How is the astronomical calendar of businessmen divided? Brief introduction of astronomical calendar in Shang dynasty

Businessmen don't know if there is astrology, but they have observed the astronomical phenomena and made calendars. Eclipses and stars have been recorded in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which is the earliest precious astronomical data in the world. Oracle Bone Inscriptions wrote about solar and lunar eclipses. At present, there are only two known solar eclipses recorded in Oracle Bone Inscriptions: Sun Xi [(with)] solar eclipse ... Tian (Shangjia)? (Jing 3965) Gui Youzhen, eat (have) every day, ok?

If you are innocent, you will have food every day. What if you are not? (Book of Changes 374) The daily food here is the same as that in the Book of Songs at the turn of October. Eclipses usually occur during the day, but some also occur at night. There is food every day, which is proof.

There are often daily records in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, such as a cloud:

Another day passed, Xin Sizhen told her father Ding. (Post-Shang Dynasty, 29.6) Geng, the sun is not a disaster, and Jia Ruo (Essence, 55) has two interpretations of the sun, just as Guo Moruo speculated that it was the same as eating and sounding, covering up the eclipse. ①; As Chen said: (1) If you read a record or a mole, it refers to dark gas or sunspot ② in Japan and China, while the latter is hardly ③.

There are many eclipses recorded in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and some have months, such as clouds:

What happened to you, fighting for your virginity and dying ten days later? Three-day yiyou, eclipse, smell, August. (A 1289+ 1749)

[Deck] Indefinite, fighting for chastity, Shen Jia, Tian Yi the following year? What is an eclipse? One (fog), no rain? [front]

Evening solar eclipse [reversal] (C 56).

Seven days have passed and Geng Shen is eating. (Library 1595)

An eclipse means an eclipse. Jia 1289+ 1749 is composed by the composer. Between the lines, Dong Zuobin said: The original meaning of this word should be the taste of "reaching" in the newspaper. ..... The solar eclipse and the Chinese side reported the "smell" ... In history, the words "the official of history has not seen it, and the county will smell it" are very true. Because this Oracle Bone Inscriptions means that on that day in August, historians asked if there was any disaster in these ten days, and there was an eclipse in the evening of Yiyou three days later. This was reported by someone else, so a word was specially marked. "Part C" 56 is a positive and negative Oracle. The positive significance is: the divination historian argued on the day he returned to latitude, and the next day in Shen Jia, was it cloudy? Is there an eclipse tonight? It turned out to be foggy and there was no rain. On the contrary, there was an eclipse that night. The word in the last article, I don't know, may refer to a natural phenomenon This Oracle Bone Inscriptions said that the night sky appeared after the seventh day of a month, and there was an eclipse in Gengshen the next day.

The star characters in Oracle Bone Inscriptions are hieroglyphics of the stars in the sky, which are very clear. There is a cloud in Oracle Bone Inscriptions: Winter (end) night … is also a big star ("miscellaneous" 120). So far, it is not clear what star this big star refers to. Yang Shuda said in his book Living in Wen Jia that big stars make big stars in the sky. He also said that big stars make big stars.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions Cloud:

Rising star Xin Wei. ("before" 7.14.1) This Oracle Bone Inscriptions said that there was a new star in the sky in Xin Wei that night. Yang Shuda said: The rising star is new, and its meaning cannot be fully understood. Recently, it has been said that nova is an astronomical variable star, that is, a star with very little brightness, which is usually invisible to the naked eye. However, due to the drastic changes in its interior, its brightness suddenly increases, and it is called a new star when it is visible to the naked eye, which is specious. In addition, there are often records of stars (Stone 14.6) and their stars (She 598) in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which seem to be all stars.

Due to the need of agricultural production, the Shang Dynasty had a relatively complete calendar. According to Oracle Bone Inscriptions's records, there were different months at that time, namely, the big month was 30 days, the abortion was 29 days, and the year was1February. Because the twelve big and small months add up to only 354 or 355 days, leap months are used to adjust the number of days in a year, so that the four seasons in a year change within a certain period of time. This leap month, in the early Oracle, was placed after December, which is the last month of the year when leap should be placed, so it is called March. This is called the year-end leap method in the calendar. In late Oracle Bone Inscriptions, leap month was placed in a certain month of the year, such as leap May, and there were two May in that year, which was called the mid-year leap method in the calendar. This calendar is neither a solar calendar based on the movement of the sun, nor a pure lunar calendar based on the full moon, but a four-year-old calendar with leap (month).

Oracle bone inscriptions have a cloud: return to ugliness and tell the truth. This year, I received Wo, Hongji, and in August, Jia Wang offered a sacrifice ("Jing" 896). It can be proved that there are still differences in age, age and worship in the era of Diyi and Di Xin. The word "nian" in Oracle bone inscriptions is written; Year word, shape; Sacrificial words and shapes.

