to make words belongs to symbolic words.

Pictophonetic characters: a method of word formation, which consists of two parts: phonetic symbols for expressing meaning and phonetic symbols for pronunciation. Beside the shape is an ideographic component that classifies things with Chinese characters, and beside the sound is the pronunciation of words, such as:

Left shape and right sound: syndrome, trembling, city, structure, greatness; Right form and left voice: war, encouragement, rigidity, publicity and arrogance; Metaphysical sound: incense, hillock, morning, cage, fog;

Top bottom and top: thinking, boiling, wrapping, cracking and mercury; Appearance and inner voice: Yuan Yuan, Li, bandit, boudoir, Hungary.

For example, the "bird" next to the word "pigeon"; The "nine" beside the sound only takes its sound, not its meaning.

Understanding: it is a word-making method that uses two or more symbols to form new words (different from pictophonetic words), such as:

"Day" and "month" form the word "Ming";

"People" and "words" form the word "letter", which means to take a message for others without changing the letter;

"Man" and "wood" make up "Hugh", which means that man rests under a tree. ...

Some new words are formed by overlapping two or more identical words. For example:

Two "people" make up a "slave" and three "people" make up a "crowd";

Two trees form a "forest" and three trees form a "forest";

Two "mouths" make up "land", three "mouths" make up "goods" and so on.

Metonymy: a word-making method that uses words with different pronunciations and pictophonetic characters to form words. Loanwords are closely related to pictophonetic characters, but they lose the phonetic function of phonetic symbols. For example:

Say "Tuotuo" and read it.

Gao Gao-Gao 2

Besides, in a bumpy situation, I rented my ancestors to help them.

Zhedu gambled that Chu saw Chu Chu Shu Zhu Tu fifteen times.

Sticky sticky sticky sticky sticky sticky sticky.