What is the evaluation of Zhuge Liang by historical figures?

What is the evaluation of Zhuge Liang by historical figures?

What are the comments of historical figures on Zhuge Liang? Zhuge Liang has always been a man of the hour, both in the history of China and among the people. The famous historical saying "Do your best and die before you die" has influenced many generations and become the motto of many people with lofty ideals! Evaluation of Zhuge Liang, dynasties, between the ruling and opposition can surprisingly reach a * * * knowledge, become a historical celebrity with little criticism! Zhuge Liang's "Model" has become an immortal masterpiece! The lowest evaluation of Zhuge Liang may be Mr. Lu Xun, who is "wise to the devil". From this comment, we can see that Mr. Lu Xun is not so cold to Zhuge Liang!

In Zhuge Liang, besides loyalty, filial piety, benevolence and righteousness, the biggest feature is that Zhuge Liang is resourceful, resourceful, strategic, knowledgeable about astronomy and geography, and proficient in the way of Yin and Yang. He can call the wind and call the rain, perceive everything in the world, strategize, use troops to be fascinated, and win battles thousands of miles away.

Throughout Zhuge Liang's life, for the sake of Liu's father and son's country, he worked hard, steadfastly, and devoted himself to his death. Until the death of Wu Zhangyuan's lonely soul, he still remembered Liu's great cause of country. If summed up in modern language, Zhuge Liang's life is a time-tested life, a life of fighting against man and heaven, a life of revolution, a life of fighting, a life of selfless dedication and a life full of wisdom. Can be regarded as a model strategist, model prime minister, excellent phase father and master!

In fact, Zhuge Liang in the history of the Three Kingdoms is very different from Zhuge Liang in the romance of the Three Kingdoms. Zhuge Liang in Romance of the Three Kingdoms is more objective and true, and closer to Zhuge Liang himself in history. A generation of outstanding celebrities, these historians' comments are more objective and fair, and they deserve it. Zhuge Liang in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a tall, all-powerful hero packaged by artistic romanticism, which is beautified and deified to the point where he can't be attached. In this way, under Luo Guanzhong's pen, Zhuge Liang changed from a mortal to a god, a god that ordinary people are willing to accept, and the most outstanding incarnation of a recognized wisdom god.

If you put aside Zhuge Liang's gorgeous coat and dazzling brilliance and read the history of the Three Kingdoms period calmly, you will find a more real Zhuge Liang! Zhuge Liang, as a counselor, master, strategist and prime minister, fought a three-legged battle to help Liu Bei, established Shu State and made great achievements. However, if you read the history books carefully, you will find that Zhuge Liang is not a general who always wins, and strategic and tactical mistakes abound: the battle of empty city planning, which has been praised and praised by people for thousands of years, is actually an example of a war with great strategic mistakes and tactical luck. If Sima Yi sees through the truth of Zhuge Liang's empty plan and leads his army into the city, Zhuge Liang will become a ghost under the sword or a prisoner of Wei Jun. The battle of empty plan is a risky move that Zhuge Liang has to make because of his miscalculation. It was another great mistake of Zhuge Liang to behead Ma Su with tears in the Lost Street Pavilion. Six trips to Qishan and six northern expeditions to the Central Plains failed. Zhuge Liang, as commander-in-chief of the three armed forces, ruled out unfavorable factors such as weather and geographical location, and made obvious mistakes! Zhuge Liang's greatest failure in his life was the complete destruction of Shu. The capture of Liu Chan and the demise of Shu were historical events after Zhuge Liang's death, but Zhuge Liang, who had pretended to be his father before his death, was to blame and had considerable responsibilities to deal with! We can't help thinking and asking, why didn't Shu complete the grand plan of reunifying the whole country with Zhuge Liang's strategizing, outstanding prime minister and strategist, and hundreds of thousands of elite soldiers, but it ended in a tragic result of national ruin and death?

Zhuge Liang's strategic ideal of unifying the world after the three pillars are separated eventually became an empty dream. Not only did the Central Plains not be unified, but even the Shu State, which he helped to create, vanished in an instant. This is the tragedy of Shu State and the biggest tragedy of Zhuge Liang's life! How would Mr Zhuge feel if he found out in the grave? I don't know how clever Zhuge Liang was. Did he foresee the demise of Shu before he died? Did he predict the complete failure of himself and Shu?