The word "spike" is like a half-moon cutting tool with a handle. The two points on the blade are the holes through which the blade passes. You can put on a rope to tie the blade tightly to the handle. The ancients used years to harvest the ear of grain and cut the carcass, so the ear of the year and the word of the year are the correct solutions of the word of the year. Because crops were harvested at the age of 20, there is a general term for a year in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, such as: this year's harvest year ("A" 3298) and next year's harvest year ("B" 6881), but it refers to the quality of a year's crop harvest, not punctuality. The word "year" is not a year to remember time. Shuowen said: The year is ripe. "Biography of Gu Liang" also goes for three years: all grains are ripe, and there are years. 2008 may be a record of several harvest seasons, such as the cloud: there are five in this decade, and Simomo (continued 1.44.5) harvested (had) years (A 3430). The year recorded in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is neither called year nor year. The early Oracle bones only recorded the sun and the moon, and the year recorded in the late Oracle bones was called sacrifice. This is related to the fact that Shang Wang kept holding sacrifices all the year round. We know that during the year, Shang kings held various sacrifices at different times. After the sacrifice, a year passed, so the sacrifice was used to represent the year. This is consistent with the saying in Er Ya Shi Tian: Yue Xia Sui, Thinking of Last Month, Zhou Yuenian and Tang Yu Yue Zai.

The division of four seasons, spring, summer, autumn and winter, began after the Spring and Autumn Period, before which there were only two seasons. The spring in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is like (Chu) ①; Autumn word, form two. Zhen, come to the spring, not from the year ("Jing" 88 1), Wu Wubu, I am Zhen, this autumn, I am in the business? (Xia Hou 42.3) "Spring" and "Autumn" both mean a year, not spring and autumn in the four seasons. Due to the need of agricultural production, it is also possible that there were only two periods of spring planting and autumn harvest in Shang Dynasty, so the word spring and autumn was used to represent a year.

The method of recording the day in Shang Dynasty is expressed by the combination of ten days and twelve places, that is, from Jiazi (Jiazi) to Guihai (Guihai), the sum is exactly sixty. There are some tables in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, not Oracle Bone Inscriptions, but a spare almanac, which may be used by historians at that time to check the date during divination. The method used to record the Japanese calendar existed before Shang Dynasty, and it has been used in China until modern times.

In Shang dynasty, all the time periods in a day had proper names.

In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, day and night are relative. Day refers to the day, and night refers to the night after dark to before dawn. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the word "Xi" is exactly the same in writing, shape and form as the word "Yue", and only in writing can "Xi" and "Yue" be distinguished.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions wrote the word "Dan", saying: No rain (Jing 702), heavy rain the next day (Jin 38 1). Ming script, Oracle Bone Inscriptions's works and shapes, such as Yu Ming's "Ming" and "Dan" ("B" 6664), all refer to the time after dawn. Shuowen said: Dan, Huainanzi astronomy is divided into three periods: morning, morning and evening.

The time after Taming is called big picking, eating or facing the DPRK. Rain and dew were collected from the Northern Expedition ("B"116), which was made by Oracle bone inscriptions. Big food, not □ (Kay) ("Jing" 999) is the same as the eclipse of the sun and the moon, and it is shaped; It was raining in the morning ("Ai" 292), and the word "Chao" was written by Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

The time after the bumper harvest, big food and pilgrimage is called China and Japan, which is equivalent to the present noon. China and Japan, whose rain ("Jing" 7 19) is the writing day of China, Japan and Oracle Bone Inscriptions?

After China and Japan, it was called Kun, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions made a shape, as if the sun had gone west. People need to look at the shape of the sun sideways. There is a cloud in Oracle Bone Inscriptions: It rains from the north (Harmony 78) and falls (Ming 703).

Snacks are the time for businessmen to eat in the afternoon, while big meals and snacks are the time for two meals at that time. It's time for a big meal in the morning. From China and Japan to Sakamoto ("A" 547) and Sakamoto (), if it doesn't rain, it will rain in China and Japan. "Yi Yi" 394), surprised, no rain? (Cui 75 1) and other examples, we can know that there is an order between China and Japan. Do it again, just do it again. It is equivalent to the time before dusk.

The time after eating snacks is called Cai Xiao or faint (dusk). Today, small mining, heavy rain ("Yi" 276) Small mining is opposite to large mining, and large mining is for the DPRK, and small mining is late. Today, there is a faint word "Xin, with faint rain" ("Ning" 1.70), which takes the shape of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and stands behind the bang, so it can be seen that fainting is a faint night. Dan and faintness are relative, Dan is sunrise and faintness is sunrise. Mo (dusk) is the mo without rain (essence 695). Oracle Bone Inscriptions's works and shapes are like the sun entering the grass, facing Mo and facing Mo after dawn. Faint and silent refer to sunset and dusk. This is consistent with the records in Guoyu and Lu Yu, that is, ... (small) picking the morning sun and the evening moon.