Introduce an unusual country.

Jinuo is an ancient nation. Jinuo is a self-proclaimed nation. In the past, Chinese transliteration was "Youle", which means "follow my uncle". By extension, it is a nation that respects my uncle. 1979 was recognized as the 56th ethnic group in China. Jinuo people call themselves Jinuo people, which means "descendants of my uncle" or "people who respect my uncle". It is mainly distributed in Jinuo Township, Jinghong County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, and the rest are scattered in the surrounding mountainous areas of Jinuo Township. Mainly engaged in agriculture, good at growing tea. Use Jino language, belonging to Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family.

Jinuo is an ancient nation. "Jinuo" is a national saying. In the past, Chinese transliteration was "Youle", which means "follow my uncle". By extension, it means "a nation that respects my uncle". 16/979 The menstrual period was recognized by the state and became the 56th ethnic group in China.

The Jinuo township used to be called Jinuo Mountain, and the Qing Dynasty literature wrote amusement mountain, all of which were named after Jinuo, indicating that Jinuo was an ancient local resident. China's record of Jinuo people began in18th century. Because Jinuo Mountain is rich in Pu 'er tea, and Han merchants entered in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the popularization of tea-growing and tea-making technology has had an impact on the social development of Jinuo people. In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), the Qing Dynasty set up a brick city in Stone Road (now Situzhai) in Jinuo Mountain, with 500 troops stationed. It wanted to build an important town in southern Yunnan here, but it was abolished six years later because of serious miasma. Since then, only the leaders of the Jino nationality have been appointed here as a happy place.

Jinuo women

Jinuo women

Later, Dai Tusi ruled Mount Keno. During the Republic of China, the local government of the Kuomintang appointed Jiabao as the chief of Mount Keno, and merged with the chief of Mount Keno appointed by Dai Tusi, whose main duty was to pay tribute to the local government of the Kuomintang. 194 1 June to1April, 943, Jinuo people, under the leadership of Cao Yao, United the Hani, Yao and Han people and fought bravely against the troops of the Kuomintang local government.

prescribe a diet

Jinuo people like to eat wild vegetables and hot and sour food, mostly boiled, steamed and boiled, and like to use bamboo tubes and banana leaves as pot rice.

language

Jinuo people have their own language, belonging to the Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman language family. Because there are no words, we used to record things by carving bamboo and wood. Jinuo people believe in animism and worship their ancestors and Zhu Gekongming.

Dietary customs

Jinuo people live in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture in southern China and its vicinity. Jinuo people are mainly engaged in agriculture, and have a long history of growing tea, which is famous for Pu 'er tea.

Jinuo people are used to three meals eclipsed, taking rice as their daily staple food, mixed with corn, melon beans and so on. Jinuo people are very particular about eating rice. They should eat good rice, new rice and old rice, which are mostly used to feed livestock or make soju. Corn focuses on eating green. Generally, glutinous rice is kneaded into a ball by hand for breakfast, and rice wrapped in banana leaves is taken to the ground for lunch, and salt and pepper are added at any time. In addition to rice, there are some dishes for dinner, and domestic livestock and poultry can only be slaughtered at weddings and funerals.

The dishes that Jinuo people often eat are vegetables, bamboo shoots, wild vegetables, poultry and game grown in the garden. There is a saying among Jinuo people, which is called "Daidi, Jinuopan". In other words, Han people like to fry, Dai people like to dip in seasoning, and Jinuo people's dishes are mainly mortar pots. Each family has at least two wooden mortars, one for salt, one for pepper and one for leek. Common condiments are citronella, Schizonepeta tenuifolia, Jiang Ye, star anise, mint, ginger, Toona sinensis and so on.

Usually, the source of meat depends on hunting. May-September is the rainy season in Mount Keno every year. Almost all the vegetables here are collected from the mountains, and yam, water celery, bamboo shoots, houttuynia cordata and various fungi are often eaten. Bamboo shoots are the most common. Rich wild game and wild vegetables, together with local unique wild pepper, hemp root, citronella and acid wood flour, enable Jinuo people to cook many ethnic dishes with tropical Shan Ye flavor in different seasons.

There are many ways to eat meat, either dry or raw. When cooking beef and dog meat, put a few yellow fruit leaves to remove the fishy smell, cut raw meat into small pieces, add seasonings such as pepper, salt and star anise, put them in a bamboo tube, roast them on the fire, or chop them into minced meat, put them into seasonings, wrap them with banana leaves, and cook them in a fire pit. This is the most delicious cold food.

