What are the temple number, posthumous title, Emperor number, year number and hall number?

Temple number, posthumous title, respect number and year number appear frequently in ancient books in China. The first three are both related and different; The year number is the name that Emperor China used to record the year. As far as we know, this paper briefly analyzes these four factors in order to provide food for readers.

1, temple number

It is generally believed that temple names originated from Shang Dynasty, such as Taizong in Taijia, Taizong in Taiwu and Gaozong in Wuding (Tang Cheng may be Taizong). The name of the temple was very strict at first. According to the standard of "ancestors have merits and virtues, ancestors have virtues", the founding monarch is generally an ancestor and heir with the ability to govern the country. The posthumous title system was established in the Zhou Dynasty, and the life of the monarch and ministers was finally evaluated. The temple name system was abolished. Even the posthumous title system was abolished in the Qin Dynasty.

After the Han Dynasty, it inherited the temple name system. The Han dynasty was very cautious about adding temple names, so many emperors didn't have temple names. Liu Bang was the founding monarch, and the temple name was Mao (but it was called Mao since Sima Qian, which was commonly used by later generations), and posthumous title was the high emperor (there was no word "Gao" in the funeral, so it was Mao of the Han Dynasty, hence the name Yan). The Han Dynasty emphasized filial piety, so the succeeding emperor posthumous title had the word "filial piety". The emperors of the Han Dynasty all had posthumous title, but few people had temple names. In the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Bang was Emperor Taizong Gao (filial piety to Liu Ying), Emperor Taizong Xiaowen (filial piety to Liu Qi), Emperor Sejong Xiaowu (filial piety to Liu Xun) and Emperor Zhongzong (filial piety to Emperor Han Ping). In addition, several emperors in the Western Han Dynasty had temple names: Liu Shi was Emperor Gaozong Xiao Yuan (Wang Mang went to the temple name), Liu Ao was Emperor Cheng Xiao (Wang Mang went to the temple name), Liu Kan was Emperor Yuan Zongxiaoping (Wang Mang went to the temple name), and it was cancelled when Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty; In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu was Emperor Guangwu (Liu Xiaoming Zhuang Shang Dian), Liu Zhuang was Emperor Xiaoming (Zhang Xiao Liu Wei Shang Dian), and Liu Wei was Su Zong Zhang Xiao (Liu Xiaohe Zhao Shang Dian). In addition, several emperors in the Eastern Han Dynasty had temple names: Liu Zhao was Mu Zongxiao, Liu You was Gong Zongxiao 'an, Liu Bao was Jing Zong Xiao, and Herry Liu was Wei Zongxiaohuan. However, when the names of these temples were cancelled, Xian Di was filial.

In the Tang Dynasty, except for some perishing kings and short-lived emperors, there were generally temple names.

Temple names often use the word "Zu" or "Zong". Founding emperors are generally called "Taizu" or "Gaozu", such as Emperor Gaozu, Tang Gaozu and Song Taizu. The emperors behind them are generally called "Zong", such as Emperor Taizong and others. But there are exceptions The reproduction of "grandfathers" began in Cao Wei. In the Sixteen Kingdoms period, almost all the imperial temples in small countries such as Houzhao, Yan Qian, Houqin and Xiqin were ancestral temples.

When addressing, the temple number is often placed before posthumous title, which, together with posthumous title, constitutes the full name of the deceased emperor. Traditionally, emperors who died before the Tang Dynasty were generally referred to as posthumous title for short, such as Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Yang Di, rather than the names of temples. After the Tang Dynasty, due to the lengthening of posthumous title's characters, it was renamed as the temple name, such as Emperor Taizong and Song Taizu.

Generally speaking, the choice of words for temple names does not refer to divination methods, but it also has the meaning of praise and criticism. Taizu founded the country, and Taizong carried forward. Sejong and Gaozong both maintained the reputation of your Lord. Renzong, Xuanzong, Shengzong, Xiaozong, Chengzong and Zongrui are all wise masters, while Zhongzong and Xianzong are all masters of ZTE. In addition, both Zhezong and Xingzong were good emperors who made a difference. Zongshen and Yingzong have weak political achievements, Dezong and Ningzong are too weak, Xuanzong, Zhenzong, Lizong and Daozong are mysterious, Wenzong and Wuzong are famous all over the world, Mu Zong and Jing Zong are quite successful, Guangzong and Xizong are fatuous and decadent, and Aizong and four cases can only perish.

