Who burned more books, Qianlong or Qin Shihuang?

The books burned by Qin Shihuang can't compare with those burned by Qianlong. The history of the Qin dynasty was short, and it was not completely banned. A small number of books that a hundred schools of thought contend are kept by the state, and only the folk ones have been destroyed, which is still very incomplete! Qing dynasty is completely different, from the scope of prohibition, time span to punishment!

On the Great Achievements of Banning Books in Qing Dynasty

Recently, I read xie guozhen's Style of Study in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties, which quoted a passage in the preface of the Hundred Golden Formulas by Zhu Sun, the king of Qing Dynasty. I think it's a little interesting, so I'll extract it for everyone to see.

"Since the imperial court opened Ku all over Guan Shu, the ministers of the world have come out a little, the books are strictly forbidden, the charges are frequent, and the sergeants are cautious. All books about astronomy and geography are often mixed and burned at home for fear of inviting disasters. Compared with the old soldiers, they thrive in the southeast corner of the South China Sea, and they are worried about the sunrise. Scholar-officials used to panic at peace, and they thought that searching for discs was a thing of the past, but few people had books. Oh! ……"

It is often heard that people defend the cultural autocracy of the Qing dynasty, saying that before Qin Shihuang burned books and buried Confucianism, there was a text G, so the Qing dynasty was not particularly to blame, or even had no feet. In fact, this is not correct.

First, as far as the maintenance time is concerned, the literary inquisition in the Qing Dynasty seriously damaged the culture for more than 100 years, which can't be compared with the burning of books or the Cultural Revolution. If it is a bull and a bear, the consequences will be fundamentally different.

Second, the scale and breadth of repression are also different.

I remember that Lu Xun once cried for Qin Shihuang in "On the Similarities and Differences of Hua De's Burning Books", saying that although Qin Shihuang burned books, books on technical science were reserved, and there was room for absorbing other countries' ideas. It is only aimed at an ancient Confucian scholar and a deceitful alchemist, so it is essentially different from German Nazi burning books.

As for Wen G, it is true to criticize a book as a poisonous weed and completely ban it from the earth. Or the idea of tampering at will, but never. On the contrary, some self-confident and lovely books will definitely be targeted by poisonous weeds. If there are no targets, how can we attack and criticize them?

Banned books in the Qing dynasty were not like this. I bought a book "A General Introduction to Forbidden Books in Qing Dynasty" and browsed it. Seeing the books listed in it is really varied and spectacular, which makes people look forward to it. Of course, it is expected that books involving ideological, historical, political and ethnic issues will be banned and destroyed, but strangely, a large number of books on pure science and technology and economics are also impressive. I really don't know what the rulers of the Qing Dynasty are doing. It is not surprising that all works involving the Ming Dynasty, such as poetry anthology, history and biographies of people in the Ming Dynasty, are banned, but many books that are obviously flattering to praise the Qing Dynasty, such as The Grand Ceremony of the Qing Dynasty, The Destiny of the Qing Dynasty, and the works of Qianlong's father Yongzheng and his great-grandfather Shunzhi, are also banned, which makes people laugh and cry. What is even more bizarre is that even some anthologies of Tang poetry compiled or commented by Ming people have been banned, such as Du Gongbu's Notes on the Raft, Du Gongbu's Poems, Du Gongbu's Selected Notes and Du Fu's Detailed Notes. Susceptibility seems to have some signs of organic lesions.

To illustrate the problem, we might as well take a few words and see which books starting with these words were banned by the Qing Dynasty.

Look at the word "Jing" first. The list of forbidden destruction includes Jing Chu Tang Ji, Jing Hua Jia Bian, Jing Shen, Economic Record, Economic Remarks, Jing Lv Fu Guo Yao Compilation, Jing Lv Shu Bian Lu, Shi Jing Jing, Shi Jing Outline and Shi Jing Ji.

I don't quite understand some reasons why these books are banned. For example, in the introduction of Jing Chu Tang Ji, Ye Yibao wrote about them. This Ye Yibao is "liberal, good at poetry and painting. During the reign of Kangxi, he recommended to try Hongbo, and wrote works such as" A Supplement to the Stone ". Judging from this introduction, it seems that he should be a good slave of the Qing court and be good at helping others, but he just doesn't know it.

As for the reason why the economic examination was banned, it was explained that it was banned for forty-six years in Qianlong.