Who did Zhuge Liang finally lose to? After the following research and analysis, I came to the following conclusion: Zhuge Liang finally lost to God! Heaven will not destroy Cao! In the face of the great ship of providence rolling forward, anyone's strategy and wisdom are insignificant and pitiful! What is providence? Public opinion is also! There was no righteous war in the Spring and Autumn Period. In fact, there was no just war in the Three Kingdoms period. Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Sun Quan and others fought for the city territory. ......

How does Lu Xun evaluate Zhuge Liang? Lu Xun commented: "Zhuge Liang's wisdom is close to the devil."

How to evaluate the real Zhuge Liang in history? Zhuge Liang was the most famous and legendary politician and strategist in ancient China. From the three kingdoms period

Today, although it has been 1700 years, he is still praised by the world, which is almost the ideal of China people.

Home is the perfect idol of governing the country and leveling the world.

In fact, Zhuge Liang in history is not as unpredictable and perfect as described in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. archaic

Up to now, historians have been arguing about various evaluations of Zhuge Liang, one after another.

What is the real Zhuge Liang in history? Let's review Zhuge Liang's life and put the romance of the Three Kingdoms.

This story, historical records and the study of Zhuge Liang in today's historians are intertwined, revealing some little-known things.

History is real.

As for the hometown of celebrities, China people always like to describe it as "a treasure with rich materials and outstanding people". Let's start.

You see, Zhuge Liang's hometown is different.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang was born in an official family in Yang Du County, Langya County, Xuzhou. Yang Du is an ancient place name, big.

About today in yinan county, Shandong.

Zhuge family is a famous family in the local area, but their ancestral home is not in Yang Du, and their surname is not Zhuge. According to historical data

According to records, Zhuge's ancestors, originally named Ge, lived in Zhigou, Zhucheng, Shandong Province, and migrated in the early Western Han Dynasty.

Go to Yang Du. At that time, there was an Agger family in Yang Du. In order to distinguish it from the local Gejia family, Zhuge Liang's ancestors were there.

The name "Ge" is preceded by the word "Zhu" of Zhucheng to show the origin of this family. Since then, China has only.

Take "Zhuge" as the surname.

According to the preliminary excavation of local archaeologists, Yangdu City in Han Dynasty was located at the intersection of Wenhe River and yi river. This area

Fiona Fang is hundreds of kilometers, with flat terrain and fertile land. The Yi River flowing through here has brought infinite vitality to Yang Du.

This is a tomb in yinan county in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The owner of the tomb and Zhuge Liang are fellow villagers of the same age and class.

According to the ritual system of the Han Dynasty, masons carved many portraits on the stone walls around the tomb. The portrait stone is very big.

It depicts the aristocratic life scenes such as singing and dancing, feasting, hunting, riding and shooting, and making friends. However, the masons did not forget.

This story describes people in the lower classes of society. The life of these different classes of people roughly constitutes Zhuge Liang's life.

The social characteristics of that era.

Interestingly, masons were particularly interested in kitchens, and they described the kitchens of that era in detail.

Everything. From this, it can be clearly seen that at that time, there were indeed rich products, all kinds of livestock and poultry.

As you can imagine, the capital of Yang Du at that time should be such a place: outside the city, rivers flowed and irrigated thousands of hectares of fertile land.

The city is rich in products and attracts merchants from all directions. People here don't have to worry about food shortage, but they have enough to eat and wear.

Be knowledgeable and reasonable. The children here are nourished by beautiful rivers, and they are full of aura.

Of course, it is not only rich products and beautiful environment that gave birth to Zhuge Liang. Yangdu City happened to be in the ancient State of Qi.

The land of Lu and Chu, the openness and enterprising of Qi culture, the heavy ceremony of Lu culture and the romance of Chu culture.

The spirit of struggle affects the literati students here.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhuge family suddenly shone brilliantly, and heroes came forth in large numbers, becoming prominent figures in the Three Kingdoms period.