Jinuo people cook and eat around the fire pond on the second floor of the bamboo building, which has certain etiquette and attention. When Jinuo people eat, they should first offer some food to their ancestors and kitchen gods on the east side of the fire pit. When eating, the whole family will sit around the table in order, with parents facing the fire pit and guests sitting by the fire pit. Give less food to guests and more diligence to them. Generally speaking, people are not interested in picking up food for guests, because they think it seems impolite to stop eating after eating. They think that people have souls, ghosts and ghosts, and Xiaomi also has a soul. So when you eat, you can't put the rice in the retort. Even if your stomach is not full, you should leave some. Otherwise, it will be empty, and the valley will not return, and people will have no food to eat.

Jinuo people generally like to drink, and there is a saying among the people that wine is indispensable for a day. Most of the wine we drink is brewed from rice or corn. In the brewing process, some plants such as lock plum leaves are usually added. This wine is light green and has a natural plant fragrance. It is said to have the effect of strengthening the spleen and strengthening the body.

Jinuo Mountain is a famous tea-producing area, and the famous general bait tea is a local specialty. People like to drink old leaf tea. When drinking tea, they usually boil the old leaves in a teapot until the soup is thick.

Some Jino women in Maoe, Chema and other villages have the habit of eating a unique local soil, and some elderly women are addicted to eating soil, and they will feel uncomfortable if they don't eat it for a day. Studies show that this kind of clay contains a small amount of elements such as copper, iron, calcium, zinc and so on, which are essential to human body.

eating habits

On holidays and festive occasions, you should also eat "chopped raw meat". The minced meat is mixed with seasonings such as salt, pepper, Jiang Mo, mint and leek, and kneaded by hand until the meat is white and cooked.

Keno diet

Keno diet

Jinuo people are used to hanging the hunted squirrel meat on the edge of the fire pond in the bamboo building and smoking it with fireworks to make it dry all the year round. When eating, cut into pieces and cook soup, which is fresh but not greasy.

The favorite dish of Jinuo people is sour fish. The practice is to wash the fresh fish, mix with pepper, salt and hot rice, put them in a bamboo tube, tie them tightly with banana Ye Meng at the mouth of the tube, and eat them when cooked. This dish is particularly sour and delicious. This is a delicious rice.

Ant eggs are also a kind of nutritious food that Jinuo people like. In March, April and May of the lunar calendar, the ant bag is cut open, and a larger ant bag is used to get seven or eight kilograms of eggs. Ant eggs are generally as big as chopstick heads, and like bees, they are rich in nutrition. It can be boiled, fried, steamed and boiled in a fire pond, and salt, pepper and fine water can also be added.

build

The houses of Jinuo people are generally bamboo houses with thatched roofs, and most of them are small families living in a bamboo house, including all members of a paternal family. Houses vary in size due to different economic conditions: bachelors, widows or poor people are mostly bungalows or small columns, and the houses are narrow and small; Wealthy families build more large column buildings, and the houses are tall, spacious and comfortable. People live in bamboo houses, raise livestock and pile up sundries downstairs. Houses are generally built in relatively flat, leeward and near water sources, which is convenient for raising pigs, chickens, livestock and cleaning. After the initial selection of the building address, when the sun goes down, insert the "big willow" (bamboo artifact). Parents who build houses at night dream that they can build houses here; If you have nightmares, you don't think you can build a house here. If the scene in the dream is not clear, insert "Dario" the next day. This ceremony can be held three times. The day before going up the mountain to cut wood, a pig and a chicken will be killed, and fur (wizard) will be asked to pray. Then cut down a tree with leaves on the top, bring it back as a rafter, and tie a bundle of bamboo poles and a thatch to make the back wall of the old house. Invite father, mother and wizard to dinner. The next day, the elderly in the village community were invited to go up the mountain to choose trees. After killing dogs to sacrifice to tree gods and forest gods, cut down two pillars to tie cattle when killing yellow cattle and wild buffaloes. When the beams and columns are cut enough, let them bask in the sun on the mountain, and then ask friends and relatives to help mow the grass and tie the grass rows. After the beams and columns on the mountain were drilled, everyone helped to carry them back to the stockade and dig the foundation, and the construction officially began. Kill the dog when erecting the pile, put the skull of the bamboo rat and the dog's toes in the pile pit, and paint the dog's blood on the pile to drive away evil spirits. The column must be built before the sun goes down to avoid people being buried in the column hole. Some areca nuts, 3 taro slices and 3 ginger slices, 3 Darius slices and 3 copper slices should be buried in the column hole. Liege will hold a grand ceremony to sacrifice pigs, chickens and dogs to the gods. The southeast column will be painted with blood and pasted with dog hair and chicken feathers. Ask the wizard to recite the scriptures, and ask God to bless the homeowner. After the completion of the new house, a ceremony will be held to go to the new house.

