Was there a plague in Beijing during the Ming Dynasty?

Li Zicheng fought for decades, and his troops were the most effective of all bandits. Even if you suffer losses, you won't be unable to fight back. And his generals, why did these battle-hardened generals not perform well after withdrawing from Beijing? Why is there such a completely different situation in the whole army? In contrast, Zhang was defeated in World War I, and later Li Dingguo even won the title of king. Why are Li Zicheng's men so stupid?

Before I came to Beijing, I also went to Beijing, Luoyang and Xi. These are big cities. Why is it that when I went to Beijing, I was completely corrupt? After leaving Beijing, even Xi 'an couldn't keep it, and Li Zicheng was killed or became a monk. In the end, it was not betrayal, but the army of a large group of people just couldn't fight.

What Li Zicheng brought to Beijing was not a mob, nor was it a decoration. His outstanding performance in the confrontation between Shanhaiguan and Ning Guan soldiers also shows that the theory of corruption is incorrect. At least before entering the customs, the Chongbu can still fight, so why is there only the power of World War I?

Let's take a look at Wu Sangui. This time is very important. I accepted the order on March 7, gave up Ningyuan on March 10, and arrived at Shanhaiguan on March 16. For a mixed population of 200,000 people, this speed should not be deliberately delayed. Wu Sangui can leave the people and fly to Beijing, but Li Zicheng hasn't arrived in Beijing yet, so there's no need to worry. On March 18th, Wu Sangui, who had not settled down the families of officers and soldiers and Liaodong people, sent troops to save the two capitals. However, on this day, the capital has fallen. This time, Wu Sangui is single-minded.

On March 23rd, after the news of Chongzhen's death, Wu Sangui defected to Dashun. On March 27th, Wu Sangui arrived in Yutian, about 260 miles from Beijing. He learned that Dashun army raped and plundered in Beijing, tortured civil and military dignitaries and demanded gold and silver, and the Wu family was also involved. At night, "I was scared and cried, and all six armies were lost, and I was angry and rushed to the crown." I turned around and attacked Shanhaiguan. What happened in these four days?

After the Wu Sangui rebellion, Li Zicheng personally expedition, which shows that Wu Sangui is a strong enemy in his eyes, otherwise Liu Zongmin and others will be fine. Why can't such an important person wait a few days, and must go to the Wu family to ask for gold, silver and Chen Yuanyuan? Many Ming officials surrendered. Li Zicheng always gives preferential treatment to military commanders who support troops. Why is he so strict with Wu Sangui? That torture Wu Xiang, even demanding Chen Yuanyuan is false. Even if it is true, Wu Sangui anger for beauty, his sergeant may not be willing to. At that time, all localities surrendered. Why is Wu Jun alone? Surrender if you want, and sentence if you want to rebel? Revenge for the Ming Dynasty cannot be justified, because Wu Xian surrendered and rebelled. If I know this, why should I know it?

Wu Sangui is the representative of Liaodong Military Group, not a reckless Beowulf. What he did should conform to the interests of Liaodong military group, otherwise his subordinates will not obey absolutely. The decisive battle between Beiguan and Li Zicheng is extremely risky. Even with the help of the Manchu Dynasty, it is difficult to predict the outcome with the forces of Li Zicheng galloping the Central Plains before. In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, people's hearts were unstable. Why was Wu Sangui's army so Qi Xin?

During the World War I in Shanhaiguan, Wu suffered heavy casualties, but he was able to pursue Li Zicheng and win Lien Chan's winning streak, which was quite different from the situation before Shanhaiguan. But why suddenly stopped chasing, just because Li Zicheng returned to Chen Yuanyuan? If family feud is more important than national hatred, how can anyone work for Wu Sangui? Manchu won't let him be the king of the southwest.

Finally, the Manchu dynasty, Shanhaiguan World War I only used two flags, so it can be said that compared with other northern nomadic peoples, the Manchu dynasty was the easiest to seize North China. The main force is intact, and the battle between spring and summer is just the right time. But why didn't you go to the south of the Yangtze River this year except chasing Li Zicheng in the west, and let Nanming small court be established? Both Dourgen, Fan Wencheng and Hong Chengchou should know that the most dangerous thing is not hooligans, but a bright future. Then Li Dingguo, Zheng Chenggong held high the banner of regaining sight, but fell short. The rich people who robbed in the Qing Dynasty should know that the northwest was broken and the south was rich. Why did Manchu delay this year in vain? Without Zuo Liangyu around Jun Qing, it might be difficult for Qing soldiers to cross the river, and the story of Song and Jin will be repeated.

