Combine your understanding of European civilization and talk about your understanding of enlightenment. Need 300 words! ! thank you

Hawke Hallmo Adorno

Translated by Qu Jingdong and Cao Weidong.

In the most general sense of progressive thought, the fundamental goal of enlightenment is to make people get rid of fear and establish autonomy. However, the world of complete enlightenment is shrouded in the disaster brought by victory. The program of enlightenment is to awaken the world, dispel myths and replace illusions with knowledge. Bacon, the "father of positive philosophy", has long summarized the theme of enlightenment. Bacon despised the so-called traditional masters, who initially believed that others knew what they didn't know, and they believed that they knew what they didn't know. But in fact, blindly following credulity, full of doubts, jumping to conclusions, boasting, afraid of refutation, lack of progress, carelessness, speaking like a book, and having little knowledge-all these hinder the harmony between human mind and the essence of things. On the contrary, it combines the human mind with empty ideas and blind experiments; No matter how respectable this combination is, its consequences and ending are not difficult to imagine. Printing can be called a great invention, an unsuitable gun, and a compass that people knew earlier. What changes these three things have brought to the whole world! The first invention caused the change of knowledge, the second invention caused the change of war, and the third invention caused the change of finance, commerce and navigation! In my opinion, human beings only got these inventions by accident or chance. Therefore, there is no doubt that the superiority of human beings lies in knowledge, which keeps things that many kings can't buy with gold and silver treasures, things that can't be decided with golden rules, things that their spies and courtiers can't find out, and things that their navigators and explorers can't reach. Today, we grasp nature with our thoughts, but we have to be bound by nature: if we can obey nature in invention, we can dominate nature in practice. " ?

Although Bacon is not longer than mathematics, his views are complementary to the scientific concepts widely circulated behind him. Bacon believes that the harmony between human mind and the essence of things is respectable: human reason overcomes superstition and dominates the nature that has lost its magic. Knowledge is power, and it is unimpeded on the road of knowledge: it is neither subject to the slavery of the creator nor to the rulers of the world. Just like all the goals of bourgeois economy in factories or battlefields, the problem of birth is no longer an obstacle for entrepreneurs: businessmen can control technology more directly than kings, and technology is as democratic as the economic system involved. Technology is the essence of knowledge, and its purpose is no longer concept and prospect, nor accidental knowledge, but method, which is the exploitation of others' labor and capital. Bacon believes that "many things left behind" in knowledge itself is just a tool: radio is a beautiful printed matter, bomber is a more powerful gun, and remote control system is a more reliable compass.

What people want to learn from nature is how to use it in order to rule nature and others in an all-round way. This is its sole purpose. Enlightenment doesn't care about itself at all. It erases all traces of self-awareness. The only idea that can break the myth finally destroyed itself. Nowadays, in the face of the victory of realistic thinking, even Bacon's nominalism creed may be suspected as metaphysical prejudice, or as he once asserted scholasticism, it may be judged as nonsense. Power and knowledge are synonyms. Bacon and Luther both thought that "knowledge is not satisfaction, nor is it like a social butterfly to seek some kind of happiness regardless of the result". Knowledge is not satisfied with showing people the truth, but only "operation" and "effectively solving problems" are its "real goals": "In my opinion, the real purpose, scope and responsibility of knowledge lies not in any seemingly reasonable, pleasant, awe-inspiring and admirable remarks, or some inspiring arguments, but in practice and labor, and in special things that have never been revealed to human beings. Here, there are no secrets. Here, there is no hope of opening secrets.

