What is the Longshan culture era? Please introduce it in detail.

It refers to a cultural relic in the Yellow River valley of China.

Brief introduction: According to the legend recorded in the pre-Qin literature, the ancestors of the Han nationality generally lived in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, starting from Longshan in the west and Taishan in the east. Yangshao culture and Longshan culture are two Neolithic cultures mainly distributed in this area, which are generally considered as the cultural remains of Han ancestors.

Discovery:/kloc-0 In the spring of 928, archaeologist Wu Jinding discovered the world-famous Chengziya site in Longshan Town, Licheng County, Jinan City, Shandong Province (now Zhangqiu City, Shandong Province). On the western fault of Chengziya platform, he excavated thin-walled pottery with black luster, which coexisted with stone tools and bone tools. This attracted the attention of experts from the Archaeological Group of the Institute of History and Linguistics of Academia Sinica at that time. Since then, archaeologists have excavated the Chengziya site many times and obtained a number of cultural remains characterized by beautifully polished black pottery. According to these findings, archaeologists named this cultural relic with black pottery as its main feature "Longshan Culture".

Relics: Since the discovery of Longshan site, archaeologists have discovered cultural relics of this period in Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Hubei. However, due to their different cultural characteristics, they were named Longshan culture in Henan, Longshan culture in Shaanxi, Shijiahe culture in Hubei and Longshan culture in Taosi, Shanxi, which were collectively called Longshan culture. The most striking feature of culture in this period is the discovery of urban sites. For example, in Shandong, in addition to the Longshan site in Chengziya, there are also the Yaowangcheng site in Rizhao, the Wangcheng site in Shouguang, eight sites discovered in three counties of chiping and the Tianwang Village site in Linzi. There are Pingliangtai Ancient City in Huaiyang, Luantai Site in Lu Yi, Wang Chenggang Site in Dengfeng, Haojiatai Site in Yancheng and Mengzhuang Site in Huixian in Henan. Longshan culture belongs to the late Neolithic period in China. During this period, agriculture and animal husbandry in Shaanxi developed greatly compared with Yangshao culture, and the number and types of production tools also increased greatly. The technology of quick-wheel pottery making is more common, which greatly improves the production efficiency. At the same time, witchcraft activities such as divination are also very popular. From the social form, it had entered the patriarchal society at that time, private property had appeared and began to enter the threshold of class society.

Distribution: Longshan cultural sites are mostly distributed in Shandong Peninsula; Similar sites have been found in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, Liaodong Peninsula, Jiangsu and Hubei. This culture is characterized by many thin, hard and shiny black pottery, especially eggshell black pottery (distributed in Rizhao and Zhangqiu), so it is also called "black pottery culture".

In addition to pottery, Longshan culture has a large number of stone tools, bones and mussels. They are mainly engaged in agriculture, hunting, fishing and raising livestock. Have the habit of physiognomy divination. Bronze may have appeared. The cultural origin of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties in history may be related to Longshan culture.

History:1April, 928, Wu Jinding, who was still studying in Tsinghua University at that time, made a holiday field trip at the site of Ping Ling City in Han Dynasty, not far from the site of Chengziya in Longshan Town. On April 4, he passed by Chengziya in Longshan Town and looked back inadvertently. The cross section of the cliff beside the road ditch caught his attention, and an ancient cultural stratum belt stretching for several meters was clearly visible in the sun. Since then, Wu Jinding has visited Chengziya five times and found a large number of pottery pieces with bright black color and smooth surface, which is the representative of Longshan culture in the future. Wu Jinding quickly reported his findings to his teacher, Mr Li Ji. Known as "the founder of China archaeology", Mr. Li Ji is the first doctor of anthropology and archaeology in China, and he presided over the first large-scale excavation of the 1930 Chengziya site. In this way, Chengziya archaeology has made great achievements-the discovery of Longshan culture.