Marriage and family

Jinuo youth can fall in love freely, but young men and women must hold an "adult ceremony" to qualify for love. Male youth 16 years old, female youth 14 years old. After the coming-of-age ceremony, we should also accept the blessing of our parents, and at the same time, we should also accept the full set of farm tools and adult clothes presented by our parents-a coat embroidered with the moon emblem and a tube handkerchief embroidered with the moon emblem and geometric patterns. The love of Jinuo people can be divided into three stages: the first stage, which is called "Ba Piao" in Jino language, that is, the secret dating stage. At this stage, gifts are given to each other, such as betel nuts and flowers given by women, tobacco smoke given by men, and carefully carved knives and handles. In the second stage, the Jino language is called "eight treasures", that is, the stage when love changes from secret to public. At this stage, more gifts are given to each other, and at this time, the most honorable gift for a man is the gift meat given by his mother to her. When a man kills chickens, pigs, cows or wild animals at home, the man's mother should choose a good piece of meat and wrap it in a square with fresh banana leaves so that his son can give it to his lover. The most important feature of this period is to participate in "Nigaozuo" (a public place for men and women to socialize) at night, during which men weave bamboo sticks, girls embroider and spin, or sing to each other. The woman can pass the iron sheet stained with pear wood smoke fat to the man, and the man carefully colors his teeth with his fingers. In the third stage, the Jino language is called "Barry", which means cohabitation. When the man thinks that the love between the two sides has reached the level of cohabitation, he can tell the woman directly and secretly, and he can live together with her consent. Even after cohabitation, the man will go to the woman's house again. If the door of the woman's house is not half open, he is not allowed to break in at will. When living together, the man should leave the woman's house before dawn. After living together for a period of time, when the two sides feel that they should form a family, the man carries water and sweeps the floor for the woman's house in the morning just to show her parents and announce to the world that he wants to marry this girl. Soon, the man's parents and witnesses came to visit relatives and friends. On the wedding day, the bride must hide before the wedding procession arrives. It will be found by my mother's uncle and brother and handed over to the wedding team. On the way to the groom's house, a ceremony of throwing sewage will be held, that is, young men will throw sewage on the bride. These people were originally lovers of the bride and lived together, including their partners in the blood clan (many villages of Jinuo allow love and cohabitation within the blood clan, but formal marriage is forbidden). Because she is going to live in her husband's house and separated from her friends, throwing sewage is her revenge.

When the bride came to the groom's house, the groom's mother gave the bride an egg and tied three red lines on her hand. The groom's father wants to give her a chicken claw and tie a red line on her hand. It means not only tying the girl's heart, but also tying her soul. The village elders "Zhuosheng" and "Zhuoba" also came to congratulate. People drink, sing, dance keno, beat the sun drum and have fun to celebrate the couple's marriage. [1] On the wedding night, the bride can't go out. The next morning, the bride went home with water on her back and boiled the water for washing her face, so that her in-laws could wash their faces and formally called them "grandparents". Men can still "hang around" girls after marriage, while women generally don't participate in social activities after marriage. Divorce is rare.

Fertility custom

Jinuo people, like many other ethnic groups, also have many taboos and rules in fertility. The first is taboo for women: women can't put an axe in the middle of firewood after pregnancy, can't eat plantain flowers without heads, and can't pick white ginseng.

Jino (JN)

Jino (JN)

Yellow fungus and chicken brown, when carrying firewood, you can't carry bamboo firewood and tree firewood together, otherwise it will be difficult to produce. Fruits can't be eaten in pairs, otherwise twins will be born; The meat on the animal's head and the meat on the pig's head called Gu Soul can't be eaten, which will be harmful to fertility and the growth of children. You can't watch the eclipse, or the child will squint. Secondly, the husband's taboo, the husband can not cut the yellow palm tree when hunting, otherwise the child's hair will not grow well; You can't hit a monkey, otherwise the child is not beautiful; You can't cut the rock bee, you will be stung if you cut yourself. When the old man in the stockade dies, he can't take part in lifting things, hunting snakes, climbing trees to pick fruits and stretching drums. He thinks that if you violate any of them, your wife will have a difficult birth. When hunting, birds should be the best and most beautiful. His wife eats them and the children are beautiful. Thirdly, the husband and wife are forbidden, and the husband can't meet his wife on the way back from hunting, otherwise he will get sick; Husband and wife can't quarrel, or the child will be ugly.

