The background of the sense of hardship

Since ancient times, human beings have had activities such as divination, praying for rain, and offering sacrifices, which shows that the ancients have begun to realize the importance of the sense of hardship. In our country, the ancient myth Goddess of Mending Heaven contains the embryonic form of anxiety consciousness. There are many titles in Shangshu, especially Gao Kang, Dagao, Zhao Hao and Wuyi. , are discussing the sense of urgency. And "almost every article in Shangshu lurks a strong sense of hardship" [5], because of the frequent wars in Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties and the harsh environment, people can't help but feel deeply worried; There is a saying in Zhouyi that "harmony does not forget danger, survival does not forget death, and governance does not forget chaos"; "Zuo Zhuan" also said: "Thinking is prepared, and doing is prepared." During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the vassal states were harmonious but different, and their ups and downs were impermanent. National security changes from time to time, and life and death are in an instant. As a result, many politicians and thinkers have issued warnings: "Be prepared for danger in times of peace, be prepared for danger in times of peace" ("Warring States Policy? Chu Ce IV). Mencius, a famous thinker, raised his sense of hardship to the height of the foundation of political and career success, and summed it up in very refined language as "born in hardship, died in happiness" ("Mencius? Under the accusation "). Later, people constantly summed up the experience and lessons of governing the country, saying: "It is not easy to get rid of chaos and stick to the foundation. Therefore, in peacetime, to start a career, there is a beginning and an end "[3] 290. Wei Zhi, a famous politician in the Tang Dynasty, clearly pointed out: "Since ancient times, he has lost his country, prepared for danger in times of peace, and handled chaos, so he can't last long"; If the world is a little safer, we must be cautious. If we are arrogant, we will fail. [3] 16 He also metaphorically said: "Don't think about being prepared for danger in times of peace, abstain from extravagance and frugality, cut the roots for lush life, and plug the source into old age." [6] Therefore, he warned Emperor Taizong: "If you want to be high-risk, you must be modest and self-grazing. If you are afraid of satiety, you think about rivers and three drives. If you are worried about laziness, you will consider starting and respecting the end. " [6] Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty also had a strong sense of hardship, especially for the contradiction between Manchu and Han, and took a series of measures such as abolishing tyranny, converting to Confucianism and restoring the Han system. , won the support of most Han people, thus achieving the effect of easing and resolving this contradiction.