From 1930 to 193 1, the most outstanding representative of the excavation of Chengziya site in Longshan Town is black pottery with unique shape and exquisite craftsmanship, so archaeologists originally called it black pottery culture. Soon, it was named Longshan Culture. Before Chengziya, most of the ancient pottery unearthed in China were painted pottery and red pottery with high sediment concentration, while black pottery with river mud as raw material can be said to be a unique creation of Dongyi people more than 4,000 years ago. The eggshell wall of black pottery unearthed from Chengziya is only 0.5 mm thick and weighs only about 50 grams. It is the best of black pottery. Not to mention the ancients more than 4000 years ago, it is difficult to burn pottery of this color even today. After 1949, a large number of excavations and studies show that the original so-called Longshan culture is not single in cultural system and source, and cannot be regarded as an archaeological culture. Now, according to the different cultural characteristics of several regions, China archaeologists have given a name to the culture as a difference. The general classification is: Shandong Longshan culture, or typical Longshan culture, that is, the remains originally named after Longshan town, mainly distributed in Shandong, inheriting Dawenkou culture and Yueshi culture, radiocarbon dating and correcting, with the age from 2500 BC to 2000 BC; Miaodigou phase II culture, mainly distributed in western and eastern Henan, developed from Yangshao culture, belongs to Longshan culture in the early Central Plains, with radiocarbon dating and correction, and the age is from 2900 BC to 2800 BC; Longshan culture in Henan is mainly distributed in western, northern and eastern Henan. It inherited the second stage of Miaodigou culture or the remains of this period and developed into a bronze culture in the early stage of Chinese civilization in the Central Plains. Radiocarbon has been dated and corrected, which can be roughly divided into three types: Wang Wan Phase III, Hougang Phase II and Legislative Platform. The Longshan culture in Shaanxi, or the second phase culture of Keshengzhuang, is mainly distributed in the Jinghe and Weihe river basins in Shaanxi Province. Radioactive carbon was dated and corrected from 2300 BC to 2000 BC. The newly discovered Taosi site in Xiangfen, Shanxi Province is the representative of Longshan culture Taosi type, mainly distributed in the southwest of Shanxi Province. The dating and correction of radioactive carbon is from 2500 BC to 1900 BC.

Type: 1930 ~ 193 1 excavation of Chengziya site in Longshan town. There are prominent dark and glossy black pottery and eggshell black pottery under it, so it was originally called "black pottery culture", which is considered as a relic originating from the East, different from Yangshao culture. It was soon named Longshan culture. 193 1 year, the "three layers" of Xiaotun (Shang Dynasty), Longshan and Yangshao were discovered for the first time in Liang Siyong, and the relative chronological relationship between them was clarified. In 1930s, the sites belonging to Longshan culture included not only the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, but also the Hangzhou Bay area. At that time, according to regional differences, it was divided into three regions: Shandong coast, northern Henan and Hangzhou Bay. Longshan culture is one of the prehistoric periods of Chinese civilization, and Hougang Longshan culture is the direct predecessor of Shang culture.

After 1949, a large number of excavations and studies show that the original so-called Longshan culture is not single in cultural system and source, and cannot be regarded as an archaeological culture. Now, according to the different cultural characteristics of several regions, they are given cultural names to show their differences. The general method is:

Shandong Longshan culture: or typical Longshan culture, that is, oral culture named after Longshan Town at first, and then Yue culture, dated and corrected with radioactive carbon, about 2500 BC to 2000 BC.

Miaodigou second-stage culture: Longshan cultural relics are mainly distributed in western Henan. Developed from Yangshao culture, it belongs to Longshan culture in the early Central Plains. Radiocarbon dating and correction, about 2900 ~ 2800 years ago.

Longshan culture in Henan: mainly distributed in western, northern and eastern Henan. The second stage culture of Miaodigou in Shangcheng, or the remains of this period, developed into the bronze culture of the early Chinese civilization in the Central Plains, with radioactive carbon dating and correction, about 2600 ~ 2000 years ago. Generally, it can be divided into three types: Wang Wan Phase III, Hougang Phase II and Legislative Platform.

Longshan culture in Shaanxi: or the second stage of Hakka culture. Mainly distributed in Jinghe and Weihe river basins in Shaanxi province. Radiocarbon dating and correction, about 2300 ~ 2000 years ago.