After the wife was pregnant for 2 months, the husband began to prepare food for confinement, such as pheasant, silver pheasant, bamboo rat, frog and so on. , dry and save.

On the night of childbirth, we should kill chickens to worship ancestors and bless adults and children. The wife gave birth to her first child, and the husband slept by the fireplace to take care of her. After delivery 13 days, the husband kills chickens, gives birth to boys to kill cocks, and gives birth to girls to kill hens. This chicken is used to hunt gods. After living in the fireplace for 13 days, the mother moved back to her original room. Parents can only sing to their children during the day, not after sunset. Children's diapers can only be dried during the day, and they can't stay out for the night.

The parturient gave birth in her own room. If it is a boy, prepare 9 pieces of ginger and 7 pieces of girls, put them on with white thread and hang them around the child's neck, thinking that they can scare away ghosts. After a child is born, it should be named immediately, otherwise the child may be taken away by ghosts and gods. Implement the system of father and son, father and daughter. Special circumstances, such as the umbilical cord around the neck when the child is born, are named "sand"; If the child is ill, please invite a wizard (Bai La Soul) to see him, and then name him with the wizard's appellation, such as "Bai La Waist" and "Baila Niu".

After giving birth, the lying-in woman sleeps in a makeshift bed by the fireplace. The tableware of parturient is open separately, so don't mix it with everyone's. Two tung tips with leaves were inserted at the door of the family who gave birth to the child to show that people outside the village were not allowed to enter. Stick some bamboo leaves and tung leaves on the door of the stairs to prevent ghosts from entering the house.

Funeral custom

Jinuo people are buried in single wooden coffins. If someone dies in the stockade, the men in the village will cut down a big tree, take a piece, cut it in half, hollow it out in the middle, and cover it in half after burying it. There are three white lines around the coffin (some are woven by girlfriends who once fell in love with the deceased and could not get married). After a person dies, his relatives dress him, putting an egg in one hand and two silver coins in his eyes in the other.

Jino (JN)

Jino (JN)

The funerary objects include clothes, handkerchiefs, production tools, etc. If you are an old man, you should also put a fan and a towel to keep him cool and sweat on the road. Then cover it with white cloth and park it in the guest room in the direction of the fire pond. There are two pieces of white machete cloth hanging on the beam above the body, hanging down to the bottom of the body. This was knitted by the bride for the groom one day and one night when the deceased got married. Each son of the deceased hangs a new handkerchief beside the white cloth. Every few hours, check the handkerchief, which contains something like chaff, indicating a bumper harvest; If you have one or two hairs, it means that you will hit a big beast. If there are scraps, it means the work is easy to do. If there is nothing, it is a bad sign.

When buried, five people will perform "painted face" and "bamboo dance". Painting faces means that ghosts eat corpses, and bamboo dancing means using bamboo poles to drive away ghosts. Shoot rice at the funeral to drive away ghosts and gods. In front of the funeral procession, people held long banners and white cloth of various colors. It is said that when people die, they go to Sujizuomi (where ghosts live), and there are 9 forks and 3 passes on the road. Colorful flags are gifts for all customs, and people's flags are "Jiezhuo" officials (Jiezhuo is the earliest place where Jinuo people settled after moving to Jinuo Mountain). At the funeral, six bamboo tubes containing meat and vegetables and one bamboo tube containing bitter soup were prepared. Bitter soup was put on the edge of the village and dedicated to the ghosts and gods in the stockade, and the remaining six were taken to the cemetery and dedicated to the officials of each customs. On the day of the funeral, friends and relatives should be invited to dinner, and a bowl of vegetable rice and a catty of wine should be sent. Some old people also send eggs, and they want to wrap a white line around the wrist of the deceased's family for three times, which means to bind the soul and not follow the deceased.