2. posthumous title

Posthumous title, an ancient East Asian monarch, vassal (including China, Korea, Vietnam, Japan), minister, empress and other people who had a certain status after their death, evaluated them according to their life stories and moral cultivation, and gave them a title of good evaluation and judgment. According to the study of inscriptions on bronze in the Western Zhou Dynasty, as late as Zhou Muwang, there are many ways to posthumously confer titles on the deceased with higher status or status. In ancient times, besides calling the emperor "posthumous title", calling ministers, scholars and celebrities "posthumous title" was also a kind of honorific title. Some people's posthumous title, such as Ceng Wenzheng (Zeng Guofan), Yue Wumu (Yue Fei) and Tao Jingjie (Tao Yuanming), has almost become their aliases because it is often called by later generations.

In the later period, the power of entrustment to the deceased was highly concentrated in the hands of the emperor, relying on the "imperial decree." According to statistics, from the Western Han Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, there were *** 10473 imperial families and officials in the past dynasties, and there were 5935 people in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, accounting for about 57% of the total. The emperor's posthumous title was generally announced by the succeeding emperor with the consent of the etiquette officer, and the courtiers' posthumous title was given by the court.

At the beginning of the obituary law, there were only "beautiful obituaries" and "flat obituaries", but not "evil obituaries". The "posthumous title" of good and evil originated from the administration in the Western Zhou Dynasty and later, and there were also "personal grievances". Posthumous title's choice was based on the Law of the Dead, which stipulated some words with fixed meanings for selection when determining posthumous title. These words can be roughly divided into the following categories:

Shang's family, that is, praising posthumous title, such as "Wen", means that he has the talent of "latitude and longitude" or the virtue of "erudition" and "diligence and curiosity"; "Kang" means "helping the people"; "Ping" means "stressing discipline".

Posthumous title, who is a critic? For example, Yi means "far from home", Li means "slow and ruthless" and "indiscriminate killing", desolation means "neglecting politics", "external chaos and civil strife" and "seclusion" means "unable to stop".

"Evil" of "evil": Zhou Liwang was a greedy monarch, and "China people" launched a riot. He fled to Zhan (now northeast of huozhou city) and died there. "Li" reprimanded him for his "evil".

Most of them are sympathetic posthumous title, such as "worry" means "worry at home" and "difficulties at home"; "Huai" means "kindness is short-sighted."

Privately, after the death of a famous scholar and scholar-bureaucrat, his relatives, students and officials agreed to posthumous title; "Privatization" began at the weekend and didn't become popular until the Han Dynasty.

In pre-Qin posthumous title, one word was often used, but two or three words were also useful. Use one word, such as: Qin Mugong, Jin Wengong; Use two or three words, such as Wei, Zhao and Gong.

After Qin Shihuang unified China, he agreed to take the title of "Emperor" as the supreme ruler. At the same time, because the decision of "posthumous title" will lead to the situation that "the son will discuss the father and the minister will discuss the monarch", the posthumous law was abolished. Ying Zheng claimed to be the first emperor, and there were several descendants, such as II and III.

By the Han dynasty, the funeral etiquette system was restored, and the funeral etiquette system in this period became more and more strict. The imperial court formally established the post of "Dahonglu" to manage the funeral ceremony of princes and princes. After the Han Dynasty, posthumous title was mostly composed of two Chinese characters: Emperor posthumous title's full name was Emperor Xiaowen, and posthumous title of Xiao He was Emperor Wendi.

The Tang and Song Dynasties are the development period of funeral etiquette. On the one hand, funeral ceremony became a tool for feudal emperors' glory and vanity, and at the same time, it also became a means to control ministers' praise and criticism. Starting from Empress Wu Zetian, she broke the old example of the first, second and third words of Emperor posthumous title. As the Empress Dowager, she called her husband Tang Gaozong Li Zhi "the emperor among emperors", which reached four words. After Wu Zetian proclaimed himself emperor, he initiated the emperor to pay homage to four generations of ancestors, and even initiated the emperor to praise the beauty of honorifics before his death. Some emperors can be worshipped several times when they are alive. For example, in the 27th year of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 739), he was honored as "SHEN WOO, a literary student in Kaiyuan". The accumulation of honorifics also influenced the accumulation of posthumous title. Since Tang Gaozong, most emperors' posthumous title has more than four words.