Types of pottery temples in Longshan culture: represented by the newly discovered pottery temple ruins in Xiangfen, Shanxi, mainly distributed in the southwest of Shanxi. Radiocarbon dating and correction, about 2500 ~ 1900 years ago. At present, these cultures are temporarily distinguished by provincial names. In the future, through in-depth comparative study, if possible, they should be named after representative sites. As for the Longshan culture in Hangzhou Bay in 1930s, it has been named Liangzhu culture.

Characteristics of pottery: The pottery of Longshan culture in the early Central Plains was mainly gray, mostly hand-made, and the mouth was generally trimmed with a slow wheel. Some utensils, such as cans, also adopt a new molding process of "closing the bottom" after the pot body and bottom are made separately. The firing temperature of grey pottery is about 840℃. In the early period of Longshan culture, some elements of Yangshao culture were still preserved and inherited, such as cups, open pots, folded pots, closed pots and pointed-bottomed bottles, while the two-eared pots, three-eared pots, deep-bellied pots and cylindrical pots. In this period, the decorative patterns of pottery were mainly basket patterns, and some pottery was decorated with several or even several additional pile patterns on the basket patterns, which were mainly used for strengthening the body.

In the late Longshan culture, the pottery was mainly gray pottery, with red pottery accounting for a certain proportion and black pottery increasing. The firing temperatures of grey pottery and red pottery both reach 1000℃. Handmade is still the main method, but the innovation of wheel-making technology has been further developed, and some pottery has been formed. The main container shapes are cups, plates, bowls, cans, altars, ding, retort, container cover, container seat and emerging containers. The most common decorative patterns are rope patterns and basket patterns, and a small amount of checkered patterns can also be seen.

Shandong Longshan culture developed on the basis of inheriting Dawenkou cultural factors, mainly distributed in Shandong, northern Jiangsu and Liaodong Peninsula, more than 4,000 years ago.

Great progress has been made in the production method of pottery of Longshan culture in Shandong Province, and the wheel system technology has been widely used. Therefore, the shape of pottery is quite regular, the wall thickness is very uniform, and the output and quality are greatly improved. The pottery of Longshan culture in Shandong Province is mainly black pottery, with few gray pottery, and a small amount of red pottery, yellow pottery and white pottery. The firing temperature of black pottery is 1000℃, red pottery is 950℃, and white pottery is 800-900℃. There are three kinds of black pottery: fine mud, argillaceous and sand. Fine mud is black and shiny, and scholars call it "eggshell black pottery".

Eggshell black pottery is the most representative pottery of Longshan culture in Shandong Province, which reflects the highly developed level of pottery industry at that time. Plain or polished surfaces are the most, and decorative patterns are few, mainly chords, scratches, holes and so on. There are many shapes, mainly: bowls, pots, jars, beans, single-ear cups, high-handle cups, ding and so on. This is another one. The grimace tripod leg and round tripod leg in Longshan culture in Shandong Province are the most distinctive, which are rare in other cultures.

Black pottery is a kind of black and bright black pottery with thin tire and dense bone. It is the most exquisite pottery in Longshan culture. When black pottery is fired, the surface of the pottery presents a dark black luster by carburizing with sealed kiln smoke. Its surface is polished very smoothly, with only some strings, scratches or holes. Black, thin, bright and new are the four characteristics of black pottery. Among them, there is a kind of thin-walled black pottery, which is black and bright and as thin as an eggshell, and is called eggshell pottery, which represents the outstanding achievements of this type of pottery.

ashes

Heibadui relics

Located in the northwest corner of Wang Lou Village, Longgang Township, yongcheng city, Heiba Team Site is recognized as a cultural site of Longshan, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties. The site of Heigudui covers an area of about 6,543,800 square meters. Judging from the excavation, "the site is rich in accumulation, simple in cultural connotation and rich in unearthed relics". Unearthed cultural relics include stone tools, pottery, mussels and horns. China Longshan culture also originated from this. In addition, websites such as netizen square and legislative platform are also in this field. Legend of the Black Eight Team: Every year, the Black Eight Team will grow half a foot tall and about 20 meters square. There used to be a big tree on the Black Eight Team, and there used to be clothes, bedding and shoes on the tall tree. Passers-by were amazed and passed down as treasures! The credibility of the legend is very low! But the site of Heigudui does exist! Now it is a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit in Henan Province! The site of Heigudui strongly proves that as early as 4000 years ago, human ancestors worked and lived in Longgang, a vast and flat land.