Family.

In the mid-Western Han Dynasty, a famous figure-Zhuge Feng appeared in Zhuge family. Zhuge Feng served as Emperor of the Han Dynasty.

Captain Li Si is an important position equivalent to the commander of the capital garrison. He is famous for his strict law enforcement and integrity.

Contemporary famous.

Zhuge Feng's moral demeanor and political character have been passed down from generation to generation and carried forward. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty,

Zhuge family suddenly shone brilliantly, and heroes came forth in large numbers, becoming a prominent family in the Three Kingdoms period.

This glory began with two brothers, Zhuge Xuan and Zhuge Xuan.

Zhuge Xuan, Zhuge Liang's father, is a county magistrate in Taishan County, not far from his hometown. Chengjun is roughly equivalent to the administrative office.

The post of Deputy Commissioner.

Zhuge Liang's uncle, Zhuge Xuan, is a famous man with a wide range of friends. He has both knowledge and celebrity's eyes.

Light, among the friends he made when he was young, two later became all-powerful figures, and this is the great warlord Yuan.

Surgery and Liu Biao.

According to historical records, Zhuge Jue married the Zhang family and gave birth to three men and two women. Zhu Gejin, the eldest son, Zhuge Liang, the second son and Zhuge Liang, the youngest son.

After Zhuge Jun's eldest brother, Zhuge Liang has two older sisters.

Zhuge Liang's eldest brother Zhu Gejin focused on Confucian classics when he was young and was famous for his filial piety. Later, he avoided the Jiangdong Rebellion.

He was highly valued by Sun Quan and gradually promoted to the highest military position in Wu Dong-General. Zhuge, the eldest son of Zhu Gejin.

But it shines on you. ......

How does history evaluate Zhuge Liang? What kind of person is Zhuge Liang? ) Zhuge Liang

The Prime Minister of Shu and Han Dynasties was an outstanding politician, strategist, inventor and strategist in the Three Kingdoms period. The first of the four phases of Shu and Han.

Cautious, good at governing the country, a genius in the world and a hero of the times.

Comments: Zhuge Liang is also the prime minister, comforting the people, showing etiquette, appointing officials, subordinate to power, sincere and fair; Although those who are loyal to the times will get revenge, those who violate the law and neglect their duties will be punished by their relatives, those who confess their feelings will be released, and those who are eloquent will be slaughtered. Good without reward, evil without fiber without degeneration; Ordinary things are concise, based on physics, with real responsibility for fame and fortune, hypocrisy and contempt; Finally, people who are afraid and love each other in the national territory, although the criminal law is harsh and there is no complaint, are trying to persuade them clearly. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern the country, and he is a horse of Xiao. But after years of mobilization, it still failed, and the cover strain will be slightly, which is not its strength! Biography of the Three Kingdoms of Shu and Zhuge Liang

I hope it helps you.

In a word, Zhuge Liang was an outstanding representative of ancient literati in China and the most classic and capable counselor in the Three Kingdoms period. As an outstanding politician, this military action should have been planned by Pang Tong and Fa Zheng, but in the later period, he was able to undertake major military tasks, showing the wisdom that ordinary military strategists rarely have. Zhuge Liang has more than enough politics. As an amateur strategist, the military is by no means insufficient.

How to evaluate Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu Zhuge Liang: Zhuge Liang's ability to govern the country and the army, his character of helping the world and loving the people, and his modesty and prudence set an example for various outstanding historical figures in later generations. The monarch, intellectuals and the people all praised him, praised him and loved him from different angles. It can be said that Zhuge Liang's great influence in history has surpassed his political and military practice in the history of the Three Kingdoms. Although The Romance of the Three Kingdoms highlights the positive aspects of Zhuge Liang's life, such as personality, morality and achievements, it is infinitely exaggerated, describing him as the embodiment of wisdom and the representative of loyalty, and deifying him into a superman image that is half man and half god.