To awaken the world, animism must be eradicated. Xenophanes laughed at the gods, because they were artificial and imitative of human beings, full of accidental and ugly characteristics; The latest logic school also greatly belittles the prominent characters, thinking that they are just counterfeit money, and it is best to replace them with neutral chips. The world is becoming chaotic, and it needs total liberation. There is no clear boundary between animal totem, divination dream and absolute concept. On the road to modern science, people have given up any exploration of meaning. They use formulas instead of concepts, and rules and probabilities instead of reasons and motives. Rationality is only regarded as the last philosophical idea to measure scientific criticism: perhaps it is because it is the only ancient concept that can continue to provide reference for scientific criticism and the last secularized form of creative principle. Defining the concepts of entity and quality, initiative and passivity, existence and survival that conform to the times is the focus of Bacon's philosophy, but science no longer applies to these categories. These categories were rejected as illusory theaters of old metaphysics and became symbols of historical essence and historical power at that time. Myth uses these categories to describe and fabricate life and death. These categories are used by western philosophy to define its eternal natural order, so they show the positions once occupied by Orcus, Persephone, Ariadne and nereus. Pre-Socrates' view of the universe has some transitional characteristics. Moisture, inseparable matter, air and fire, which are regarded as the starting point of nature, embody the process that reason overcomes myths and concepts. Just as it spread from the Nile to ancient Greece, the creation of farmland scenery originated from water and soil became the principle of material life and death and the yuan home here, and all myths and ghosts were rationalized into the pure form of existence essence. Plato's idea finally immersed the family of gods on Olympus in the philosophical sense of logos. However, the Enlightenment discovered some ancient power from the metaphysical heritage of Plato and Aristotle, and worshipped the truth of the universe. The Enlightenment believed that under the authority of universal ideas, there was still fear of ghosts and gods, and people tried to influence nature by dressing themselves up as ghosts and gods. From then on, matter got rid of any illusion of domination or inherent strength, as well as the illusion of potential attributes, and finally got control. For the Enlightenment, anything that does not conform to the calculation and actual rules is doubtful. Once it gets rid of any external oppression, it will grow stronger and keep moving forward. In this process, the Enlightenment always regarded its own view of human rights as an older universal concept. Therefore, every time the enlightenment encounters spiritual resistance, it only adds infinite strength. This shows that enlightenment always proves itself in myth. Any myth that appeals to resistance, through extreme facts as the opposite argument, admits the destructive rational principle of the Enlightenment that it wants to condemn. Enlightenment has the nature of authoritarianism

The Enlightenment always regards the theory of isomorphism between God and man as the basis of myth, that is, the subject reflects nature. From this point of view, supernatural things such as supernatural beings and gods are the mirror images of people's own fear of natural phenomena. Therefore, many mythical figures have a * * * identity, which is reduced to Oedipus' answer to the mystery of the Sphinx: "This is man!" It is the unchangeable prototype of the enlightenment spirit, no matter what it faces is an objective significance, an outline of order, a fear of evil forces, or a hope of salvation. Enlightenment then calls what can only be understood as the whole existence and events: the ideal of enlightenment is to establish an all-encompassing system. There is no difference in the understanding of enlightenment between rationalism and empiricism. Even though individual schools have different interpretations of this axiom, their overall scientific structure is consistent with each other. Bacon believes that no matter how many research fields there are, there is an unscientific universality. Bacon's hypothesis can't be applied to the free field, just as Leibniz's general mathematics can't be applied to the discontinuous field. Various forms are simplified as states and sequences, history is simplified as facts, and things are simplified as matter. Bacon also believes that the universal order can provide a clear logical connection between the first principle and the observation proposition. De? De Maister laughed at Bacon's "non-idolized ladder". Formal logic has become the main school of unified science. It provided a formula for the enlightenment thinkers to calculate the world. Plato equates ideas with numbers in his later works, which has a mythical flavor, but it embodies all the wishes of dispelling myths: numbers have become the principle of enlightenment. The same equation applies to bourgeois justice and commodity exchange. "If inequality and equality are established, isn't this law the basic proposition of justice and mathematics? Is there no real agreement between the arithmetic and geometric proportions of justice and mutual balance? "Civil society is governed by the principle of equality. It makes different things comparable by simplifying them into abstract quantities. For the enlightenment, what can't be attributed to numbers, or what can't be attributed to one in the end, is an illusion; Modern positivism classifies these things into the field of literary fiction. From parmenides to Russell, identity has always been a slogan, aiming at persistently destroying God and diversity.