Wangyaocheng site

Yaowangcheng site is located in Rizhao City, Shandong Province. It was once the capital of Dawenkou culture and Longshan culture. Underground archaeology shows that the capital is larger than the ruins of two cities, and it was the largest capital in Asia at that time. The site was discovered in 1934, and the provincial government announced it as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units in 1977. In May, 2006, the State Council was approved and announced as a national key cultural relics protection unit. The published area is about 520,000 square meters. After investigation by the Sino-American joint archaeological team, it is believed that the site is larger than the two towns and should be the largest capital city in Asia at that time. The cultural layer of the site is generally 2-3 meters thick, and the thickest part can reach 6 meters. Stratigraphic accumulation is dominated by Longshan culture, including Dawenkou, Yueshi, Shang and Zhou Dynasties and Han Dynasty. Yaowangcheng site, as one of the Neolithic cultural sites with important influence in archaeology, is the Longshan cultural site in the transition period from Dawenkou culture to Longshan culture. It is an early developed settlement and belongs to the type of drug king city of Longshan culture in Shandong Province.

Tenghualuo Site

This is the first prehistoric city site with double-walled structure in China, the first city site during the Longshan culture period in Jiangsu Province, and the most complete and suitable site for settlement morphology archaeology among more than 50 Longshan cultural city sites discovered in China, which is of great value for studying the origin of civilization.

The plot is located in Zhongyun Township, Lianyungang Economic and Technological Development Zone, with an area of 6.5438+0.5 million square meters. After dissecting the inner and outer double walls of Longshan culture, it is found that the outer city plane is a rounded rectangle, which consists of city walls, city edges and gates. The circumference of the city1520m, and the area is about141375m2. The inner city plane is nearly round and square, which is located in the south of the outer city. It consists of city walls, roads outside the city, gates and outposts, with a circumference of 806 meters and an area of 40,560 square meters. There are 35 houses of various types found in the inner city, including a large Huizhou house with an area of 1 10 square meter, which may be a place related to religion, sacrifice and assembly.

More than 200 remains of rammed earth platform, foundation pit, ash pit, ash ditch, road, ditch, paddy field and Shibutou were found in Tenghualuo site, and more than 2,000 specimens of stone tools, pottery, jade, carbonized rice, wooden stakes and various animals and plants were unearthed.

Dingbadui relics

The Longshan Cultural Site of Dingba Team covers an area of about 4,500 square meters. During the period of 1978, the cultural relics investigation team led by Zhi Hongyuan from Luoyang Institute of Archaeology, China Academy of Social Sciences conducted excavation and investigation here. After exploration, the cultural layer is divided into three layers: the first layer, 1 m deep, contains gray pottery pieces; The second layer, 2 meters deep, contains black and gray rope-like pottery fragments; The third floor, 3 meters deep, contains gray pottery fragments and charcoal ash with checkered and basket patterns. The cultural layer is about 3.7 meters thick and the site is well preserved. 198 1 was designated as a county-level cultural relics protection unit by the central archaeological research institute in, and was upgraded to a municipal key cultural relics protection unit in July 2002.

From a large number of pottery pieces and artifacts excavated by archaeologists in the site, it can be seen that there are more gray pottery, fine fetal quality and high firing temperature; There are relatively few red pottery, loose fetal quality and low firing temperature. Grey pottery is made by wheel method, with smooth surface and decorated with rope patterns and chord patterns. Red pottery is hand-made, with rough surface and plain surface. However, whether it is gray pottery or red pottery, the utensils are flat-bottomed, and no foot winding or foot filling device is found. Because its main feature is Longshan culture, it can be considered as early Longshan culture and belongs to Miaodigou second-stage culture according to classification.