1644 What touched the history of Beijing from March to April?

History is law and necessity in the eyes of future generations, and disorder and accident in the eyes of people at that time. Accidents of all sizes make history, at least local history is unpredictable. These accidents are often ignored by historians because they are a fait accompli. History can't be assumed, but what is accidental in history or ignored by people at that time or even modern people is often the real driving force of history.

On this planet, human beings are the masters, but besides human beings, there are animals, plants and natural environment. These non-human things can also create history, because history not only belongs to human beings, but also is the calendar of this planet. During the period of 1644, the history of Beijing was not determined by any one person or a group of people, but by the ubiquitous invisible bacteria.

1644, people didn't know what bacteria were, although they were much older than human history. In the historical records of China, a pandemic often represents the epidemic of infectious diseases caused by bacteria. In the stormy late Ming dynasty, there were many great plagues in the north. Plague began to appear in Shanxi during the Wanli period. In the sixth year of Chongzhen, an epidemic occurred in Shanxi, which was prevalent throughout Shanxi in ten years and reached its peak in sixteen or seventeen years. During the thirteen to seventeen years of Chongzhen in Henan and Jiangsu, there were also many major epidemics. Near Beijing, in the thirteenth year of Chongzhen, Shunde and Hejian were very popular. In the sixteenth year of Chongzhen, there was a great epidemic in Tongzhou, Changping and Baoding, which was introduced to Beijing. The Ming Dynasty said: "Great plague in the capital, from February to September." Like the situation in Shanxi, in the second year of the first epidemic, that is, in the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, the great plague in Beijing reached its peak in March and April.

What is this pandemic that runs through North China? "There are dead rats in the east and dead rats in the west, and people see dead rats as tigers", which is the most important infectious disease in human history: plague. At that time, people didn't know the route of transmission, because they saw it every time it was popular? . 250 years later, Kitasato Shibasaburo, a Japanese, and Yersin, a Frenchman, isolated a Bacillus from the plague patients in Hong Kong, proving that this Bacillus was the source of the plague. People began to understand the plague and found the means to prevent it. However, in 1644, people can only do nothing in the face of the plague.

The most famous plague epidemic in history was the Black Death, which wiped out nearly half of the population in Europe in the14th century. The Black Death spread from mouse to mouse through flea bites. It has a rapid onset and a high mortality rate. However, the initial location of the disease is hot and humid, just like Italy in the Mediterranean. At the same time, the sanitary conditions are very poor, and there are fleas and rats everywhere. Although the sanitary environment in North China in the Ming Dynasty was not so good, the climate was dry and there was winter, which was not suitable for the large-scale reproduction of fleas. Why is the plague prevalent? Unlike the Black Death, the plague prevalent in North China has a long incubation period, a low mortality rate, no black spots and frequent bleeding, so that some people still think it is not plague.

Lian Dewu, a famous doctor, found the answer to this question when there was a plague epidemic in Northeast China in the early 20th century, which proved that there were two kinds of plague. What caused the Black Death was bubonic plague, which was spread by fleas. Pneumonic plague is prevalent in northern China. It spreads through the respiratory tract, and the effective prevention method is to wear a mask. Mask mask, 1644 Where does anyone know what a mask is? It was not until the spring of 359 that Beijing became a mask for the whole city. This time it is SARS, a serious infectious disease spread through the respiratory tract, and its high incidence is also in spring.

This also proves that the dry climate in Beijing in spring is suitable for the survival of respiratory pathogens, so that they can survive for a while after leaving the human body. So is the flu, so is SARS, so is the plague. When Li Zicheng was in Enemy at the Gates, the Beijing plague was the critical moment of sudden outbreak. Think of the panic situation when Sass was in Beijing. If there is an enemy, how can he keep it? How many stacks are there in Beijing with three stacks and one soldier? No matter how empty the 3rd Battalion is, there will be one tenth. "Whip a person and he will lie back as usual", is this a diversion? Just kill a policeman. Li Zicheng Department has always been cruel. Do you want to die? Because of the plague epidemic, I was weak after infection.