The queen's honorific title is the national emblem. For example, the Tongzhi emperor of the Qing Dynasty honored his mother Nora as the "Queen Mother" and the emblem as "Cixi". Badges can also be accumulated in each celebration. Nora's emblem finally contains as many as 16 words "Cixi Duankang Zhao Yi Royal Villa Cheng Shougong Qin xian Chong Xi", and her posthumous title is 23 words "Qin Xiao Cixi Duankang Zhao Yi Royal Villa Cheng Shougong Qin Xian Chong Xi and Star Sage Empress" (see Cixi's article). Posthumous title, the Song Emperor, was more beautiful than the Tang Dynasty, and he also wrote the word "posthumous title" for ministers. It is worth mentioning that Zhao Kuangyin and Song Taizu attached importance to literature and suppressed martial arts, so posthumous title, the minister of Song Dynasty, was proud of the word "literature". At the end of the Song Dynasty, there were more than 40 people in posthumous title who were/kloc-0, and only 20 people were "martial".

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the contents of funeral ceremonies were basically fixed. First, the number of posthumous title words of people at all levels is fixed.

In the Ming dynasty, the emperor's character was 17, the prince's character was 1, and the minister's character was 2, for example.

Ming posthumous title as: the day after tomorrow, Hongdao is brilliant and auspicious, and Shengwu is pure, kind and filial.

In the Qing Dynasty, the number of the emperor's suicide note was 265,438+0 (Emperor Guangxu) or 23 or 25 (Nurhachi), the number of the King of New Moon was 65,438+0, and the number of ministers was 2, for example

Emperor Kangxi's posthumous title was: He, Yun, Rui Zhe, Diligence, Diligence, Glory, Integrity, Neutrality and Virtue, and the emperor achieved great success.

Emperor Xianfeng's posthumous title was: Xie, the leader of the Central Committee, boasting Mao Qiude and Zhen Wu Yuan, and Gong Duanren was the emperor of Kuanjian County.

Emperor Qianlong's posthumous title is: Fatian Longyun is the pure emperor of the filial piety of Fenwu.

Prince Gong's single-minded posthumous title is: loyalty.

Posthumous title, the minister of the Qing Dynasty, stipulated that after the death of Yipin Minister, the emperor was asked to decide whether to award it to posthumous title. Officials below the first level will not be posthumously appointed unless there are special instructions. Only those who have been admitted to the Imperial Academy or awarded a bachelor's degree will use the word "Wen" in posthumous title. In posthumous title with the word "Wen", "Zheng Wen" is the rarest; There are only special decrees, not ministers; Only eight people (such as Zeng Guofan) were awarded "Zheng Wen" in the Qing Dynasty for more than 200 years. There are posthumous title in Zheng Wen: Wen Zhong (such as Li Hongzhang), only about ten people in the Qing Dynasty won this posthumous title; Then there are "Wen Xiang" (only those who are successful in martial arts, such as left), Wen Gong, Wen Cheng and so on.

three

The so-called honorific title is the honorific title for the emperor. It began in the Qin Dynasty. According to Qin Shihuang's Biography, "I (Wang Wan, Li Si) and others are willing to discuss with the doctor:' There were emperors, Huangdi, Tai Huang and Tai Huang in ancient times, which were the most expensive'. I didn't know my name until I died. The king was Tai Huang. There is a saying in "The History of Emperor Han Gao": The merits of emperors will not be announced in later generations, and the emperors will respect them when they die. " Again, the heir emperor addressed the former emperor as the emperor's father, and the former queen as the empress dowager and empress dowager, which is your title.