The compilation of the economic examination finally explained the reason for the ban. "This book was wrongly typed by Min E, the governor of Anhui Province, and was banned for forty-six years because it contained the preface of Ding Gong." I am ignorant. I don't know who this Gong Zhongding is. He made a preface and a book was banned.

Economic Annals, Economic Words, Edited by Jing Slightly Revival, Jing Slightly Draft, Shi Jing Collection, Shi Jingqi's Medicine Collection, Shi Jing Practical Collection, Shi Jing Briefing, Jing She's Legacy Collection and Yuan Jing Tongzong are all books written by Ming Dynasty people. It is natural that the Qing Dynasty banned these books.

Let's look at the word "Jun". There are only three books, two of which are books of the same name, both of which are called "Illustration of Weapons" and the other is "Military Manuscript", both of which are works of Ming people. The first "Illustration of Weapons" was written by Bi Maokang, a scholar in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty. According to the introduction, this book "lists all kinds of firearms, with pictures and texts, and describes the manufacture, use and power of military devices." The book says,' What foreigners fear most is guns from China'. This book was written by Min E, the governor of Jiangsu Province, and its destruction was prohibited on November 27th, forty-six years in Qianlong. Another book, The Illustrated Book of War, was written by Zhu Zheng in Ming Dynasty, and was included in the Forbidden Book Index.

We might as well choose another representative word "Ming" at last. There are too many banned books starting with this word, so we only make a list. This is:

Biography of Ming Taizu Hundred Generals, Notes on Ming Pao, Selected Tables of Ming Dynasty, A Brief Introduction to Ming Soldiers, Ming Ceheng, Complete Official System of Ming Dynasty, A Brief History of Ming Dynasty, Notes on the Words and Actions of Ming Officials, Notes on the Founding of the People's Republic of China in the Early Ming Dynasty, Memorabilia of Ming Dynasty and a Brief Introduction to Ming Emperors, Chronicle of Ming Dynasty and Ming Dynasty Notes on Mingjiang, Notes on Mingjiang, Biography of Mingjiang, Records of Famous Officials in Ming Economy, Books on Ming Economy, Required Reading on Ming Theory, Tables on Ming History, Economic Records of Famous Officials in Ming History, Genealogy of Late Next Year, Letters in Late Ming Dynasty, Selected Poems (Chen Zilong) and Poems. Ji Tongzong, Excerpts from Ming Tong Ji, Notes on Ming Tong Ji, Compilation of Ming Tong Ji, Compilation of Ming Tong Jian, Compilation of Tong Ming, Wan Ming Lu, Ming Dynasty Copywriting, Ming Dynasty Treasures, Ming Dynasty Primer, Ming Dynasty Masters Second Edition, Ming Dynasty Big and Small Quotient and Ming Dynasty Gain. Ji, Ming Xuanzong Baoxun, Ming Taizu Anonymous, (Ming Taizu) Ming Zalu, (Anonymous), Zhi, Tongzong, Mingzhi Party Map, Shu, Draft and Brief.

I counted, just starting with the word "Ming", there were nearly 150 kinds of books banned in the Qing Dynasty.

Because of curiosity, I went to see the introduction of the "Prohibition of Destruction of Baoxun" by Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty. The excerpt is as follows: "In September of the forty-eighth year of Qianlong, I checked the general file of books that should be destroyed by Red Bookstore. This book' is a sermon of Xuande, which has been destroyed since the Ming Dynasty, and this book should still be destroyed' "

The situation of Ming Dynasty Miscellaneous Notes (Anonymous) seems to be more interesting. The author of this book is from the Qing Dynasty. In the preface of this book, he has said with trepidation that "everything contained in the later series comes from books such as …… We are still making a short version of the old theory, which is attached to the Mongolian sense. When the history museum is successful, this volume can be completed. " In other words, when the author wrote this book, he admitted that he could not believe it because it was not issued by the Qing Dynasty. After the history museum is completed, this book can be thrown away like a broken bowl.

The rulers of the Qing court finally lived up to the author's expectations. This book was "paid by Sazai, Governor of Liangjiang River, and banned on April 26th in the forty-sixth year of Qianlong (178 1)."