Beijing's overcrowding is just conducive to the epidemic of plague. Plague is popular among the people and soldiers living in a bad environment, and bureaucratic families are rarely affected, so Chongzhen in the deep palace doesn't know, and neither does Li Zicheng outside the city, so this is the story of Taiping. Li Zicheng wanted a punitive siege, but before he started, people guarding the city offered their cities in succession. This is because everyone knows that it can't be kept. If there were no plague, it would be useless. How could it last for a few days with artillery and strong Yugoslav defense?

In this way, Li Zicheng entered Beijing with incredible ease. At the same time, he can't believe that the bustling capital of his dream is now like a ghost town.

Whether it is a ghost town or not, those who have been to Beijing will not quit. Li Zicheng established a country in Xi 'an, and it is easy to enter Beijing. Why not wait for the throne? So Dashun's elite soldiers and generals stayed in Beijing, either in military camps or in houses, and they were all organized into teams, giving them countless opportunities for close contact. The plague began to spread among these foreigners. It was not the world of flowers and flowers in Beijing that quickly lost its combat effectiveness in 41 days, but the cough bacteria in the city.

Now that you have won the capital, why are you in such a hurry to recover it from officials? Don't you know the importance of stabilizing people's hearts? However, there is nothing Li Zicheng can do. The palace is empty, the people are poor and sick, and only officials have money and water. In case the plague can't be carried, you have to hurry. In fact, this is not what Li Zicheng and his family did. Since ancient times, the rebels have entered the city, and all of them have burned, raped and plundered. Judging from the ugly historical records, Li Zicheng is civilized. How many times have princes and nobles been slaughtered? I've never heard of losing to the capital so soon.

Li Zicheng's crusade against Wu Sangui was controversial because of the epidemic of plague and serious attrition. But why did a couple in Li Zicheng suffer before entering the customs? Let's talk about pneumonic plague. The incubation period of this plague can be as long as more than 20 days, that is, more than 20 days after infection. This virulent infectious disease with a long incubation period is widespread because it can continue to infect others like normal people before the onset. Li Zicheng's troops brought to Shanhaiguan are all survivors who haven't got sick, and their fighting capacity is still there. Some of these people died in Shanhaiguan, and those who escaped became sick one after another, so Li Zicheng's men were all plague patients. Even after they recovered, they were very weak, and it would be good to run away. This is why Li Zicheng came down from Shanhaiguan, could not keep Beijing, and even left Beijing, and Lien Chan lost. All the way back, all the way to spread the plague, "the place where the thief passed was a plague, and it was not a plague that didn't pass." The troops left behind in various places were also infected with the plague, so they gave up Shaanxi and xi' an and finally defeated Jiugong Mountain. The invincible lion was wiped out by the plague, and when he joined hands with Nan Ming, it was already a mob.

There are many records in history that plague caused the death of an army. Marching and fighting are most afraid of plague. Li Hongzhang has a deep understanding. The biggest feeling of inspecting the western military is that the western military attaches importance to medical officers, which is also the reason why Beiyang Medical College is opened to train military doctors. Under the ancient sanitary conditions and medical standards, once the plague appeared in the barracks, the whole army would collapse without fighting. The plague took away many victories, so did Li Zicheng. Unfortunately, he lost it, which made people sad, so that later generations ignored the role of the plague.

When he left Xi 'an, there were two roads in front of Li Zicheng. One is to manage Henan and Hubei and seize Jianghuai, and the other is to attack Beijing. Finally, Gu Junen's middle road strategy was adopted. Judging from the result of seizing Beijing, this is a good plan. However, the invisible hand of the plague made Li Zicheng, who did not sit firmly on the throne, perish quickly. If we adopt a slow and steady strategy, first stabilize the occupied land and then seize Beijing, the outcome will be completely different. It is only a matter of time before the Ming Dynasty perishes. In the north, no other rebels fought against him except Manchu. Why not wait another year? This is the so-called death rush.

Insisting on the crusade against Wu Sangui is also a rotten game. Wu Sangui will not take the initiative to attack Peiping, nor will it surrender to the Qing Dynasty. Great army, can only push Wu Sangui to the Manchu dynasty. If Wu Sangui pacified Peiping immediately after its occupation, Li Zicheng would only have the chance of being forced to surrender by war. The ancients were superstitious and often attributed the great plague to providence. This great plague ruined Chongzhen's life, and also made Li Zicheng's men leave Germany, and no one worked.

