Whose daughter is Tully?

Cicero was born in Noum, Alpi, and was killed in Formia while fleeing from his political opponents. Taylor wrote (see index): "It is no exaggeration to say that Cicero introduced the public life of Rome into the most glorious years and ended with his death. He stood in the cradle of these years and followed the hearse of these years. " Cicero was born in a noble family and was educated in a school run by famous rhetoricians, jurists and Stoic philosophers. He worked as a lawyer, then entered politics, and was elected consul in 64 BC. At the end of the Roman Republic, he was executed for adhering to the * * * system.

one's early years

According to Brotac's records, he was an excellent student and learned quickly, which soon became the focus of attention in Rome. So he can learn Roman law from the Roman consul. Later, Marcus studied Roman law with Cicero, which was a great honor for both master and apprentice. Although Cicero didn't set foot in academia, he still likes poetry very much. From 89 BC to 88 BC, as a staff officer, he participated in the Italian war initiated by Strappo and Lucius. At that time, he had a perceptual knowledge of war for the first time. Cicero was obsessed with everything in Athens and even wanted to be buried in Greece. He found that philosophers in the classical period, such as Platt, had quite radical ideas.

Cicero served as a criminal magistrate in West Sicily in 75 BC. He recorded the tombstone of Archimedes that he saw in Syracuse. On this tombstone, the most famous discovery of Euclid geometry is recorded. The volume ratio of a sphere to a straight cylinder with the same radius and height is stable at 2: 3. Cicero quickly made his mark in the legal field. In 70 BC, he became famous in the legal field by suing Pope Gaius, the former consul of Sicily. As a lawyer, Cicero is successful. However, because there is no prominent family reputation, before him, no one in the Tullius family became a consul. He is neither a noble family nor a noble family, and his family background is not prominent. In fact, Cicero, who lacks family background, has become very radical politically and has made some innovations militarily.

Consular career

In 63 BC, Cicero became the first "newcomer", that is, the first person in the Tullius family to serve as a consul, and the first person to hold this position through election in more than 30 years. During this period, his only outstanding achievement was to suppress the Katilin conspiracy. Lucius Szerkisz Catiline, dissatisfied with the current situation, tried to overthrow Rome. Cicero drafted martial law, also known as "Senate Resolution". Cicero made four fierce speeches, accusing Catiline and his followers of decadence and profligacy, and decided to expel Catiline from Rome.

Catiline fled Rome, but left behind his "agents", who made waves under the pretext that political veteran Sura was recruiting in Serus. Cicero sent his arrest to the Gaul camp and successfully forced these "agents" to admit their crimes in front of the whole Senate. The timing is very clever. On the one hand, this Celtic Gaul camp is closely related to Katilin's gang. But on the other hand, it is also subject to and loyal to Rome. But some of them want to join Catiline Group. In the end, it ended in some kind of "stimulus". The messenger in the camp knew about the plot before the rebels rebelled, and tried to pass on the conspirators and their news to Cicero.

The Senate carefully considered the punishment measures for these rebels. Because the Senate itself is a legislature rather than a judiciary, it cannot punish the rebels as it pleases. Anyway, martial law had not been lifted. Arrest or exile to the Senate-the standard procedure at that time-could not eliminate the threat to the country. At first, most members of the Senate advocated the death penalty, but many people were moved by gaius julius caesar's speech. Caesar condemned this precedent and limited the debate about punishment to exile. Cato then rose to defend the death penalty, and finally all members of the Senate agreed to adopt this method. Cicero escorted these conspirators to the notorious Momontan prison, where they were hanged. Cicero accompanied the former consul and one of his allies to Momontan. After the execution, Cicero announced as usual: "They are alive." This can avoid the bad luck brought by directly announcing their death. Cicero was honored as the "father of the motherland" for smashing this conspiracy. But since then, he has been afraid of being tried or exiled. After all, he sentenced Roman citizens to death without trial. He also won the honor of citizen gratitude. Before that, it was a pure military honor.

Cicero's speech during his reign can be regarded as an early example of obvious anti-Semitism. In this speech, Cicero used several typical examples that have been circulated for more than two thousand years. These examples aroused the dissatisfaction of the Roman aristocrat Lucius Varna Sforlex, the most notable of which was that he illegally appropriated Jewish funds, which were originally set up to maintain the temple in Jerusalem. In order to protect Frederick, Cicero argued: "These public places were originally reserved for setting up open-air courts. Now let's think about the Jewish craze for money. You chose this always bustling area. Laurence, consider this particular accusation. We all know that these large Jewish groups and their tendency to form political parties for personal interests are rare support for holding public meetings. "

Exile and return

In 58 BC, the Citizens Party legislated to exile those who executed Roman citizens without legal trial, although Cicero still enjoyed the immunity granted to him by the final resolution of the Senate in 63 BC. But he still hopes to find support among the people. At this time, it is impossible for Cicero to attend the public meeting alone. He decided to devote himself to the statue of Minerva standing in Rome Square, and left Italy for one year, and wrote his plan into his speech. In a letter to his friend Atticus, Cicero mentioned that the Senate was afraid of his achievements and did not help him during his exile.