Miaodigou Phase II culture was once considered as Yangshao culture, but it was not clear until 1959 when Miaodigou site was excavated. 1959 During the excavation of Miaodigou site, it was found that it was superimposed on Yangshao layer, and it had the transitional nature from Yangshao to Longshan in cultural nature. Therefore, it is designated as the early Longshan period, and this type of remains is represented by the "Miaodigou Second Stage Culture".

Judging from the pottery unearthed from the Longshan cultural site in Dingbadui, they are all handmade, and there is no trace of wheel system. The decorative patterns are mainly rope patterns, followed by basket patterns, and plaid patterns are rare. There are many large-scale artifacts and rich cultural relics, which have the characteristics of the transition from Yangshao culture to Longshan culture. They are the early remains of Longshan culture, so they belong to the second stage of Miaodigou culture.

Zibo site

Zilongshan Cultural Site is located on a high platform 100 meters northeast of Chengzi Village, Chengyang Town, Chengyang District. Because it used to be the northeast corner of the ancient city (not the city) with high terrain, the locals also called it "Dongcheng Top".

The site is 200 meters long from east to west and 100 meters wide from north to south. To the west and north are cliffs, about 2.5 meters high. There is a beige cultural layer about one meter thick, which is intermittently exposed on the surface and contains rich cultural relics.

The collection of cultural relics includes: single-hole flat axe, rectangular flat stone shovel, half-moon double-hole stone knife, rectangular perforated stone, stone bowl, stone chisel, stone sickle and Shi Mao. The stone tools are polished all over, with sharp blades and exquisite production. Pottery is mainly gray pottery and black pottery.

According to the investigation of archaeologists, this is a cultural site of Longshan culture type, with a history of more than 4,000 years, which provides important reference materials for studying the primitive culture of Qingdao.

Henan ruins

In 2005, archaeologists discovered a large-scale city site of Longshan culture period in Anyang, Henan Province, which was more than 600 years earlier than the ruins of Yin Ruins.

This archaeological excavation * * * discovered the wall, a house foundation, a pottery kiln and two cobblestone ground patterns during the Longshan culture period140m, and unearthed stone axes, mussels, bone pins and other artifacts, as well as a large number of pottery pieces, pots, bowls and so on. Especially, two kinds of ground patterns paved with pebbles found in the building foundation are only found in Longshan cultural archaeology at present. One of them, with an area of about 10 square meter, looks like a tiger. Experts believe that it should be related to totem worship or sacrifice at that time.

Jingyanggang site

Located in the west of Jingyanggang Village. 1973, Wu Ruzuo, Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, first discovered the Jingyanggang site here. During the period of 1979, cultural relics workers in Liaocheng area conducted a trial excavation of the site.