The first characteristic of Zhou Yu's personality is narrow-minded, jealous of talents and short-sighted. For example, in chapter 44 of the novel, Sun Quan decided to resist Cao and ordered Zhou Yu to organize a war against the enemy. But Zhuge Liang told Zhou Yu that Sun Quan still had concerns. Zhou Yu immediately went to see Sun Quan, as Zhuge Liang said. Zhou Yu thought, "Kong Ming has long had the heart of a marquis of Wu. Its plan is one head higher than mine. It is better to kill Jiang Dongjiu. " It was only because of Lu Su's persuasion that he was not killed. Imagine that if Zhou Yu really killed Zhuge Liang, the alliance between Sun and Liu might break down, which gave Cao Cao an opportunity. It is difficult to predict who will win and who will lose in Battle of Red Cliffs. This shows that Zhou Yu's vision is really short-sighted. Since then, Zhou Yu has repeatedly designed to assassinate Zhuge Liang, such as sending Zhuge Liang to build 100 thousand arrows in ten days in an attempt to kill him by military means; Another example is to send Zhuge Liang to Jutieshan to break Cao Cao's route for providing foodstuff in an attempt to kill him by Cao Cao's hand; Zhuge Liang borrowed the east wind from the Seven Star Altar, and Zhou Yu sent Ding Feng and Xu Sheng to Nanping Mountain with 100 soldiers each, in an attempt to kill them by force and other means. Although the crisis was skillfully resolved by Zhuge Liang, it shows that Zhou Yu is narrow-minded and jealous.

Roche and others, Zhou Yu's other personality characteristics are impulsive and impulsive. For example, Zhuge Liang went to Soochow to discuss the opportunity with Cao Da, and Zhou Yu deliberately said that he would surrender to Cao, so as to coerce Zhuge Liang and ask him to help Liu Bei break Cao. However, Zhuge Liang said: "It is very reasonable for Gong Jin to give up this exercise." When Zhou Yu heard Zhuge Liang's words, he flew into a rage and scolded, "The old thief bullied me too much!" "And he said," I hope Kong Ming can help us break cao thief. "The characteristics of its hospitality and impulsiveness are revealed. Another example is that Zhou Yu wanted to kill Zhuge Liang by Cao Cao's hand and sent Zhuge to Tieju Mountain to cut off Cao Cao's route for providing foodstuff. Knowing Zhou Yu's intention, Kong Ming didn't shirk it. Instead, he took this opportunity to laugh and said, "I heard the children in Jiangnan say,' Take the road and guard the mercy, and there will be Zhou Lang in the battle near the river. "Men are equal to the ground, but the road is guarded; However, Zhou Gongjin cannot fight in the sea. Zhou Yu heard this and said angrily, "Why can't you bully me into the sea? "! I don't need him. I will lead ten thousand troops to Tieju Mountain to cut off the grain road! "For a joke, he ignored the commander's duty, which shows how serious his feelings are, impulsive and impulsive. After Battle of Red Cliffs, he was angry with Zhou Yu, which made him feel that he had given birth to and died of Yu.

What is history's evaluation of Zhuge Liang? Military achievements

1. Zhuge Liang is diligent in thinking and pays attention to innovating ordnance and fittings. Developed a ten-arrow crossbow and a wooden bull and a flowing horse suitable for mountain transportation. And improved the steel knife, enhanced the combat effectiveness of the Shu army. Good at the art of war, the deduction of the array method is "eight-array diagram", which is passed down to later generations.

2. In managing the army, Zhuge Liang attached importance to the restraint and training of the army, and advocated the rule of law and stress.

3. When fighting, Zhuge Liang used his troops to assess the situation and was cautious; Strive for a quick decision in every battle; Attach importance to logistics and send thousands of officers and men to renovate Dujiangyan all the year round to ensure the production of rations; Every retreat is very cautious, and measures such as ambush in the mountains are taken to take the initiative and ensure safety.

4. Strategically, Zhuge Liang knew the three points of the world before he was born, and Longzhong Dui was far-sighted in analyzing the form at that time; In addition, he was good at observing the general trend and always insisted on uniting Wu against Cao, which made him win in the struggle with Wei and Wu Dingli.

disadvantage?