In the Tang Dynasty, the honorific titles of emperors were very popular, some were given before death and some were added after death. There are two ways to add a title before death: one is to add it while on the job. For example, Wuhou is called "the virgin jade emperor", Gaozong is called the emperor, and Zhongzong is called Yingtian Shenlong. By the time of Xuanzong, it had become a system. There is a saying in Fan Zuyu's Tang Jian in the Song Dynasty: "The prosperity of honoring nobility was built on the occasion of Kaiyuan. The Lord is arrogant, so he thinks it is a story. " There is a sentence in the Textual Research on Ancient and Modern Events hired by the Ming King: "After Yuan Zong Kaiyuan, the Prime Minister received a hundred officials and was honored, thinking it was a regular system." In his life, honorific titles were added six times in Xuanzong generation. Born in the second year (7 13), he was honored as "Kaiyuan Wensheng SHEN WOO"; In the first year of Tianbao (742), it was added as "Kaiyuan Tianbao Wensheng SHEN WOO"; Added as "Kaiyuan Tianbao Wensheng SHEN WOO". In the seventh year of Tianbao (748), it was added as "Kaiyuan Tianbao Wensheng SHEN WOO Yingdao Emperor"; In the eighth year of Tianbao (749), it was added as "Kaiyuan Tiandi Dabao SHEN WOO"; In the 12th year of Tianbao (753), it was re-added as "Emperor Xiaozong of SHEN WOO, the Great Treasure Holy Text of Kaiyuan Tiandi". From the first four words to fourteen words. In addition, after the emperor abdicated, he was the supreme emperor, and the succeeding emperor gave him a respectful title. Here's another example of Xuanzong: In the first year of Gan Yuan (758), the name of Xuanzong's "Tai Shang Huang Sheng Tian Di" was in Suzong. The emperor of the Tang Dynasty paid tribute many times. Lu Zhi commented in "On Famous Sentences in Fengtian": "Courtiers are devoted to the beauty of names. Although the profit may increase by 100, it is still difficult to describe. " Song Sun Fu's "Year of Emperor SHEN WOO in Kaiyuan" also said: "The name of the ancient emperor is called the emperor and emperor, which is also called virtue. Qin, regardless of fame and virtue, is extremely self-respecting, so he is called the emperor, but he has no title. ..... (Tang) Gaozu and Taizong, each with merit and no honorific title. The emperor ran for the will of the marquis of Wu. At first, he was called the emperor, while the emperor of China obeyed Ren's wishes, so he was arrogant. ..... Ming Chengzu succeeded to the throne by virtue, and his ancestors were familiar with good and evil. Why did they forget the true virtues of Gaozu and Taizong and attack their reputations? It is natural for you to make mistakes if you don't keep benevolence and righteousness. "

Those who signed after death, such as Xuanzong, were honored as "Emperor Daming and Great Sage of Taoism" in the second year of Shang Yuan. This is because Xuanzong was also called Ming Di. After the death of the emperor of the Tang Dynasty, he was addressed many times. For example, in the ninth year of Zhenguan (635), Gao Zu Li Yuan was honored as the "Great Emperor Wu" by ministers. In the first year of Emperor Gaozong (674), your respectful name was changed to "Emperor Shen Yao"; In the 13th year of Emperor Xuanzong Tianbao (754), the title was "Emperor Yao, Great Sage, Great and Small Light". Emperor Taizong collapsed in the twenty-third year of Zhenguan (649), and his official title was "Wendi"; In the first year of Emperor Gaozong (674), he was honored as "Wu Wensheng", and in the thirteenth year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (754), he was honored as "Wu Wensheng reached great filial piety".

Since the Tang Dynasty, Empress Dowager Cixi has received more and more honorifics. When Xuanzong proclaimed himself emperor, the title of the year was eighteen, that is, the emperor "Sheng Yuan to Ming Chengwu offered wisdom and wisdom, and Zhang Dao was filial"; Song Shenzong's honorific title is the cross, that is, the emperor "shows the Tao by body elements, is the ancient emperor, is Wang Gong, is brave and respectful, and is virtuous and filial"; Ming Taizu is honored as the emperor, with a word of 2 1, which means "enlightened by the apocalypse, enlightened by Evonne, established a great sage, and achieved Wu Junde." . Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty was honored as the emperor of "life, heaven, dragon, luck, honesty, enlightenment, emptiness and filial piety", with as many as 23 words. In fact, it is not difficult to see that the long string behind can also be regarded as posthumous title. Empress dowager cixi can also be honored. For example, Empress Dowager Cixi was honored as "Fu Kang Yu Zhuang Qin Xian Chong" before her death, and was honored as "Empress Xiao Qin Xian" after her death. Therefore, although posthumous title and your title have their own meanings, they are intertwined and difficult to distinguish. In my opinion, honorifics are forbidden to the queen, and others are not allowed to get their hands on them; Posthumous title is not exclusive to the empress dowager, so are others. As far as the Empress Dowager is concerned, what was added before her death belongs to your respectful name, and what was added after her collapse can be regarded as posthumous title.