In the north of the site, the ash pits of 1 Longshan culture and the tombs of 1 Spring and Autumn Period were cleared. There is a clear cultural layer on the section of the ash pit, and the accumulation thickness is about1.5m. The upper layer is cultivated soil, grayish brown, covered with pottery fragments and animal bones; Under the cultivated soil layer is the cultural layer of Han dynasty, Shang and Zhou dynasties; The bottom layer is the accumulation of Longshan culture. A large number of relics from the middle and late Longshan culture have been unearthed, most of which are household utensils. A complete cow skeleton was found at the bottom of the ash pit, which seems to be used for sacrifice, which is of great significance to the study of the origin, training and sacrifice of ancient livestock. In addition, there are also small bone needles, clam knives, stone knives, stone axes and so on. The Spring and Autumn Tomb is a rectangular pit tomb with vertical holes. It is 3.5 meters long from east to west, 2 meters wide from north to south and 3.2 meters deep. There is a rectangular waist pit in the middle of the tomb, and there is a martyr dog with its head facing east in the pit. More than 770 pieces of pottery, bronze and bone were unearthed in the tomb. 1994, Liaocheng Cultural Relics Management Committee organized a cultural relics exploration team to cooperate with the development and construction project of Jingyanggang Park in yanggu county to find another site of Longshan Cultural City. The plane of the city site is nearly oval, northeast-southwest, with a narrow western end and an arc in the middle. It is about1150m long from north to south, 230m wide at the north end, 330m wide at the south end and 400m wide in the middle, with a total area of about 350,000 square meters. From the end of the same year to the winter of 1996, Shandong Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Liaocheng Cultural Relics Management Committee jointly conducted drilling and trial excavation, with an excavation area of 1200 square meters. After excavation, it was found that there was no trace on the ground and the underground wall was well preserved. In the northeast corner of the ruins of the ancient city, there is a north-south canal passing through. From the western wall of the canal, we can see that there are remnants of Yue culture city walls under the cultivated soil, and the outer side is broken by the remnants of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty city walls. The Yueshi cultural site pressed down the Longshan cultural wall, and the height of the canal from top to bottom exceeded 1 meter. The bottom of the canal is flooded and it is impossible to drill wells. It is estimated that there are more than several types of walls below the canal bottom. The rammed layer on the inner side of the exposed Longshan city wall on the canal wall is inclined inward, thick and irregular, and the outer wall of the city wall is steep, which breaks the ash pit of the inner city wall and belongs to the middle and late Longshan culture. In the center of the city ruins, there are two ruins, the big one and the small one, which are processed from the original natural hills. Large and small sites are divided into two layers, the lower layer is mainly rammed with pure yellow-brown sand, and the upper layer is grey flower soil. Ramming tools are divided into round stick rammer and stone rammer, with obvious rammer nest and clear rammer surface. Unearthed cultural relics have obvious local characteristics. Pottery is mainly gray pottery, less black pottery, and reddish brown pottery accounts for a certain proportion. Besides pottery, unearthed cultural relics include altars, ding, pots, pots, etc. Especially in an ash ditch excavated in the spring of 1996, a rectangular piece of pottery was found, which belonged to the shoulder of a small clay polished black pottery pot, and the rest was triangular. From the form of carving, it was carved after the pottery was formed and before it was fired, and it was made by people in Longshan era. Judging from the shape of the characters, it seems to have something to do with Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Jingyanggang Longshan Cultural Ancient City Site is the largest ancient city site of Longshan Cultural Period discovered in the Yellow River Basin so far. The layout of large and small terraces in the city is clear and the remains are rich, which provides new clues for studying the relationship between the Longshan culture in this area and the Longshan culture in the Central Plains and even the origin of ancient civilization in China.

1February 1977,65438 was listed as a provincial-level key cultural relics protection unit by the Shandong Provincial People's Government./kloc-0 was nominated for the first "Top Ten Archaeological Discoveries in China" in June 1995, and was approved as a national key cultural relics protection unit by the State Council in June 2000/kloc-0.

Jiaochangbao site

The average width of the city wall found in Longshan Cultural Site in Jiaochang, chiping is 28 meters, the widest point is 30 meters, and the preservation height is close to 2 meters. It is rammed with yellow sand and clay. According to the drilling results, the city wall is roughly circular and slightly longer from east to west, covering an area of about 50,000 square meters. At the same time, the foundation pit and sacrificial pit where the foundation stone laying ceremony was held were found on the city wall, and the phenomenon of human sacrifice appeared.

Jiaochangpu Site is located in the northwest of Jiaochangpu Village, Lepingpu Town, Chiping County, Shandong Province. It belongs to the middle and late Longshan culture, between 4600 and 4000 years ago. Since 2000, the Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Shandong Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Liaocheng Cultural Relics Bureau have jointly conducted four excavations. Among them, the three pottery kilns excavated in 200 1 are the most complete Longshan cultural group discovered in Shandong.

In addition to the newly discovered ancient city wall 4,300 years ago, 20 houses 4,300 years ago, more than 500 ash pits, 7 kiln sites, 10 foundation pits and 1 0 tombs were discovered in the excavation area, and nearly 1,000 unearthed cultural relics of various pottery, stone, bone and mussel textures were unearthed. Researcher Liang Changhe, head of Shandong Group of Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, believes that excavations in recent years have provided more detailed first-hand information for studying the gestation and formation of Xia and Shang civilizations, and have important research value for exploring the origin of Chinese civilization.