Later generations analyzed the downfall of Li Chuang, and many strange theories emerged one after another, but they just ignored this opportunity. Li Zicheng took Song Xiance as his counselor and observed the stars. Unfortunately, he can't read the microscope. Li Chuang's failure can only be blamed on the weather.

From March 23 to March 27, Wu Sangui defected, not because he knew that his family was being abused, but because he knew the actual situation of the capital and the plague epidemic of Dashun Army, so he dared to turn against him in World War I. The Liaodong soldiers under his command saw the hope of dominating the plague like him, so they followed him back to Shanhaiguan without hesitation.

Wu Sangui's abacus, Li Zicheng won't fight with him in the great plague, a few months later, the plague tortured him to 7788, and Beijing was his Wu Sangui. At that time, either foster a new monarch, hold the son of heaven to make the princes, or divide the country in North China. Wu Sangui people, Liaodong people, because their home is in Beijing, are very clear about the epidemic situation in Beijing, and will expect it to be popular in autumn, so they dare to be angry.

It is said that Wu Sangui led the Qing soldiers into the customs, hoping to use them to wipe out bandits, and then coax them back with gold and silver treasures. Wu Sangui was an enemy of the Qing army since he was a child, so he was so naive there. Besides, there were Fan Wencheng and Hong Chengchou in the Qing Dynasty. How can he hide this trick? Wu Sangui will not fail to consider introducing Qing soldiers into the pass. This is a sinner and a Shi Jingtang. In history, when was it easy for such a person to go back?

Wu Sangui is sensible and won't charge this fee. His real idea is to introduce Manchu into the epidemic area and let this plague help him destroy two great enemies. After arriving in Beijing, Wu Sangui did not stay in the epidemic area, and led his army to pursue Li Zicheng. He knows that now is the best time. Although his men suffered heavy casualties, Li Zicheng had no strength to fight back and could not stay in Beijing to make his men lose their fighting capacity. I stopped chasing halfway because my men began to get sick.

In front of Shanhaiguan, "there are many bones, but you can't collect them for three years." After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, Chongzhen was buried. Why didn't local officials be ordered to collect the body and expose it in the wilderness? It's not like the weather in the new dynasty. The reason is still the plague. Who dares to accept the sick body? After the Qing army entered the customs, some of them followed Wu Sangui in pursuit of Li Zicheng, and a large number of troops were stationed in Beijing doing nothing. In those days, there was no plan to go south except Shunzhi's accession to the throne, and it gradually became a climate to watch Nanjing establish a small court. The reason is that they were infected with plague after entering Beijing. Wu Sangui's plan to become a monk almost succeeded, but the timing was just right. Did Manchu enter the customs because of the weather or because of the weather?

According to historical records, until September 1644, the plague did spread in Beijing and North China. However, when Manchu and Han were divided, Manchu and Han did not live together, and there were few opportunities for contact. In addition, when Manchu entered Beijing, the weather began to get hot, and the bacteria that left the human body were not easy to survive, so the plague did not spread on a large scale among Manchu people like Dashun Army. Even so, it became popular to a certain extent, making it impossible for the Qing Dynasty to go south.

But just like the situation in Shanxi, after two years of continuous popularity, it will not be popular in the third year. Even today, scientists can only say that some natural laws that cannot be explained in the epidemic process of serious infectious diseases are providence. Not only was it not popular in 1645, but it was only popular on a small scale in the following years. Why? In the second year of Shunzhi, it was sunny, the weather was no longer dry, and there was no large-scale plague. After all, Wu Sangui's brilliant plan can't compare with the weather.

Plague, the hand in the dark, caused the overestimation of the fighting power of the Manchu Dynasty at that time and later generations, because even Li Zicheng, which was in the central plains, was defeated by World War I, and it was generally believed that the Manchu army was very strong in the battle. In fact, judging from the record of Zheng Chenggong and Li Dingguo, the troops who were not heroes could almost sweep across the south, and the fighting capacity of the Manchu troops was not so bad, because not many people entered the customs, and they all surrendered later. The so-called children of the Eight Banners can't beat three generations and can't be wrong, but they are not so absolute.