After Tang and Song Dynasties, from Yuan and Ming Dynasties to Qing Dynasty, the title of Empress Dowager became longer and longer. This is closely related to the centralized autocratic system and the increasing expansion of imperial power. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, centralization and autocracy reached their peak, and the honorific titles of emperors also grew into a long string, which tended to include all the good words in the world. People nowadays can't help laughing when they watch it often.

four

The so-called year number is the name used by China emperors to record the year, and it is often a sign of fortune change. Traditionally, when a new king ascended the throne, he would issue a New Year's number, which is called Gaiyuan. The title of the year contains the special significance of the emperor ruling the world and declaring orthodoxy. Monarchs, ministers, ruling and opposition parties all attach importance to it, and those who manage it have searched their hearts and racked their brains.

Before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there was no title. History books are based on the year of the emperor, and time is combined with the name of the emperor. For example, in the first, second and third years of Zhou Xuanwang, it lasted until the change of the throne. When the heir king ascended the throne or the new emperor ascended the pole, the year of the heir king or the new emperor was changed, which was called the first year, the second year and the third year. This method of "emperor's title" or "chronology of the throne" has been used until the Han Dynasty, and there was no phenomenon of "changing the yuan" during the reign of the emperor. By the time Emperor Wendi and Emperor Jingdi arrived, the situation had changed. Emperor Wen reigned for twenty-three years, and the first sixteen years followed the chronology method, which was called the first year, two years, until sixteen years; The next seven years, that is, the seventeenth year, were renamed after the first year, after the second year ... the past seven years. Jingdi reigned for sixteen years, the first seven years were called the first year, two years ... seven years; The last six years are called the first, second and sixth years. The last three years are called the last year, the last two years and the last three years. It can be regarded as the origin of exchange.

There are two opinions about the earliest year number. First, according to the records of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in 19 10, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty led many people to hunt and got a rare one-legged beast-Bai Lin. All ministers agreed that this was auspicious and memorable, so they suggested that it be used to determine the year, so they named this year "Yuanshou" and called this year (BC 122) the first year of Yuanshou. "Hunting" means hunting. After that, there will be two or three years of yuanshou. In the Qing Dynasty, Zhao Yi thought that the move of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the beginning of establishing the title of the year. Since then, from the first year of his accession to the throne to the eighteenth year of Yuan Shou, Emperor Wu added three titles, namely Jianyuan, Yuanguang and Yuanshuo, which were replaced every six years. In the sixth year of Yuanshou, he got a tripod in Shanxi, which was regarded as an auspicious treasure by many ministers and suggested to be used for dating, so Emperor Wu changed the title to "Ding Yuan". "Jianyuan" means "built in the first year", which means that the year number era began to be used. So there is a second theory, that is, Yan Shigu believes that "emperors have no titles since ancient times, starting here." Historians of later generations mostly started with the first year of Jianyuan. Since then, every time the emperor encountered military events, major auspicious events and disasters, he often changed his title. When the new emperor ascended the throne, it is necessary to determine the New Year's number in order to demonstrate strictly. Yuan change generally starts from the second year of the next imperial edict, sometimes from a certain month of that year.

Looking back at history, it is not difficult to find that before the Ming Dynasty, when an emperor was in power, he often had to change yuan several times. For example, when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty reigned for 44 years, he used 1 1 titles. There are also emperors who used the titles of the previous generation when they acceded to the throne, such as the "God's Blessing" of the Five Dynasties, the "God's Blessing" of the Later Jin Dynasty and the "Showing Virtue" of the Later Zhou Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, except Ming Yingzong, who was captured by the Mongolian Walla Department (with an orthodox title), who was sent back to the restoration and was changed to Emperor No.2 in Tianshun, they were all Emperor No.1, so emperors were often called by their titles, such as Emperor Yongle and Emperor Kangxi.

The title of the year is considered as a symbol of the emperor's orthodoxy, and it is called "Fengzhengshuo". The year number of one regime using another regime is considered to be one of the important symbols of vassals and obedience. This phenomenon often happened during the division of China. For example, in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the title of "He Hou Tang" was used by Min and Chu. Wu Yueguo used the titles of Tang Dynasty, Later Tang Dynasty, Later Jin Dynasty, Later Han Dynasty, Later Zhou Dynasty and Northern Song Dynasty. At the same time, many local separatist regimes and ethnic minority regimes, as well as peasant rebels, are often fragmented. Because of different positions, historians have different titles in their writings. For example, during the Three Kingdoms period, the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms written by Chen Shou was juxtaposed with the year numbers of the Three Kingdoms, and the years were numbered with their respective year numbers; However, the study of Hanshu, Jinshu, Chunqiu thinks that Shu is a continuation of great men, so it is regarded as orthodox and its year number is used to record the year. The year number is not only the name of the year, but also has complex background, connotation and significance. No matter studying history or sorting out ancient books, we have to pay attention to it.