Qingdao Jiaonan site

Jiaonan is known as "the country of the East" in history, with splendid culture. By the end of 1987, a total of 9 Longshan cultural sites/kloc-0 were discovered in Baoxiangshan: Xiangyang in Athena Chu Township, Dazhangba, Guojiaheyan, Wangjiaheyan, Xiaoyao in Jiaonan Town, Hetou in Zhangjialou Township, Jijiadianzi in Langya Town, Shangtuan, Dongzao Lake, Qian Ying in Southern Tibet Township, Yinghou and Zhao Gao. Black pottery is a symbol of ancient civilization in China. It has a history of more than 4500 years in Jiaonan. A large number of pottery, mussels and human bones are exposed on the ground of these sites. Stone axes, shovels, stone knives, stone shovels, pottery pots, pottery cups, jade rings, clay sculpture holes, Gao Zubei and the remains of eggshell pottery cups have all been unearthed. Haiqinglongshan pottery is famous for its black pottery, but there are also red pottery and white pottery. There are various shapes and manufacturing methods of Longshan black pottery, but its main characteristics are thin wall, exquisite shape and black polished surface. Many black pottery is made with wheels or by hand, and finally finished with rackets and anvils. This kind of pottery is black and bright in color and has a unique aesthetic taste. Yi Chengchun, Hai Qing and Longshan Black Pottery re-examined this ancient life and sacrificial articles from the perspective of modern people, and found its unusual beauty, a kind of Gu Zhuo beauty with primitive flavor. It is this simple beauty that conforms to the fashion that people pursue to return to nature today, thus becoming a fine black art that people appreciate and collect.

Extended reading

In May, 2007, an article was published in the authoritative American academic magazine Human Genetics: Y chromosome of historical figures along the Yangtze River, in which a set of data was very amazing.

By studying the ancient bone DNA of Taosi culture in Shanxi (4500 years ago), it is confirmed that the Y chromosome SNP haplotype of Longshan culture residents is O3-M 122, which only contains O3 and O3e subtypes, and there are no other types, which is completely consistent with the main part of modern Han nationality. In other words, the paternal ancestors of the main part of the Han nationality came from the ancient Central Plains, that is, Longshan people.

Looking at O3 alone, at least 60%-70% of Han people from all over the country come from Longshan culture. Comparing the data in the article "The Evolution and Migration History of China Population Influenced by Y Chromosome Evidence of China People" in 2004, we can be sure that today's Han people in China, from northeast to Guangdong, from Hakka in southeast to Lanzhou in northwest, are no different from those in the ancient Central Plains 5,000 years ago. Today's Han people are the direct descendants of the ancient Central Plains people, and the paternal line O3 has always occupied an absolute dominant position among the Han people, and it has not changed for 5000 years. Longshan culture, especially Miaodigou site, has exquisite black pottery with rose pattern, which is considered to be related to the "flower-flower" tribe. Worship of light is the characteristic of this tribe and is considered to be the ancestral source of the ancient Chinese nation. Nowadays, in all branches of Sino-Tibetan language family, roots such as Hu, Gu, Hua, Gua and Hao all have distinct meanings, such as Gua in Miao language, Hu in She language, good Chinese and Gu in Tibetan language all have distinct and glorious meanings. Longshan culture is considered as the ancestor of Chinese tribe and Han nationality.

Other lineages of contemporary Han nationality come from other cultural sources in China; For example, residents of other ancient cultures in the Yangtze River valley also have many Han ancestors. Daxi culture, Liangzhu culture and Wucheng culture also constitute an important ancestral source of the Han nationality, accounting for 10%-35%, with an average of about 20%, which mainly affects the southern Han nationality and has a relatively small influence on the northern Han nationality; For another example, other lineages of the northern Han nationality are mainly influenced by northern cultures such as Hongshan Culture, while the southern Han nationality is less influenced by these.

According to the existence period of Longshan culture, most scholars speculate that the legendary Yao Shun Yu Xia may be within the scope of Longshan culture. Especially the ruins of Yaowangcheng in Rizhao, Shandong Province, was the largest capital city in Asia at that time. According to ancient records, Yao Di's tribe also lived near here, and Yao Di was called the Tao Tang family. Whether the name of Taosi remains unchanged for thousands of years has aroused many associations.

Today, with the increasing influence of China, Longshan culture will attract more fans and push related research to a new height.