1. Human error. First of all, let Guan Yu guard Jingzhou. Guan Yu is arrogant, upright, courageous and foolhardy. Guan Yu's loss of Jingzhou frustrated Zhuge Liang's idea of sending troops to the northern expedition in Longzhong Dui, and made Shu always fall behind in the future wars. Secondly, Ma Su was used to guard the street kiosks, while Ma Su was familiar with the art of war and was good at military planning, which won Zhuge Liang's esteem. However, Liu Bei felt that Ma Su was exaggerating. On his deathbed, he said to Zhuge Liang, "Ma Su is exaggerating and can't be used. Why not observe it? " Zhuge Liang disagreed and often talked with him about the art of war, sometimes staying up all night. The fall of the street pavilion threatened Zhuge Liang's main flank, destroyed the whole battle plan and forced him to retreat.

2. Restrictions on talents. After Zhuge Liang assisted the government, he had to ask himself everything, which seemed admirable, but inadvertently restricted the development of talents. Zhuge Liang should personally handle such a small matter as the appointment and removal of a county official; In the army, "I have reflected on 20 punishments." As a result, after Zhuge Liang's death, talents in Shu failed to meet each other, resulting in the situation that "there is no general in Shu, and Liao Hua is the pioneer".

3. mistakes in using troops. "Zhuge Liang was cautious all his life" and used his troops cautiously. This is Zhuge Liang's advantage and his disadvantage. Caution is the main way to fight, supplemented by strangeness. The combination of odd and right is promising. At that time, Wei Yan proposed that he would lead ten thousand people to attack Tongguan. Zhuge Liang thought the move was hasty and did not agree. After Wargo destroyed Shu, it was a surprise attack. Sima Yi said in a letter to his younger brother Sima Fu: "If you are ambitious, you will not see opportunities; More plans, less decisions; If you are a good soldier, you have no right. Although you lost 100,000 soldiers, you will be destroyed (The Book of Jin Xuandi Ji). Although this statement is somewhat exaggerated, it also reflects certain facts.

Later generations especially praised Zhuge Liang's strategy and ingenious calculation, and regarded it as the embodiment of wisdom. The novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms deified it, and its plot was widely circulated among the people. Its spirit of "doing one's best, dying before dying" has become the precious wealth of the Chinese nation.

In the Biography of the Three Kingdoms, Chen Shou commented that Zhuge Liang was also concerned about the country and the people, showing etiquette, appointing people on their merits, surrendering to power, being sincere and fair; Although those who are loyal to the times will get revenge, those who violate the law and neglect their duties will be punished by their relatives, those who confess their feelings will be released, and those who are eloquent will be slaughtered. Good without reward, evil without fiber without degeneration; Ordinary things are concise, based on physics, with real responsibility for fame and fortune, hypocrisy and contempt; Finally, people who are afraid and love each other in the national territory, although the criminal law is harsh and there is no complaint, are trying to persuade them clearly. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern the country, and he is a horse of Xiao. But after years of mobilization, it still failed, and the cover strain will be slightly, which is not its strength!

How to evaluate Zhuge Liang's life about Zhuge Liang

It is not easy to be a competent minister. The first is loyalty, and the second is ability. Loyalty and incompetence are mediocrity, and ability and disloyalty are treacherous. None of them are capable ministers. However, it is not enough to have loyalty and ability, and everyone must admit this. This third item is the most difficult. Because jealousy of others' ability is a common problem in officialdom; Doubting the loyalty of his men is a common fault of the emperor. Therefore, few capable ministers in history have come to a good end. Either he was demoted before his death or he was scolded after his death, so that no one gossiped before his death, that is, Zhuge Liang.

However, Zhuge Liang is so tired!

The image of Zhuge Liang has been unformed for thousands of years. In the eyes of ordinary people, his old gentleman is very handsome. No matter what happens, the result is predetermined in advance. The plan is also ready-made, even written a long time ago, packed in a bag, waiting for the executor to open it. I don't have to fight to kill the enemy myself, and I don't have to worry about it. Just wear a headscarf, shake a goose feather fan, make a pot of chrysanthemum tea, set a chessboard, and then "it's cool to talk and laugh."