The use of China year number is very complicated. Regimes that coexist at the same time often have their own titles. Other regimes exchange RMB several times a year, and the figures overlap in several years. There are also regimes that do not build their own country names, but use the country names of previous dynasties or other regimes. For example, the Tianfu year number at the end of the Jin Dynasty took nine years and was changed to the first year of shipment. Three years later, Liu Zhiyuan proclaimed himself emperor. He did not build his own title, nor did he continue to use it, but inherited Tianfu for twelve years. There are many appellations that have been used repeatedly in different periods. For example, "Jianyuan" was used five times. Besides, due to taboos or other reasons, there are several different ways to write a title. For example, Emperor Shang Tang used the title of "Tang Long", and he also wrote Tang Yuan, Tang An and Tang Xing.

Throughout the past dynasties, titles were mostly named after two characters, such as Jin Yonghe, Tang Zhenguan, Song Yuanjia and Ming Wanli in the early Han Dynasty. But there are also three, four or even six characters. The three-character year number began with Wang Mang's The Establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) (9 AD-13). Then Liang Wudi's "Zhong Tong (529-534)" and "Zhong Tong (546-547)". The four-character year number is more than the three-character year number, which began in the Northern Wei Dynasty's Taiping Zhenjun (440-45 1 year). After Wu Zetian proclaimed himself emperor, she used "Long live Tian Shu (695)" and "Long live Dengfeng (696)". Song Taizong used "Taiping Xingguo (976-984)" and Song Zhenzong used "Dazhong Xiangfu (1008- 10 16)" and so on. In addition, there are six-character year numbers, such as Jing Zong in Xixia, "Gifted Ritual Delay (1038- 1048)" and Hui Zong, "Gifted Ritual Celebration of National Day (1070- 1074)".

The emperor's title is very particular about the choice of words, which must be repeatedly discussed and screened by important officials. It is required that the meaning of the word is auspicious and meaningful, starting with "Heaven, Great, Thai, Ying, Yuan, China and Use". In particular, there are as many as 66 years beginning with the word "Tian". Followed by the word "Jian", there are 30; There are 28 people with "forever" as the first word. The year number with the word "long" is19; There are 13 titles with the word "dragon", and there are1/kloc-0 titles with the word "phoenix" and "emperor" respectively. Due to the narrow scope of word selection, it is not uncommon to reuse the titles of previous dynasties. If Jianxing uses 1 1 times, it is the most frequently used; "Taiping" appeared 9 times; The year number of "Jianwu" appeared 7 times; In addition, the titles of Zhongxing, Yonghe, Yongping, Yongxing, Jianhe and Jianping were also used by the six emperors respectively. The reason is that some emperors and ministers lack historical knowledge, and some intentionally admire and imitate the previous dynasties, resulting in repeated titles.

As far as morality is concerned, the title of emperor has always been exquisite. I hope that during his reign, the four seas will be peaceful, the people will be safe and prosperous. For example, Tang Gaozu's title is Wude, which means Goh Chok Tak wants to pacify the world; The year of Song Taizu is completed, and I hope the country will be prosperous. In choosing words, I especially emphasize the Book of Changes. Take haiku and dry hanging in Yijing as examples. It says, "Great efforts were made in the Yuan Dynasty, and everything was expected to unify the whole day. Sex and rain, material flow; Daming begins at the end and becomes six. Take six dragons to rule the sky. The road changes, each goes his own way, ensuring harmony, which is conducive to chastity. The first thing, Xianning, the world. " There are only 57 words, but six words including Daming, Trunk Road, Baohe, Taihe, Lizhen and Xianning are used as year numbers respectively. Among them, Daming once [Emperor Xiaowu of Southern Song Dynasty (457-464)], Dalu twice [Xiaozong of Southern Song Dynasty (1165-165438), Hui Zong of Xixia (1068- 1069). Baohe once [Nanzhao advised Fengyou (825-? )] Taihe five times [Three Kingdoms Wei Mingdi (227-233); Zhao (328-330) after the Sixteen Kingdoms; Shi Li (344-346); The Eastern Jin Dynasty abolished the Emperor (366-37 1) and the Northern Dynasty Emperor Xiaowen (477-499), and Li Zhen once [Duan Zhixing (1 173-? )], Xianning twice [Emperor Wu of the Western Jin Dynasty (275-280); Lv Zuan (399-40 1)]. However, there are also some people who choose topics at will or even absurdly. For example, after Wu Zetian proclaimed himself emperor, she dreamed of a giant with huge feet. She thought it was a gift from heaven, so she changed her name to Dazu on a whim. Shortly after Tang Daizong acceded to the throne, he dreamed that there was a huge golden seal in the sky that fell on the land of the Tang Dynasty. He thought it was a good omen and took the title of "Baoying" the next day.