However, the myth destroyed by enlightenment is the product of enlightenment itself. When calculating facts, science will not use past myths to explain facts. Myth tries to report, name and describe the original, so as to explain, confirm and explain the original: in the process of recording and collecting myths, this tendency is constantly strengthened. Myth has always been a sermon in narrative. Every ritual contains an idea of occurrence and the idea that it should be influenced by witchcraft. The theoretical elements in this ceremony won an independent position in the early epics of all ethnic groups. These myths created by tragic poets have revealed the discipline and strength of the "real goal" praised by Bacon. Treat everything, not local gods, just as dictators treat people. Dictators know these people, so he can manipulate them; And the scientist is familiar with everything, so he can do everything. Therefore, everything is subject to the will of scientists. The essence of things is always the basis of rule. This identity constitutes the unity of nature. The premise of witchcraft is neither the unity of nature nor the identity of subject. Shaman rituals directly appeal to the wind, rain, snakes or demons in patients, without resorting to materials and samples. Witchcraft is not driven by the same spirit: it is constantly changing like a mask in a worship ceremony, and these things are made according to different spirits. Witchcraft is a completely false thing, although it has not transformed itself into pure truth, or disguised itself as a specific basis for ruling the world, in order to deny its ruling characteristics. The wizard pretended to be a ghost. Sometimes they are manic and frightening, and sometimes they are calm and calm, in order to intimidate or appease ghosts. The wizard is just playing. He can't imagine himself as a civilized person, because only for civilized people can the general forbidden area of Elysium be divided into a unified cosmic order, a concept that includes all the possibilities of taking things by force. Wizards never regard themselves as images with invisible power; And this kind of image is the unique place for human beings to gain their own identity. At the same time, this kind of identity can not lose itself in the same process as the other, but has itself permanently, and often wears an unfathomable mask. It is the identity of the soul and its related things, and it is the natural unity at the expense of qualitative diversity. In this way, those who have no substantive distinction naturally fall into the chaotic state of simple classification, and the omnipotent self also falls into the state of simple possession, that is, becomes the identity of the oil elephant. In witchcraft, there are always some specific substitutes. The spear, hair and name of the enemy symbolize him personally, and the sacrifice of slaughtered animals is replaced by God. In the process of offering sacrifices, body double's appearance marked a step towards reasoning logic. The roe deer is sacrificed to his daughter, and the lamb is sacrificed to. These things also have special properties, but they already represent human beings. They also have the randomness of samples. The sanctity of the present (hic et nunc), that is, the uniqueness of the selected things, completely distinguishes them and makes them irreplaceable. Science presupposes the end of this situation. There is no longer a specific substitute in science: if there were no sacrificial animals, God would disappear. Substitutes become universal substitutability. An atom cannot be split by expression, but can only be a sample of matter; Rabbits can't express themselves. It's actually just a sample in the lab. It is precisely because this distinction of practical science is very arbitrary, and everything is classified into the same kind of substance, so the object of science becomes rigid; It is precisely because of this distinction that other things are unified, and the unchanging ceremony of the previous period seems to be flexible and changeable. There are still differences in the witchcraft world, but there are no traces of such differences in language form. All kinds of intimate relationships between survivors are suppressed by the simple relationship between meaningful subject and meaningless object, rational meaning and accidental meaning. On the level of witchcraft, dreams and images are not only symbols of things, but also related to things through similarities or names. This relationship has no image, only affinity. Witchcraft, like science, also pursues something, but it is achieved through imitation, rather than constantly pumping itself onto the object. Witchcraft is by no means based on the idea of omnipotence. Only primitive people, like those neurotic people, believe in the idea of omnipotence. It is impossible to think that "thought process is higher than reality" when thought and reality are not completely distinguished. Freud decided untimely that witchcraft "firmly believes that it can completely rule the world", and this belief can only be consistent with the reality of ruling the world through more mature science. To replace the "operation practice" of witch doctors with all-encompassing industrial technology, we first need the concept to be independent of the object, because this independent process is carried out on the self that conforms to reality.