Don't think that these are all banned books about the Ming Dynasty. You see, almost all the banned books with the word "yellow" are books with the word "...", and there are dozens of books from Lu to Books. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty were really nervous about the word "Ming". There were so many banned books in which the word "Ming" appeared directly in the title, but there was no "Ming" in the name. There were countless banned books related to Ming, such as Notes of Jiajing, Qin Long, Wanli and the Four Dynasties of the Apocalypse, which was recorded by the military during the Qianlong period, 44 years1kloc-0. There is also a brief introduction to the Korean invasion of Japan, probably the Ming Dynasty's anti-Japanese and aid Korea. It has nothing to do with Manchu, but it is still banned. "In the forty-eight years of Qianlong (1783), in September, this book was listed in the sixth batch of books that should be destroyed by the Red Office."

However, after reading the preface of Wang Maosun's Hundred Golden Square quoted at the beginning, we should know that these banned books are only a small part of the books destroyed under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, which is the tip of the iceberg. It can even be said to be a lucky part, because these books have left their names after all. Although a large part of the banned books have completely disappeared and become extinct, some of them have escaped from the Manchu network, and even been deliberately searched and preserved because they are on the list, and have survived to this day. In contrast, most of the books were directly destroyed for the sake of safety in the horrible atmosphere created by the Qing court, just as Wang said, "All books that are eloquent in astronomy and geography are kept at home for fear of inviting disasters and often mixed with burning."

It is the fate of these books to "pull miscellaneous things and burn them"!

A few books, such as Heavenly Creations, were not banned in Qing Dynasty. After more than 200 years of Qing dynasty rule, they almost disappeared from China, but they were finally recovered from Japanese and French foreign libraries. This is very lucky. Most books, I am afraid, are not so lucky.

It is understandable that bibliophiles under the Manchu dynasty were "afraid of inviting trouble, asking for bans and burning frequently". As long as we take one of the more than 100 literary inquisitions formulated by Qianlong as an example, we can understand how horrible the literary inquisitions in the Qing Dynasty were. In such a horrible atmosphere, it seems to be the wisest choice to burn the book yourself, regardless of willy-nilly.

In December of the forty-sixth year of Qianlong, Zhuo Ru of Zhenze County, Jiangsu Province reported that Zhuo Lianzhi and Zhuo Peizhi's grandfather Zhuo Quan could write Yi Ming's poems, and there were rebellious words in the poems, so the Qing court's minions went to two houses to copy Yi Ming's poems, but they didn't copy them down (it is estimated that when someone reported it, they quickly burned the books, thinking that it would never be anything, but it was naive wishful thinking). As a result, when the charges came out, they were accused that "a family has lost its conscience and destroyed justice. It is really impossible to repeat it, and it is outrageous to read it" (I don't know what the so-called conscience of Qianlong and his minions is. The Han people were slaughtered and maimed by their ancestors who entered the customs, but they also sang praises, thanked them and did not complain? Their slaughter and ravages may have turned into great compassion for the slaughtered and mutilated in their hearts. Now they don't know how to repay, but they want to cry, which is naturally immoral and extinct. Now that the charges have been implemented, all that remains is the verdict. How is it judged? As follows: "Zhuo Changling, the governor of Renhe County, wrote Gao Zhangge's poems, Zi Yi Zhuo Min, Zhuo Shen and others also wrote poems such as Snow Ji, and Yi Zhuo Yiqun wrote Miscellanies of the West Lake, all of which were arrogant and rebellious. All five criminals died of illness one after another, so they still have to chop up their bodies and show their heads to the public according to the mid-year rebellion law. Zhuo Tianzhu, the grandson of Zhuo Chang, and Zhuo Tianfu, the son of Zhuo Shen, both made decisions according to the law of great opposition. Zhuo Lianzhi's collection of inverse books can't be paid first, and it is planned to be cut according to the law of knowing and hiding the great inverse. The two-year-old sons of Chen, Gao, Wang and Zhuo Tianfu have all been sent to the hero's home as slaves. "

A well-off family only collected great-grandfather and grandfather's poems. As a result, it was really chilling that the family was ruined, beheaded and made public, and became a slave. If Manchu's own files don't record his cruelty to the extreme, who can believe this is true? Imagine if Wu Cheng'en, the author of The Journey to the West, lived not in the Ming Dynasty but under the rule of the Qing Dynasty. Just saying in his book that "emperors take turns to do it and come to my house next year" is enough to make him satirize the emperor of that dynasty because he is good at Taoism. Not only himself but also his family and his descendants will be beheaded. Fortunately, Wu Cheng'en lived in the Ming Dynasty.