In fact, Zhuge Liang is under great psychological pressure. The encounter between Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang has always been regarded as a model of benevolence, righteousness and morality. In particular, the famous "three visits to the cottage" has been envied to death by literati who want to be an official for thousands of years. In fact, there is not a day when the suspicion and prevention between them are hidden in their hearts. After all, the relationship between the monarch and the minister is not a friend, and the most trusted person is often the most suspicious person at the same time. Because the two sides have been together for so long, have been in contact so deeply, know the roots and know each other's weight. This can't be careless. Look at the statement that Baidicheng entrusted orphans. On the surface, it seems that the heart is undefended and the trust is extreme. In fact, it is suspicion and prevention. Liu Bei told Zhuge Liang that I entrusted my son to my husband. Mr. Wang thought he was ok, so he gave him a hand. If not, abolish him and replace him (if the heir can help, add: if he is incompetent, you can take it yourself). This is nonsense! Liu Chan's incompetence, which is obvious, still need to see? It is nothing more than knowing that Zhuge Liang's talent is "ten times that of Cao Pi", and his son is useless and uneasy. He deliberately tells the truth and puts him in the army. Zhuge Liang, a wise man, immediately stated: "I dare to do my best to serve loyalty and then die." He is determined to help Adou whose intelligence is equal to that of high school students and junior high school students.

Chen Shou said that Liu Bei's trusteeship, "the mind is innocent, the sincerity of the monarch and the minister is the highest, and the ancient and modern tracks are also prosperous." This statement is either flattering or brainless. As Sun Sheng said, if you are virtuous, you don't need to say such nonsense; If you entrust a non-human, it is equivalent to instigating others to rebel. "Fortunately, Liu Chan was weak, so he didn't have a chance to guess the risk. Zhuge Liang's strategy is enough to stop heresy, so the heart of similarity and difference is unfounded. " This is only half right. Liu Bei was able to entrust an orphan to others because of Zhuge Liang's trust, loyalty and prudence, and did not cause any trouble. But it is wrong to say that Liu Chan never doubted or envied. After Zhuge Liang's death, people all over Shu and Han missed him and wanted to build a temple for him, but Liu Chan refused to approve it, saying it was "unprecedented". It can be seen that Liu Chan was jealous of Zhuge Liang. In fact, as long as a person becomes an emperor, he will be jealous of ministers who are stronger than himself. The more retarded he is, the more jealous he is. Because all fools are the same, as long as they are in power and superior, they will feel good about themselves and flatter themselves. Once you find that your man is better than you, you will become angry from embarrassment and want to leave quickly. So is Liu Chan. It's just that there is no thief's heart, no thief's courage and no thief's strength. Therefore, we should do some little tricks to show a little prestige after Zhuge Liang's death, which shows that he is still a character.

In fact, even if Liu Chan was sincere to Zhuge Liang, it would be boring. This guy is so stupid. This is not only stupid, but also heartless. After becoming a prisoner, he was moved to Luoyang, Feng Anle County. One day, he was invited to dinner, during which he specially performed the songs and dances of Shu. After seeing it, the old ministers of Shu all burst into tears. Only Liu Chan ate and drank, and he was "very happy". Si Mazhao said with emotion, how can a person's callousness come to this? People are even more ruthless! Another day, I asked him: Do you miss Shu very much? Immediately replied: "I am very happy here, but I don't want to be comfortable." . Hearing this, I told Liu Chan that if I asked him again next time, I would tell him that our ancestors' graves were far away in Gansu and Sichuan, and there was not a day when I didn't want to. Then I will close my eyes again. Later, Si Mazhao asked again, and Liu Chan did as he said. Si Mazhao said, why do I sound like a sincere word! Liu Chan immediately opened his eyes and said with surprise, yes. ......