The choice of year number also changed the fate of scholars. Zhao Kuangyin and Song Taizu proclaimed themselves emperors, because he was born in the army and only had a rough understanding of literature and pen and ink, but he didn't pay much attention to titles. He only asks to choose someone who has never used it since ancient times. Because most ministers are ignorant, they discuss the reform of "doing morality". In the third year of Gander, he came across the words "Gander was cast in four years" engraved on the back of the bronze mirror used by imperial secretary, which was a mystery, so he asked the Prime Minister Zhao Pu for advice. This man boasted that "half of the Analects of Confucius ruled the world" and was asked tongue-tied. Later, Dou Yi, a bachelor of Hanlin, was called to ask, only to know that "Gande" was originally the year number used by Wang Yan, a former Shu, and this mirror must have been made in Shu. Zhao Kuangyin sighed, "A prime minister needs a scholar", and decided to reuse Confucian ministers.

According to the author's statistics, there are about 720 appellations * * * used in the history of China. Among them, the emperors who used titles the most were Tang Gaozong, Li Zhi and Wu Zetian. Li Zhi reigned for 34 years, from Geng Xu in 650 to his return in 683, and used 14 titles successively. His wife, Wu Zetian, spent 2 1 year from Shen Jia in 684 AD to Chen Jia in 704 AD, and spent 17 years in succession, of which two years were spent as many as five years (Yongchang in 689, Chu as ugly B, Ruyi and Longevity as benevolent ministers in 692, and. The year in which the year number was used the most was Shen Jia in 684 AD. In this year, Tang Gaozong Li Zhi changed from "Long Live" to "Ten Thousand Years", and Wu Zetian made Prince Li Xian the emperor of Zhongzong, and made the title of heir saint. Later, he abolished Zhongzong, made Li Dan Zong Rui, and changed the title to "civilization". After a while, simply change it and change it to "the house of light". In a year, the year number was changed three times, reflecting the fierce competition for imperial power.

The year with the most used year number is 373 AD, with 10 * *. That is, the first year of the early Qin Dynasty; Hou Rong hung down the first year of Jianxing; Yao Chang opened the Year of National Yuan in the late Qing Dynasty; Tuoba GUI, Emperor Daowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, acceded to the throne in the first year of Guoyuan; The first year of Taian, Hou Liang, Lv Guang; The west extension section followed the first year of Changping; The first year of Ximen Murong Jianming; The first year of Xi Yan Murong Yao Jianping; Xiyan Murong Zhong Jianwu first year; The first year of Xiyan Murong Yong Zhongxing.

The longest-used title is Kangxi, the title of Michelle Ye, the sage of the Qing Dynasty. From 1662 to 1722, it took a whole Jiazi, which lasted 6 1 year. Secondly, Michelle Ye's grandson, Emperor Li Hong, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, had the title "Qianlong", from 1736 Bingyin to 1795 Mao Yi, ***60 years. Generally speaking, in the same period of time, the number of titles is short, which reflects that China is tottering and its national fortune is declining, while a short number of titles is long, indicating that the country is prosperous and the world is peaceful.

19 1 1 year Ding Ge is the year of the founding of the Republic of China, and the title is the year of the Republic of China. Later, Yuan Shikai called himself "Emperor of the Chinese Empire" and changed his name to "Hong Xian", but it was soon abolished. 1932, the Qing emperor Puyi assumed the post of "Manchukuo" and changed it to "Datong"; Two years later, it was renamed "Manchuria Empire" and "Kant". However, it is usually not recognized by China's orthodox history books, and the "Xuan Tong" used in the late Qing Dynasty is the number of the last year. After the founding of New China, the year number was adopted and became history.

