What is the age of ignorance? What's the difference between barbarism and barbarism?

A stage in the development of human society. American ethnologist L.H. Morgan first used it in the book Ancient Society. He divided human society into obscurantism, barbarism and civilization according to the progress of "survival technology". Ignorance began in human childhood and ended with the use of pottery. It can be divided into three stages: low-level, intermediate and advanced. In the next stage, fish and fire were finally eaten, and wild plants were collected for a living, resulting in segmentation; In the intermediate stage, the bow and arrow was finally invented; The advanced stage finally saw the invention and use of pottery. Morgan believes that the main achievements in the age of ignorance are the formation of divisions and the establishment of family and clan organizations. The age of ignorance is the infancy of human beings, which is characterized by adapting to natural conditions. During this period, humans mainly collected ready-made natural products, such as collecting fruits, digging roots and tubers, picking up fish shells and hunting animals for food. The manufactured products of human beings are mainly stone tools, sticks and javelin that have never been grinded. Gradually, they have grinded stone tools and made bows and arrows, and mastered the skill of friction fire, thus making canoes and stone axes with fire. Correspondingly, human beings have also stepped out of the forest where they live and started to have relatively settled villages in the bud.

Barbarian era is basically the growth and development of primitive clan society until its heyday. This is the period when we learn to manage animal husbandry and agriculture and increase the output of natural products through human activities. People can grind fine stone tools. With pottery, they learned to smelt metals, first copper, then bronze and iron. In some areas, the development from raising animals to grazing has led to nomadic life. Many of these tribes have gradually developed from growing feed to growing food. In areas suitable for planting, the direct transition from gathering to planting plants has gradually developed into large-scale field farming, which has become the main source of human food.

Due to the development of animal husbandry and agriculture, the population has also begun to increase sharply, living in small areas intensively. According to Homer's epic, after entering the heyday of barbarism, the Greeks had perfect ironware, engaged in oil production and wine making, developed handicraft metalworking, made carriages and chariots, and built ships with logs and boards. At this time, budding art buildings have emerged, such as cities surrounded by towers and crenellated walls. These are the main heritages of the Greeks from barbarism to civilization.