Construction of Luo Yi Luo Yi

The Zhou Dynasty was established in 1046 BC after King Wu successfully attacked the Zhou Dynasty. Two years later, King Wu died and became king (the son of King Wu). Then, the Duke of Zhou ordered a crusade against rebellion and built Luoyi. There are two different views on the construction of Luoyi by the Duke of Zhou: one is the king city, the other is the chengzhou city; Or Luoyi is a week, and a week immediately refers to the city. The author thinks that the first view is correct, because it not only conforms to the records in historical books, but also is confirmed by archaeological discoveries.

Shang Shu Luo Gao said: I am Bu Heshuo, Aquarius. I am Donghe Xihe, but I don't eat. I am a glutton, I am a glutton. It means that the Duke of Zhou divined the water bottle first, north of the Yellow River, which is unlucky; Then he crossed the Yellow River to Luoyi, divined the places east of Jianshui and west of Lishui, and got a good omen. He also divined the place east of the water and got a good sign. On this basis, the Duke of Zhou actually built two cities: one called Wangcheng and the other called Chengzhou. "History of Han Geography" also said: "Luoyang, the Duke of Zhou moved to the Yin people to become a Zhou Dynasty. ..... Wang. Therefore, Henan is a land. Zhou Wuwang moved to Jiuding, and the Duke of Zhou brought peace. The camp thought it was the capital, for the king's city and even for the king's house. " This record shows that the Duke of Zhou built Luoyi, including Wang Cheng and Zhou Cheng. This city is a "new capital", and Zhou Wuwang moved to Jiuding here; When Zhou Pingwang moved its capital to Luoyi, it established its capital here. Chengzhou is inhabited by Yin adherents; During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, in order to escape the rebellion, Zhou moved the capital here.

Zhao Gu and Luo Gu in Shangshu have a concise and general record of the construction of the city of Luoyi. According to Zhao Gao's records, on February 21st (B Wei), in the "seven years" (the last seven years, five years after Duke Zhou's regency, that is 1039 BC), King Cheng went from Haojiang to Feng (the old capital built by King Wen), and sent Taibao to Luoyi before Duke Zhou to investigate and build a capital base, which was called "Xiangzhai". On March 5th (Wushen), Zhao Gong carried out a "building house" in Jiandu Base, and started construction after getting a good omen. Then, the Duke of Zhou came to Luoyi on 12th (Mao Yi) and made a comprehensive investigation on the architectural scale of Luoyi. On the 14th (Thursday), a "suburban sacrifice" was held with two cows. In the fifteenth (Wuwu) period, a village temple was set up, with one cow, one sheep and one tapir (pig) to worship the land god. Seven days later, on the morning of Jiazi Festival (2 1 day), that is, the selected auspicious day, the Duke of Zhou issued a letter to the Yin nobles and the leaders of various vassal States to build Luoyi. Since then, the prelude to the large-scale construction of "Big Week" has been opened.

From March to December (according to the above-mentioned "Zhao Patent" and "Luo Patent"), the main project has been completed, and the overall construction still needs time. -the author) lasted for half a year. Luo patent records the celebration ceremony held after the completion of Xinyi City. Duke Zhou said to him, "Wang, whose name is Feng Xincheng, has no words (confusion). Give Qi Baigong, and (make) from Wang Yuzhou (faith). " Wang, you began to receive the vassals with the Yin ceremony (that is, the gift that was followed the previous week) and offer sacrifices to King Wen in Xindu. These ceremonies are very grand and orderly. I led the officials neatly, familiarized them with the etiquette of the old capital, and then followed the king to the new city. In December of the same year, on the day of the Reform Movement of 1898, Cheng Wang led officials to Xinyi City and held a grand winter festival to give Wen Wang Xian a red bull and a red bull. Then the king took the worshippers to the ancestral temple to kill the sacrifices offered to the former king; Then the king stepped into the imperial room, holding a gift of pouring wine into the ground, asking the gods to submit.