The cemetery belongs to the commune. The grave was dug only over a meter deep. After digging the pit, you should sweep it with leaves several times, otherwise, the digger will get sick. When entering the funeral, a dog was immediately killed and buried in the coffin. It is said that dogs can lead the way to ghosts in the underworld, and built a house on the grave with straw rafts and baskets, called a grave shed. Around the tomb shed are pointed bamboo stakes painted with dog blood. It is said that this is to make a savage who will eat the body mistakenly think that the body has been eaten. Relatives and friends attending the funeral returned to the home of the deceased, mopping up the footprints to prevent ghosts from following them home. Before arriving at the house, the crowd divided into two sides, walked around the house for a week, and entered the house to wash their hands and feet with water. Relatives go to the grave twice every morning and evening to offer meals, with 13 days as a round. From a few months to 1 ~ 2 years.

Cemetery custom

Funeral custom of Jinuo nationality. There are public cemeteries in Jinuo villages, and the cemetery areas are divided according to clan names. The public * * * base is very small and shall not be expanded at will. It is said that expanding the area of ghosts is not good for the living. Therefore, when a new dead person can't be buried, it is necessary to dig out the previously buried coffin bones and throw them away, and bury a new coffin in the original cave. After death, outsiders cannot be buried in the original clan cemetery, but only on the edge of the village cemetery. Minors and the deceased are not allowed to enter the public cemetery, and husband and wife are not buried together. In the old society, families of all ethnic groups had their own "public cemeteries", some of which were not bound by special customs. [2]

5 history

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China's documents about Jinuo nationality were recorded in Qing Dynasty. According to the test, Yinnuo Mountain is rich in Pu 'er tea, and Han merchants entered in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. The popularization of tea-growing technology has had a positive impact on the social development of Jinuo people. In the seventh year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1729), the Qing Dynasty set up a brick city in the original village of Jinuo Mountain, and "500 soldiers" were stationed. However, it was abolished six years later because of the serious miasma, and the Jino leader was appointed as Youletumu to manage the Jino mountain area. Before the Qing Dynasty, Dai Tusi once ruled Jinuo Mountain. It is said that the Dai call leader once recognized that the Jino elder in Situzhai was michel platini, married a Jino beauty, gave birth to a son, and later became the call leader. Dai Tusi appointed the leaders of Ba, Tai and primary grass roots in Keno village, and also appointed two golden umbrellas and buses in the front and back parts of the mountain, each with a golden umbrella, a pair of gongs and a chain. Every year, under the cover of a golden umbrella, surrounded by followers armed with chains, broadswords and gongs, these two loudspeakers patrol Jinuo villages to publicize the ruling authority of the Dai people. During the Republic of China, the local government appointed Jiabao as the chief of Mount Keno, and merged with the chief of Mount Keno appointed by Dai Tusi, whose main duty was to pay tribute to the local government. From June 194 1 1 to April 1943, the Jinuo ethnic group headed by Cao Yao joined forces with the Yao, Hani, Bulang and Han ethnic groups to resist, and finally forced the local government of Yunnan Province to dismiss the county magistrate who was stationed in the car and investigate, and did not collect taxes in Jinuo Mountain for three years.

Before 1949, Jinuo society was still in the transitional stage from the end of primitive society to the class stage. It is only about 300 years since the patriarchal clan system replaced the matriarchal clan system, and there are still quite a few customs in daily life from 265438 to the beginning of the 20th century. For example, in the grand ceremony of "going to the new house", the oldest woman in the clan was the first to go upstairs with a torch to light the fireplace; There is an old saying that "mother is father" in idioms and ancient sacrificial words; Only mothers have the right to kill chickens for sick children. Although the village head is old and male, people still use the title of "Zuomiyuka" in the matriarchal clan commune era, that is, the grandmother in the village.

6 social economy

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Before the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC).

Before the founding of New China, Jinuo society was still in the transitional stage from the end of primitive society to class society, which was still guaranteed.

Jino (JN)

Jino (JN)

There are many ancient customs. If the remains of consanguineous marriage still exist, some villages do not prohibit intra-clan marriage; Some villages prohibit intermarriage, but not love and cohabitation. There are also quite a few customs of matriarchal clan communes. Usually only mothers have the right to kill chickens for sick children. At the ceremony of entering the new house, the oldest woman in the clan was the first person to go upstairs with a torch to light the fireplace; Although the village head is male, they still use the title of "Zomiyuka" in the matriarchal clan commune era, that is, the grandmother in the village.