How did Chen Shou evaluate Zhuge Liang? First, Chen Shou's evaluation of him is: "Zhuge Liang is also a relative of the country, caring for the people, showing grace, being an official, obeying the power system, being sincere and fair; Although those who are loyal to the times will get revenge, those who violate the law and neglect their duties will be punished by their relatives, those who confess their feelings will be released, and those who are eloquent will be slaughtered. Good without reward, evil without fiber without degeneration; Ordinary things are concise, based on physics, with real responsibility for fame and fortune, hypocrisy and contempt; Finally, people who are afraid and love each other in the national territory, although the criminal law is harsh and there is no complaint, are trying to persuade them clearly. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern the country, and he is a horse of Xiao. But after years of mobilization, it still failed, and the cover strain will be slightly, which is not its strength! "

Second, the general idea is: Zhuge Liang served as the prime minister, appeased the people, taught them manners, established official positions, followed the system of power control, spoke widely, absorbed public opinion and upheld justice. Loyal people, people who are beneficial to the country will reward them even if they have personal grievances. Those who violate the law and discipline and are arrogant will be punished even if they have a good personal relationship and admit their crimes, or those who can be forgiven will be given a lighter punishment even if their crimes are serious, and those who cover themselves up with rhetoric will be severely punished even if their guilt is light. Small acts of kindness will also be rewarded and small mistakes will be punished. Everything is clear, everything follows his rules, seeking truth from facts, and hates false things. Zhuge Liang died in China, and the people feared and loved him. Although the criminal law is severe, no one complains because he treats affairs fairly and openly. He is really a talented person who manages the world, and can be compared with Guan Zhong and Xiao He. However, he can't do much by waging wars year after year. Therefore, it is not his strong point to improvise the talents of these generals!

Three, Chen Shou (233-297), the word Chengzuo. A native of Han 'an County, Brazil (now Nanchong, Sichuan). A famous historian of Shu and Han dynasties in the Three Kingdoms and the Western Jin Dynasty. When I was young, I longed to learn. I studied under Qiao Zhou, a scholar in the same county. When I was there, I used to be the main book of General Wei, the secretary of Dongguan, the history of Guan Ge and the assistant minister of Huangmen. At that time, eunuch Huang Hao was authoritarian, and his ministers followed suit. Chen Shou was repeatedly dismissed because he refused to give in to Huang Hao. After Shu fell to Jin, he worked as a writer, magistrate, scholar and prince. He was demoted and criticized many times in his later years. Yuan Kang died in 297 at the age of 65.

How do future generations evaluate Zhuge Liang, as the prime minister of Shu and Han Dynasties, who has made indelible contributions to the development of southwest China and the stability of national unity? Zhuge Liang's military management is long and short. Nevertheless, he can still manage Shu without closing the door or connecting the road at night, which is unique among the three countries and extremely rare in ancient and modern China and foreign countries. It can be seen that Zhuge Liang has enough capital to be called the first phase of the Three Kingdoms, and his name will last forever. Foreigners don't know that in China, only Guan Zhong, Shang Yang and Zhang can match him. Like Xiao He, Yao Chong, Xun or others, it seems that they are all a little worse than Zhuge Liang.

But as commander in chief, he still has some shortcomings, such as:

1 failed to stop Liu Bei from attacking Wu, which was the biggest mistake he made for Xiang. The strength of Shu Han was greatly reduced and never recovered to the strongest level at that time.

2. The statement that "Ma Su was misused and Wei continued to go astray" was too conservative, which wiped out the only chance of successfully attacking Wei.

3. The selected base area can't support the national unification. Since ancient times, there have been many bases in the north, such as Liu Bang's Guanzhong Plain, Liu Xiu's Hebei, Shaanxi in Sui and Tang Dynasties, Mongolia in Yuan Dynasty and Northeast China in Qing Dynasty. Only Zhu Yuanzhang unified the whole country in the form of the Southern Northern Expedition, and the northern expeditions of the southern regimes in past dynasties were almost unsuccessful, such as the northern expeditions of Zu Di, Yuefei, Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Republic of China.

Chairman Mao said that Zhuge Liang's mistake began with Longzhong's confrontation.

5. Liu Chan's incompetence is objectively related to Zhuge Liang. History shows that Zhuge Liang will take care of everything. He never knew that training Liu Chan and doting on him would make Liu Chan do anything instead of having fun. In addition, his own health has gone from bad to worse, and he was exhausted at the age of 53, which shows that he doesn't know how to allocate time and choose people reasonably.