Duke Zhou built Luoyi for two purposes: first, because Luoyi lived in the world and entered the road of tribute from all directions (Historical Records of Zhou Benji), he wanted to build Xinyi into the political and economic center of the country; Secondly, the Zhou Dynasty accepted the lessons of the Three Governors and the Wu Geng Rebellion, and decided to move the stubborn Yin people to Luo, and stationed troops in the Eighth Division to strengthen the unified supervision, management and rule of the Yin people.

With the progress of archaeological work, in recent years, some important discoveries have been made about the general location of the city of Wang and Zhoucheng, and the discovered remains are generally consistent with historical records. During the period of 1975- 1979, a large copper casting workshop in the early Western Zhou Dynasty was discovered and excavated in Yaocun, Suibei, Luoyang City. This handicraft workshop is located on the west bank of Lishui, which is called the northeast suburb of Luoyi Wangcheng. During the period of 1964- 1972, Luoyang Cultural Relics Team excavated nearly 500 tombs of Western Zhou nobles in Yao Village, Hebei Province. This is a large tomb group, which should be one of the main remains of Luoyi King City, the capital of Western Zhou Dynasty. 1984, the Luoyang Ancient City Team of the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences discovered a city of the Western Zhou Dynasty in the north-central part of the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties. The city is about 14 km east of Weihe River, which should be Chengzhou City. In addition, more than 100 tombs of Yin adherents have been found in Tawan area east of Weihe River, which is also in line with the historical facts recorded in the literature that stubborn Yin people moved to Luoyi after Shang Dynasty. As for the Imperial Capital and Chengzhou City in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the archaeological findings are also consistent with the literature records. In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved eastward to Luoyi, where it established its capital. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, it took more than 500 years from Zhou Pingwang to Zhou Nanwang. Since 1954, Luoyang team of the Institute of Archaeology of China Academy of Sciences has drilled and excavated the site of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty Wangcheng. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the rebuilt imperial city site had Jian River in the west and Luohe River in the south. Jian River crosses the west of the city, but the overall layout is still the general picture of the imperial city set by the Duke of Zhou. The same is true of Chengzhou City in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

According to the above records, the Duke of Zhou built two cities in Luoyi. The imperial city was the place where the princes appeared before the king and the nobles lived in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Chengzhou City is a place where troops are stationed and Yin people are placed. The land of the king's city is the place east of Jian River and west of Pi River predicted by the Duke of Zhou, which is located in the old city of Luoyang and the eastern half of Xigong District. The land of Chengzhou, east of Buzhaopi River, is located in the west and northwest of Baima Temple in Luoyang today.

Second, the difference between Wang Cheng and Cheng Zhou.

The name of the city of Wang and Chengzhou began after the Duke of Zhou built Luoyi. The name of Luoyi began in the early Zhou Dynasty. Luoyi before the Zhou Dynasty was called Mang, which was a place name. When Duke Zhou built Luoyi, as a place name, there were different titles in Shangshu: Zhao Gu called Xinyi and Luoling; Luo Gu is called "Luo Shi", "Xin Yi" and "Shi"; Todos is called Xinyi Luo, Dayi Luo and Ziluo. "Duofang" is called "Luo Yi"; "Gao Kang" is called "New Dayi", and so on.

Judging from the unearthed cultural relics, there are two main records of the earlier names of Wang Cheng and Cheng Zhou: one is the inscription of He Zun, and the other is the supernatural inscription. He Zun was unearthed in 1965 in Jia Cun, Baoji, Shaanxi. His inscription is 12 lines 122 words, which records the historical facts that the King of Wu and the King Cheng ordered the Duke of Zhou to build Luoyi for a week. Moire: "I (but) moved the king of Chu to Chengzhou and returned to Wang Fengfu from heaven. In April, now, the son of Wang Chen said in the imperial clan, "the people (rule) help themselves." ..... Wang Wu sacrificed. " "To the effect that King Cheng began to build a new capital in Luoyi, and held a rich sacrifice for featuring. One day in Bing Xu in April, Cheng Wang lectured on Zong Xiaozi in Beijing. The content is that Gong Shi, the late father of Zong Xiaozi, followed King Wen, who was given a great mission to rule the world by God. After the merchants in Dayi were destroyed, King Wu offered sacrifices to heaven and said, "I will rule the people with China (Luoyi), the center of the four corners of the world, as its capital.