Jinuo Rural Commune is a geographical village where members of different clans live together (except Baduo Village), and each village community is an independent village. Each village community has its own land boundary, which is marked by traditional boundary markers. The land within the boundary belongs to the village community, and no one may occupy it. The basic form of land ownership is village ownership, and its internal possession forms are divided into village ownership, clan or patriarchal commune ownership and individual family ownership, but public ownership is the main form. In agricultural production, mutual aid for work prevails, and the distribution principle of primitive egalitarianism prevails in hunting. The relationship between primitive tenancy, employees and loans occurred, but there was no freeloader. A village community generally has two elders. The first elder is Zhuoba, and the second is Zhuosheng. They are the oldest elders in a specific ancient clan, and their duties involve all aspects of the production and life of the village community.

Patriarchal commune has replaced matriarchal commune for about 300 years. In the 1940s, there were more than 100 people living in Dazhulou in individual villages. Although this patriarchal clan commune lives in one place, the small family living in the housing division is an individual economy, producing and consuming independently, showing a transitional state at the end of the patriarchal clan commune. These ancient ruins of primitive society can be described as one of the characteristics of Keno Village.

Jinuo people mainly use slash-and-burn agriculture, and their farm tools are basically made of iron, including machetes, sickles and small hoes. The main crops are upland rice and corn. Cotton has a long history and is rich in subtropical fruits such as bananas and papaya. Jinuo Mountain is one of the six major tea mountains for producing Pu 'er tea. Large livestock include cattle, buffaloes, etc., but they are not used for farming land, but for sacrifice and meat, and also for raising livestock and poultry. Tea planting and tea making have developed to a certain extent. Collecting and hunting is still an important family sideline of Jino people. Handicraft industry has not yet been separated from agriculture, and it is mainly carried out during the slack season, dealing in ironing, bamboo weaving, textile, wine making, carpentry and so on.

After the founding of

After the founding of New China, the Party and the people's government sent a task force to Jinuo Mountain to publicize the Party's ethnic policy.

"Jinuo Style" Chen Yuxian

"Jinuo Style" Chen Yuxian

Help Jinuo people to develop production, and under the leadership of the Party, through the development of production and culture, make Jinuo society directly transition from rural commune in primitive society to socialism. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Jinuo Mountain adapted to local conditions and implemented the policy of diversification, focusing on forestry, with continuous development of production and continuous improvement of life. At the beginning of the 20th century, 265438 changed the backward cultivation mode of slash-and-burn and built a reservoir. With the construction of hydropower station, Keno village has electric lights. Tractors were used, and machines were also used to process agricultural products. The income of cash crops such as Amomum villosum, tea and lac has gradually increased in the total output value. Culture, education and health have also made great progress. Most school-age children can go to school, and some young people study in colleges and universities. The township has established a health clinic to ensure people's health.

7 religious belief

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Jinuo people used to worship their ancestors and believe in animism. There are two kinds of wizards, one is Brabao and the other is Magic Skin. In case of disaster, please ask the wizard to slaughter cows, pigs, chickens and dogs to sacrifice to ghosts and gods. Wizards know relatively simple divination and are also herbalists.

Jino (JN)

Jino (JN)

When "Zhuoba" and "Zhuosheng" (village head) preside over major sacrificial activities, they often hold cattle hunting ceremonies. There are many festivals of Jinuo people, such as "Sacrificing the Dragon", "Torch Festival" and "New Rice Festival". The time of Chinese New Year is not fixed, and it is generally decided by Zhuoba and Zhuosheng. When Zhuoba plays the drums, it means the arrival of a new era. Men, women and children in the village flock to Zhuoba and Zhuosheng to sing and dance to celebrate the arrival of the New Year.

Jinuo population10.8 million people, mainly living in Jinuo mountain area of Jinghong city, and the rest are scattered in parts of Jinghong and Menghai.

Jinuo people respect their elders. Every village has a "Zhuoba" (the father of the village) and a "Zhuosheng" (the mother of the village) to manage the affairs of the village.

Jinuo people worship the sun, and the vest of Jinuo people is embroidered with the pattern of the sun, which can distinguish the main decoration of the village, jujube backpack, and also embroidered with the pattern of the sun. Sun drum is an important musical instrument of Jinuo nationality, and it is the most representative dance of Jinuo nationality. The front of the sun drum looks like the sun, and there are 17 wooden pipes inserted in the drum body, symbolizing the light of the sun. It is said that Jinuo people knock it on New Year's Eve, which can bring good luck. People's piety and worship of the sun is reflected in all aspects of life.