However, we can't help but admire the extremely high-handed, brutal, dark and strict terrorist rule of the Qing court, which really achieved miraculous results. They not only covered up, tampered with and distorted history, but also created more than a hundred similar literary prisons. Killing civilians has been touted by more than 10 million Qing emperors (especially Kangxi Qianlong) as different people have different opinions. Even after the demise of the Qing Dynasty for nearly a hundred years, some people still believe this lie of a prosperous and wise king.

I always thought that no regime could exert the power of terror so incisively and vividly, push it to the extreme, be so crazy and be so successful like the Qing Dynasty.

For the Qing court, there has never been any unpopular problem. They have the determination and courage to completely slaughter everyone. In the face of such appalling atrocities, those who resist this will again seem to have no other way out but to give in and give up. What they want is that no one dares to take a bite, except chanting. When the forced praise of the saints under the arrogance of the butcher's knife becomes inertia, the image of the benevolent Lord is firmly established, and the existence of the so-called Kanggan heyday is beyond doubt! A lie repeated a thousand times is the truth, not to mention repeated more than a thousand times, but it has been repeated by hundreds of millions of people all over the country for more than a hundred years under the arrogance of butcher knives. It is not surprising that the so-called prosperity of Kanggan will become a prosperity of Kanggan and Jiadao if it is not for the more powerful violence from outside, which debunks the lies deliberately created by the Qing Dynasty and exposes the truth under the skin of praise and praise.

Creating literary inquisition, burning books and banning books were the measures to conquer people's hearts in Qing Dynasty. Exploring its source, in fact, this is in line with the fact that the Manchu dynasty continued to slaughter innocent civilians as a means of conquering land and suppressing resistance from the moment it entered the customs.

Speaking of the massacre, it was originally a means for Manchu to learn from Mengyuan, but in terms of ferocity, it really played this means more thoroughly. When the Mongols slaughtered the city, they at least saved the craftsmen from killing, but not in Manchu. As long as they resist a little, they will surely slaughter innocent people in the city and be satisfied, whether they are craftsmen or not. Therefore, if Mongolia meets Manchu, it can only sigh.

Nowadays, people don't often ask why China has lagged behind the West in science, technology and economy in modern times, so different people have to find out the reasons. The answers are varied, such as Confucian civilization, agricultural civilization, Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism, imperial examination system, and direct criticism of the Ming Dynasty.

In fact, such questions and answers are simply false questions and false answers, which are as absurd as a few nearsighted people can say the words on a distant plaque in order to compare their eyesight. As a result, the plaque is not hung at all, or even more ridiculous.

In fact, imagine that if Britain and Western Europe were in the embryonic stage of capitalism like China in the Ming Dynasty (their capitalist development and political philosophy theory were behind China in the Ming Dynasty at the same time), if they were ruled by barbarians like China and suffered the fate of a massacre in the most developed and prosperous cities, they would be ordered to leave their hair, and everyone would have to leave a braid, otherwise they would be killed without forgiveness. Suffering from such a terrible and appalling literary prison, for 20 years, a coastal area went to the border, and the coastal area became a no-man's land, 80% of the coastal residents were slaughtered, and the coastal trees and vegetation were destroyed. I wonder, what kind of bullshit capitalism will there be? If they develop faster than China, they will be damned.

Even the premise of comparison is inconsistent. Such a question is not a false question. What is this?

Just like two people now, A met a group of robbers, their heads were cut off and they died. B didn't meet a robber and lived healthily. Now a fool seriously asks: Why is A shorter than B? So more stupid people get together and answer this question seriously: some say that A doesn't pay attention to exercise, so he lives shorter than B; Some say, wrong, A is excessive exercise, so it is short-lived; Some say that A has a short life because of heart disease, some say that A has high blood pressure, some say that A is weak after drinking too much, and some say that A smokes. More simply, A is born with genetic defects, and short life is just a matter of course. Unfortunately, these fools just don't want to think, if B's head was cut off, would he still be alive? Since you can't live, what are the reasons why these are not bullshit?

In fact, I really want to ask a question, which should be why China was invaded and slaughtered by hunting nomads who were far behind their own civilization at that time, but there was no such nation next to Britain and western European countries at that time. Is it because of the objective factors of geographical conditions or other reasons? This is a realistic question worth asking!