After a year in exile, Cicero returned to Rome and was warmly welcomed. This scene is similar to Demosthenes described by historian Appiah. Cicero began to support the populist Milo against Claudius at the age of 50, and Milo has been using the support of the people to build a network of urban terrorism. Cicero was 55 years old. Claudius was killed by Milo's soldiers on the ancient Biya road. Cicero argued with Claudius' relatives and friends in court to protect Milo, but ultimately failed. Although this defense failed, Cicero's defense of Milo's tendency became a famous part of his final draft. Cicero argued that Milo had no motive to kill Claudius, and the death of Claudius did not bring Milo any benefits. He pointed out that Milo did not foresee that he would meet Claudius on the ancient Biya Road. However, the prosecution pointed out that Milo released his slaves in the contest with Claudius, and this fact became the most unfavorable evidence against Milo. Cicero refused to accept this statement, claiming that Milo's slaves saw their master being attacked by Claudius and won their freedom to defend their master's dignity. Milo escaped and went into exile in Marseilles. When he came back during the civil war, he caused more trouble.

In 50 BC, when the contradiction between Pompeii and Caesar escalated, Cicero tended to support Pompeii, but he tried to avoid becoming Caesar's enemy. In 49 BC, Caesar invaded Italy and Cicero fled to Rome. Caesar advised him to come back, but in vain. In June of that year, Cicero fled Italy and went to Greece. In 48 BC, Cicero accompanied Pompeii to Camp Thessaly, where he had a heated argument with a large group of activists, including Pompeii's son. * * * and radicals are more radical. They took turns arguing with Cicero. When Caesar won a brilliant victory in Greece, Cicero and his team had to return to Rome.

On April 20, 46 BC, Cicero revealed his role under Caesar's dictatorship in a letter to Vero: "What I suggest you do, as I always tell myself. Not noticed, not even mentioned ... If our voice is no longer heard in the Senate, let us learn from the sages of the classical era, serve the country by writing books, and pay more attention to the moral and constitutional fields. " In February 45 BC, Cicero's daughter Tulia died, and he never got out of this blow again.

Against mark anthony and death.

When the news that Caesar was assassinated by "liberators" on March 15 in 44 BC reached Cicero's ears, he was greatly surprised. In a letter to Tribras, who participated in this conspiracy, Cicero expressed his hope to be "invited to dinner". In this turbulent period, Cicero became a popular leader and aroused the disgust of marc anthony, the former knight in charge. Marc anthony hoped to avenge Caesar, and the first step of concrete measures was to obtain legal support on the premise of promising not to exile the tyrant. In exchange, the Senate will cancel the Amnesty for these assassins.

Cicero and Anthony, both subordinates of Caesar, became leaders of Rome at this time. Cicero became the speaker of the Senate, and as Caesar expected, Anthony became the consul and administrator. But these two people have never been harmonious. When Cicero accused Anthony of ignoring Caesar's true wishes and misinterpreting Caesar's political opinions and wishes. The relationship between the two of them has further deteriorated. In April, Caesar's successor Octavian arrived in Rome, and Cicero made a plan for Octavian to balance Anthony. In September, Octavian criticized Anthony through a series of speeches. Cicero praised Octavian to the sky and called him "the son of God". His only wish is to get glory and glory, so that he won't make the same mistake as his uncle. At the same time, he attacked Anthony and laughed at him as a "sheep." Cicero rallied against Anthony in the Senate. According to historian Appian, Cicero became a famous mass leader during this period. He stands at the pinnacle of fame. As a popular leader, Cicero's words and deeds disintegrated a group of Anthony's supporters. But this angered Anthony and his disciples, who planned to advance to Rome and arrest Cicero. Cicero's escape plan also fell through. Appian is the only historian who tells this story.

give a lecture

The first 46 years of "defending Masero"

Anti-Anthony: the first debate in 44 years before Philippians.

In the first 44 years, there were two or four articles debating against Philip Libitch.

In the first 43 years, there were five to fourteen articles debating against Philip Libitch.

Philosophy and rhetoric

On the Invention of Rhetoric was written around 9 1 year BC in the first 86 years.

On the Speakers in the First 56 Years

In the first 5 1 year, he went to Shanghai and started writing in 54 BC.

This law was first written in 5 1 year BC.

Cato Ode in the First 46 Years

Brutus in the first 46 years.

The paradox of Sdoia in the first 46 years

The orator of the first 46 years.

The first 46 years of comfort myself

45 years ago, Hortensius: Persuasion of Philosophy.

Academic skepticism in the first 45 years (academic philosophy)

The first 45 years of On the Best and the Worst (On Moral Purpose)

The 45th year of "The Debate of Tu School"

As for divination, writing began in 45 BC.

Old Cato: On the Old Age in the First 44 Years

On the Divinity of the First 44 Years

On the Fate of the First 44 Years

On the 44 years before becoming famous

Papers of the first 44 years

44 years ago, Lalieux: On Friendship.

On the responsibility of the first 44 years