As the totality of a language, the truth requirement of the patriarchal sun myth itself inhibits that ancient myth belief, that is, national religion, and becomes an enlightenment that can be compared with philosophical forms. Today, it finally paid off. Myth itself has opened the endless miles of enlightenment. In this inevitable process, every special theoretical viewpoint is criticized from time to time, and the theoretical viewpoint itself is just a belief. In the end, the concepts of spirit, truth and even enlightenment itself have become spiritualist witchcraft. This principle of inevitability of fate replaces the hero in myth, and at the same time regards itself as the logical result of Oracle revelation. Once this principle is restricted by the rigor of formal logic, it not only controls all the rationalist systems in western philosophy, but also dominates the results of the systems: these systems originated from the hierarchy of God, and the indignation against injustice is handed down as the same content in Twilight of Idol. Just as myth makes enlightenment, enlightenment goes deep into myth step by step. In order to smash the myth, Enlightenment absorbed everything in the myth, and even regarded itself as a judge and fell into the magic palace of myth. Enlightenment always wants to get out of the course of fate and retribution, so this retribution has been realized in this course. In mythology, what is happening is compensation for what has happened; In the Enlightenment, the same was true: facts became useless or never seemed to happen. The principle of equivalence between action and reaction determines the power to reproduce higher than reality. With the disappearance of witchcraft, reappearance will lock people in a strange circle more cruelly in the name of law, and the objective process of natural law it envisages gives it the characteristics of free subject. The Enlightenment overthrew the mythical imagination by relying on the principle of immanence, that is, interpreting every event as reappearance, which is actually the principle of myth itself. Because all boring games have been played, all Chen Shen's thoughts have been thought about, all future discoveries have been confirmed, and people have decided to take self-protection as a means of adaptation, so this kind of boring wisdom is nothing new in the world-this kind of boring wisdom replicates only the imaginary wisdom it rejects: that is, the fate judgment that constantly changes its established form through punishment. Different things are assimilated. This is the limit of possible experience finally determined through criticism. The price of everything's identity is that everything can't identify with itself. The Enlightenment eliminated the old inequality and injustice, that is, autocratic monarchy, but at the same time, in the universal intermediary, in the connection between all existence and other existence, this inequality always exists. The spirit of enlightenment is the Protestant ethics advocated by Kierkegaard, and it is the prototype image of mythological power in Herakles's epic. It eliminates all the unmeasurable things. It not only eliminates the qualitative similarity in thought, but also forces people to keep consistent with reality. Fortunately, the market can be exchanged regardless of people's origins, and the exchangers can naturally plan their production potential according to the output of goods bought and sold in the market. The more people show their unique personality in each situation, the more they will have sex with others. But it is precisely because the unique self has not been completely lost that even in the era of liberalism, enlightenment has always been consistent with social motives. The manipulated collective unity lies in the denial of each individual, because individuality is a mockery of the society that puts all individuals under a single collective. Hitler's youth, a group of mobs who swaggered in the street, did not return to barbarism, but the victory of compulsory equality, and they developed just equality into equal injustice. The false myth of fascism is presented as an ancient real myth because what people see in the real myth is revenge, but the false myth blindly reflects this revenge in the sacrificial activities. Every attempt to completely smash the slavery of nature is just to break nature and fall deeper into the bondage of nature. This is the road to development of European civilization. Abstract, the tool of enlightenment, regards its object as fate, and regards it as an idea that must be rejected and thoroughly liquidated. The same abstract rule makes every natural thing reproducible, and all this is used in the process of industrial rule. Under these two kinds of domination, it is free people who eventually become "mobs", which Hegel calls the result of enlightenment. ?

The distance between subject and object is an abstract premise, which is based on the distance between the possessor and what he obtains through possession. The hymns in Homer's epic and Rigveda can be traced back to the original ruling era. The militant superior race always put itself in a safe place and controlled the conquered indigenous people. The gods were formed in this kind of civil society. As the leader of the armed aristocracy, the king controlled the conquered and the land, and doctors, fortune tellers, craftsmen and businessmen also formed social ties. With the end of nomadic life, a system based on certain ownership has been formed. Rule and labor are separated. Odysseus-style master, "far in charge of a group of carefully divided people, such as cattle herders, shepherds, pig farmers and servants." It's dusk now, and only when he sees thousands of lamps all over the country from his castle can he have a safe dream: he knows that those tall servants and guards are always ready to guard against the invasion of wild animals, and they are also ready to drive away robbers who have fled underground. "The general idea developed from reasoning logic and its leading role in the concept city are all promoted on the basis of leading the real world. Through the unification of ideas, the witchcraft tradition and old and loose ideas are abandoned, and a life hierarchy established by free people through order is displayed. In the process of conquering the world, ego learned to obey the current order and accept subordinate status, but he soon equated truth with management thought. If there is no inherent formal distinction in this thought, universal truth cannot exist. This kind of thinking, like imitating witchcraft, turns all knowledge consistent with the object into taboo. Sometimes, its hostility even extends to those prehistoric times that have disappeared and their illusory happiness pictures. The ghosts and gods of the aborigines were exiled to hell, and the world eventually became hell in the sun religion and sunshine religion of Indra and Zeus.

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