8 festivals

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Jinuo people strike while the iron is hot.

Jinuo people strike while the iron is hot.

The most solemn festival of Jinuo nationality is the Spring Festival, which is around the Spring Festival.

Tie iron knot

Known as "Temaoche" in Jinuo language, it is the most grand festival of Jinuo people. It is usually held in December of the lunar calendar every year for three days. On the first morning of the festival, there will be a cattle race ceremony. In the afternoon, the elders in the stockade ring the cowhide drums, and people can't help but dance rough around the drums with the drums. This is the "sun drum" dance of Jinuo people to celebrate the harvest. The sun drum is the most sacred sacrificial vessel and musical instrument of Jinuo nationality. Generally, every village has two sides, a male drum and a female drum. They regard the sun drum as the embodiment of the gods and the symbol of the village. Sacrificing the sun drum is to pray that it can bless the prosperity of the whole village and the harvest of grain.

Xinmi Festival

Also known as "new rice". Every year in July and August of the lunar calendar, when the grain is about to mature, Jinuo people will collect some new millet, vegetables and melon beans from the ground, kill some chickens, invite relatives and friends to taste new rice, old wine, fresh meat and vegetables at home, and hold some ceremonies at the same time. People eat and sing, and happy songs often stay up all night.

Kurt's Day

The traditional festival of Jinuo nationality is from February 6 to 8. Besides killing pigs and sheep, people also hold colorful folk sports activities, play the sun drum and sing and dance all night.

Torch Festival

The traditional Spring Festival of Jinuo people. It is held in June of the lunar calendar every year. Before the festival, Zhuoba (the village father) and Zhuosheng (the village mother) sent some people up the mountain to cut pine and cypress, and set up high torches in the village square. On this day, the whole village stopped collecting taxes, men, women and children were dressed in festive costumes, housewives were busy preparing festive meals, and relatives and friends visited each other. At night, the torch is lit outside the Great Wall, and people gather around it. After Zhuoba prayed to the torch, people danced and the old people drank happily. Young men and women, beating gongs and drums, beating elephant's foot drums and playing three strings, encourage themselves until all night.

Pass the ceremony

The traditional friendship festival of Jinuo people. Jinuo people think that young men and women are not mature mentally and physically until they are fifteen or sixteen years old, and they cannot bear and enjoy the obligations and rights of commune members. They are not allowed to go out at night or fall in love. Working in the fields can only be considered as half labor. Only when they were 15 or 16 years old and held a rite of passage can they become full members of the village and fall in love. In this village, the adult ceremony is usually held at the ceremony of entering the new house. In some villages, young men who are about to hold a bar mitzvah will be caught off guard. On the day of going to the new house, the young men's organization arranged for some young men to ambush on the way to work or behind the house, and then took him to the bamboo building of the new house to eat and drink with everyone. The person who congratulates the new house will toast him, and the owner of the new house will give him three pieces of beef wrapped in banana leaves. He accepted the meat and expressed his willingness to participate in the "test bypass" (in Keno). The purpose of the raid is to make him feel scared at the moment of his arrest, increase the mystery of accepting the "bar mitzvah" and make the etiquette style leave an unforgettable impression in his life. On the second day of attending the "detour" organization, his parents will give him a full set of farm tools, a copper box for betel nut, a box for lime, new clothes embroidered with the moon pattern on his back, a tube handkerchief embroidered with geometric patterns, a headscarf, a foot wrap and so on. At the ceremony of entering the new house, the elders led everyone to sing epics, traditional social customs and regulations, production techniques and ancient life, and also gave traditional education to those who accepted the rite of passage.

Generally speaking, young women don't need a sudden capture ceremony to hold the "rite of passage", as long as they get the approval of a young women's organization (called "Mikao" in Jino language), but parents should also give farm tools and clothes. At this time, girls' clothes are more bright, some aprons are two layers, and their hair styles have been changed to single braids.

Attending the "rite of passage" is a major turning point in life. Since then, they have become full members of the village and have to undertake various social obligations. They want to join social organizations where young men and women make friends with each other, that is, "unified examination" and "mikao". Young men should patrol and keep watch, maintain village rules and regulations and stockade security, mediate disputes, educate and punish those who break the law, and at the same time enjoy all the rights of the villagers and get the qualification to fall in love.