The Manchu dynasty seized the world with hundreds of thousands of people, and the plague helped a lot. Today, people praise Dourgen, but when the northern nationalities invaded the Central Plains, their leaders were no less capable than Dourgen. Except Mongolia, none of those ethnic groups got their wish, because there was no plague.

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In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, in order to promote Liu and suppress Cao, there is a famous saying: the weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as human harmony. Since ancient times, those who occupy land and benefit are on the defensive, those who seize the world rely on the Central Plains for deer, and those who rely on geographical location are the most biased. Not to mention human harmony, people's hearts are like iron, and official laws are like a furnace. Dynasty changes, which one is not killing people like hemp, bleeding into rivers? The so-called people defected because they were tired of the war and supported the powerful side. Therefore, the most important thing is timing. The three countries belong to Jin. Didn't geographical location and humanistic harmony both lose to the weather?

Romance of the Three Kingdoms, love ear! The so-called weather, there are world trends and opportunities, but also the impact of the natural environment, including the prevalence of diseases. At the end of the Tang dynasty, the dispute between Liang and Jin began, taking the lead and surrounding Taiyuan several times. Because of the epidemic, the soldiers stopped fighting, lost more than half, and finally lost to 8 Jin Army. There are many similar examples, and this unpredictability is the internal reason for making history colorful.

Why did it never rains but it pours in Ming Dynasty? There is also a plague in the north, which can be described as a desire to destroy the Ming Dynasty. But discuss it carefully, what caused the demise of the Ming Dynasty? To take a step back, why does Beijing change from 65438 to 0644 three times a year? Let's put aside the problem of Manchu. In fact, bandits and plagues are in the same strain, both because of land annexation.

People lost their land, and there are two ways out. One is to become refugees and hungry people, and finally have no choice but to join bandits. The second is to reclaim land. A large number of farmers who lost their land went to the grassland to reclaim land through Shanxi. The grassland used to be the land of wild rats? Plague among wild rats. The frequent epidemic of plague in Shanxi since Wanli is precisely because of the gradual erosion of grassland.

Why is Li Zicheng unlucky? This should start with the spread of epidemics. Being infected is not like being poisoned. If you sprinkle rat poison into the well, the whole village will die after dinner. Infectious diseases, from animals to people, or from people to people, are all in the form of one pass or one pass, starting with spots, then a small area, and finally a wide range of overwhelming. There is a critical point from point to surface to overwhelming, that is, suitable environmental climate and sufficient sources of infection.

As far as Beijing is concerned, infectious diseases spread most easily in March and April in spring, and the situation in Shanxi during Chongzhen period also proved that the peak of this plague was these two months, which was the previous accumulation stage, and then it gradually declined because of the hot weather. It was these two months that Li Zicheng was stationed in Beijing.

Another factor in the epidemic of infectious diseases is the large number of people. The plague on the grassland has never stopped, but it has not become popular because there are not many people. Plague is prevalent in Beijing because the capital is densely populated. This year was the peak of the plague. At the peak, hundreds of thousands of foreigners suddenly flooded into Beijing, and they suddenly became descendants of Yersinia pestis. After years of plague, Beijing residents have at least some resistance. As a result, newcomers have never experienced it, and it is strange that they do not become popular quickly.

So the epidemic of plague moved from Beijing citizens and soldiers of the 3rd Battalion to Dashun Army, and Li Zicheng's army became the main epidemic area of plague. When Li Zicheng withdrew from Beijing, most of the current plague patients and infected people left Beijing. After the Qing soldiers entered Beijing, the weather began to get hot. On the one hand, there were not many plague patients and infected people in Beijing at that time, which was also a reason. People infected with plague are either cured or dead. At best, they are piecemeal and not enough to spread on a large scale.

Ming died not because of the plague, but because of the suffering of the people. It was Li Chuang who died of the plague. Thanks to the mouse and its tiny bacteria, the world became clean. History is sometimes visible to the naked eye and sometimes invisible. 1644 The history of Beijing in spring is invisible to the naked eye. It is this invisible history that has been ignored by historians.

1644 In the spring, many people in Beijing cough. In a cough, things invisible to the naked eye changed history, and Chengtou changed the flag of the king.