The problems revealed from He Zun's inscription that still need to be discussed are as follows: First, the problem of "house". The academic circles have the following views: either "house" means moving the capital; Or the house is built in the capital; Or a house is a house; In other words, the word "house" should be read separately and become "the only king, the house is in the week." The fourth point should be affirmative, because it not only makes sense from the text, but also is consistent with the literature.

The second is the emergence of the word "China". The inscription "China" refers to Luoyi in the center of the world. "Zhao Gao" said: "You come to worship God and submit yourself to the earth." "In the soil" and "China" are the same meaning. There are many examples in the literature, which show that the Zhou Dynasty has called Luoyi (Chengzhou and Wangcheng) "in the ground", "in the soil" and "in the world". In view of this, the Duke of Zhou was ordered by the King of Wu to live in Jiuding, run Luoyi and rule the world with Luoyi as the political center.

The third is that the word "Chengzhou" seems to have appeared in advance. According to He Zun's inscription, "Worship only Wu Wang" is understood by academic circles as the year of Wang Wu, that is, the Duke of Zhou was regent for five years. April, the fifth year of the King, was the beginning of the large-scale construction of Luoyi by the Duke of Zhou. At this time, judging from the documents recording the construction of Luoyi, there is no name of "Chengzhou". It can be concluded that the word "Chengzhou" in the inscription can't be wrong. Is there any mistake in the textual research and understanding of the time when Wei (independence) Wu Wang died?

Then, where are the earliest records of "Cheng Zhou" and "Wang Cheng"? So far, from the unearthed cultural relics, we can only find the answer from the supernatural inscriptions. Lingyi 1927 was unearthed in Ma Po Village, Mangshan, Luoyang. Its inscription says: In August, Cai Chen (in) Shen Jia, the tomb (in) Zhou Gongzi Ming (in) Yin Bao, did three things and four more. ..... Wei (only) returned to Wei in October, and the Ming Dynasty (early) as for Zhou. ..... Ming Shen Jia in the palace; Yiyou, used in Kanggong; Salty, used to sacrifice to the king. Gong Ming belongs to the king ... to the effect that he accepted the order of the king (Zhao) and became a "Qing Dynasty official". /kloc-On the morning of October, he visited Chengzhou for the first time. The next day, Shen Jia went to Beijing Palace to worship the late king. Once again, I went to Kanggong to worship the former king; After all the sacrifices were offered, they came to the king city to offer sacrifices. Finally settled in the city.

As far as inscriptions are concerned, there are two problems that need to be clarified and corrected: first, the era of the Yi people; The second is the naming of Cheng Zhou and Wang Cheng. The first question is crucial. Mr. Tang Lan grasped the proper term "anti-palace" and inferred that the age of Lingyi was the early years of King Zhao of Zhou according to various factors. This should be more reliable. There are generally two views on the naming of Chengzhou and Wangcheng: either Chengzhou and Wangcheng are two cities; In other words, Chengzhou is the name of Du Dong, and Wangcheng is the inner city of Chengzhou. We believe that the former basically conforms to the connotation of the inscription (the so-called "basic conformity" means that "two cities" are inaccurate, and two cities and one city [Luoyi] are appropriate).

Generally speaking, from the supernatural inscriptions, we can draw such a conclusion: that is to say, the Duke of Zhou built Luoyi, which is really two cities; This fact cannot be denied, and there is no need for a new name. Carrying the name of the city, after the supernatural, there is another Wei Gui. At that time, according to Mr. Tang Lan's textual research, it was also in the era of King Zhao of Zhou. The inscription said: "At the beginning of May, Ji asked his father (taste) (imperial) to protect his horse and became king. ..... "Mr. Tang Lan pointed out:" Since the king. This king refers to the king city, and Yi says it is the king city. Uncle Mao's father is looking at the city in Du Dong. "