The year number originated in China and later spread to neighboring countries. Japan, Vietnam and North Korea all use their own year numbers. Because Japan still has an imperial system, it has become the only country in the world that uses the year number and year. Japanese choice of titles is extremely solemn, and most of them are taken from China classics such as Yijing, Shangshu and Shiji. For example, "Meiji" (1868- 19 12) is taken from China's Book of Changes, "Sages listen to the world from the south and govern the world from the Ming Dynasty"; Dazheng (1912-1926) is taken from the book of changes. "Showing Harmony" (1926— 1989), taken from China's Book of History Yao Dian: "People live in harmony"; Today's word "Black City" (1989-) is taken from "Father's righteousness, mother's kindness, brother's friend, brother's respect, son's filial piety, inner peace and outer success" in Records of the Five Emperors.

As the old saying goes, romantic love is always blown away by the wind and rain. Temple number, posthumous title, respect number and year number are the quintessence of China in ancient times, which have died out with the end of the autocratic era. At present, the aftertaste, feeling and evaluation will definitely vary from person to person.

What is the hall number?

Hall name and county name are unique categories in China surname culture. This is also a concept that China people must be familiar with when searching for their roots and ancestors.

In the old days, there was always a plaque above the main entrance of ancestral temples of various surnames in China, which read' XX Hall'. In clan associations and social clubs with various surnames overseas, lanterns and plaques with the words' XX Hall' are often hung. This is the number of the Great Hall of the People in China.

What's the hall number? Simply put, the hall number is the name and title of the ancestral hall.

Ancestral Temple, also known as family ancestral temple, is a public place where China people worship their ancestors and hold clan affairs.

China people are the nation with the most ancestral worship tradition in the world. In every family, there is often a place to worship the memorial tablet of the deceased ancestors. Therefore, in the old society, every family would have its own ancestral temple and give it a name. The purpose is to let future generations know the origin of their family, and remember the merits and demerits of their ancestors every time they mention their hall number.

As the saying goes, a tree attracts the wind. With the transmission and reproduction of life, the family will continue to expand. As a result of expansion, some families moved from their ancestral homes to other places, started new inheritance, and formed new branches and new clans. These newly formed clans and branches often set up new ancestral halls to worship their closest ancestors. In this way, a ancestral hall will produce many new ancestral halls. Therefore, just as genealogy has genealogy and branch genealogy, ancestral halls also have general ancestral halls, branch ancestral halls and branch ancestral halls, which are called lobby ancestral halls and small ancestral halls.

The hall number is not only used for ancestral halls, but also for genealogy, shops, study rooms, gift books and so on. It is also useful for household appliances, such as graffiti, pockets, wallets, lanterns, etc., to indicate surnames and nationalities. Anyone who values his surname and clan will never forget the surname handed down from generation to generation. Not only the Han nationality, but also many other ethnic minorities who moved to the mainland, such as Huyan (Taiyuan Hall) of Xiongnu, Ai (Xihetang) of Uighur and Zhou (Hanoi Hall) of prostrate, all accepted the Chinese culture after moving in, and some even took the county name of their birthplace or the allusions of their ancestors' achievements as their hall names.

Every surname, clan and family has always had its own hall number. Tang Hao has a long history and is widely used, which plays an important role in the patriarchal society in China.

Functionally speaking, the significance of Tang numbers mainly lies in distinguishing surnames and sects, persuading the good and punishing the evil, and educating the people. If a county is a sign of a higher level clan seeking roots, then the hall number is a sign of a lower level clan than the county hall. County looks can often be used as hall numbers, but hall numbers cannot be used as county looks. The hall number of a surname is much more than that of a county. There are only a few to dozens of county names, but there are often hundreds or even thousands of hall numbers. After the Song Dynasty, counties began to be unified and fixed, but with the development of clans, the number of churches continued to increase.

Although there are many surnames, they are not randomly chosen. Every family's hall number often has its very profound meaning. According to the basis and intention of naming, the museum number can be divided into the following types:

Using the place as the name of the hall: Many clans like to use the place of birth as the name of the hall, and all surnames are the same. Such as Taiyuan Hall and Langxie Hall, Longxi Hall under Li's name, Pengcheng Hall and Zhongshan Hall under Liu's name. These hall numbers let people know where this family originated at a glance.

Taking clan allusions as the name of the hall: This method of taking the name of the hall is very popular and interesting among all surnames. A hall name is a very touching story. Of course, this story must be about his ancestors, not his character. Such as "Sanhuaitang", "Zhaochentang" by Liu and "Sanrang Hall" by Wu. These stories are often very instructive, which can make people remember their ancestors, inspire their fighting spirit and work hard.