If the debate about Qin Shihuang's merits and demerits is positive, how can he express his views? How to refute each other's questions?

First, strengthen centralization:

Qin Shihuang set up the Prime Minister, Qiu Wei and imperial envoys in the central government, who were in charge of government affairs, military affairs and supervision throughout the country, which were called "three fairs". In addition, Feng Chang, Lang Zhong Ling, Wei Wei, Tai Fu, Ting Wei, Dianke, Zong Zheng, Su Zhi Civil History, Shao Fu and other "Jiuqing" are responsible for the work of various government departments. The prime minister and others are each responsible for the emperor, and everything is subordinate to the emperor. In addition, the Shi Qing Shilu system was abolished, and officials from the central government to local governments were appointed and removed by the emperor, without inheritance rights.

Second, the abolition of feudal counties:

After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin gradually promoted the county system directly controlled by the monarch. After the elimination of the Six Kingdoms, the first emperor adopted Tingwei Lisi's view and no longer joined the feudal princes. "There are thirty-six counties in the world, and the counties will keep, keep and supervise." Each county has several counties, and there are other grass-roots organizations under the county, and the county governor is also appointed and removed by the emperor.

Third, strengthen grass-roots control:

After Qin unified the whole country, it continued to implement the household registration method since Shang Yang's political reform. Five ethnic groups were "Wu" (with viceroy) and ten ethnic groups were "Shi" (with viceroy), with Li, Ting and Xiang on them. By controlling counties, counties, townships, pavilions, Li, Shi and Wu, the emperor can really insert his rule into the countryside.

Fourth, the implementation of severe punishment:

On the basis of the original laws of Qin State, the Qin Dynasty revised a set of strict laws and promulgated them throughout the country.

V. Destruction of weapons:

In order to prevent the adherents of the six countries from rebelling, the first emperor ordered all the weapons in the world to be concentrated in Xianyang for destruction.

Six, smooth obstacles:

The first emperor ordered that all battlements, blockades and forts built by the six countries in dangerous areas be demolished to prevent the reappearance of feudal separatist forces.

Seven, immigration garrison:

Move hundreds of thousands of people to Hetao in the north and Wuling in the south, strengthen border defense and develop frontier areas.

Eight, universal conscription:

It is stipulated that all men between the ages of 17 and 60 must perform military service.

Nine, the construction of the Great Wall:

Qin Shihuang's old Great Wall connected Beiyan, Zhao and Qin during the Warring States Period.

X. Unified currency:

It is forbidden to use the coins of six countries, such as tortoise, shellfish and jade. It is stipulated that gold and copper are used uniformly throughout the country, of which gold is the superior currency and the unit is Japanese yen (220 yen); Copper is the next currency, in units of half a penny.

Xi。 Unified measurement:

Taking the degree, quantity and balance of Qin State in Shang Yang era as the national standard for calculating length, size and weight, it is engraved with letters of unified measurement. The units of degrees are minutes, inches, feet, feet, quotations, etc. The units of quantity are combined, liter, bucket and welcome, and the units of balance are baht, two pounds and stone.

XII. Unified track:

The Qin dynasty stipulated that the width of cars was six feet, which realized "cars on the same track" and changed the situation that the width of cars and tracks varied from place to place during the Warring States period. A car can cross the whole country.

Thirteen, the construction of ChiDao:

On the basis of the original six-country road of chariots and horses, Qin built a wide and tidy road with a width of fifty steps (six feet). Chidao is centered on Xianyang, the capital. Qin Shihuang visited all parts of the country many times along the newly-built equator.

Fourteen, communication waterway:

Dredging Gorge in Qin Dynasty (Bianhe River in Henan Province) is a waterway hub, connecting Hebei, Ru, Huai and Si rivers. In 2 14 BC, Ling Shilu supervised the restoration of a 60-mile-long Lingqu, which connected Hunan and Lishui.

Fifteen, unified text:

During the Warring States period, the first emperor ordered Li Si to simplify the original large seal script arrangement of Qin State into small seal script, which was popular all over the country. Later, Xiao Zhuan was simplified as an official script, which was also popular in the whole country in the Qin Dynasty.

Sixteen, the northern expedition huns:

Xiongnu, an ancient nationality in the northern border of China, is distributed in today's Mongolian steppe. It has been engaged in nomadism and is famous for its tenacity and riding and shooting. Since the end of the Warring States Period, Huns have often invaded the south, threatening the lives and property of people in Yan, Zhao, Qin and other countries, so all the northern border countries have built their own Great Wall to guard against it. After the Qin Dynasty unified China, in 2 15 BC, "the first emperor ordered the general Meng Tian to send 300,000 troops to attack Hu in the north, take the land of Henan slightly, and ... drive away the Xiongnu in the northwest". Then, on the basis of the old Great Wall of Yan, Zhao and Qin, it was supplemented to form the so-called "Great Wall of Wan Li" with a length of more than 5,000 miles. It is one of the greatest architectural projects in ancient China and even in the world. Qin Shihuang's fault

A series of policies and measures of the first emperor greatly strengthened national unity and had a great influence on later generations. However, his career was completed in a short period of ten years under the cruel oppression of the people, so the rule of the Qin Dynasty was bound to be harsh and tyrannical. During the twelve years of the reign of the first emperor, the cruelty of his administration has been exposed.

First, too much tax, tax is extremely heavy:

In order to maintain the huge military expenditure and engineering construction and satisfy the extravagant life, the first emperor did not hesitate to levy heavy taxes on the people, making them miserable and miserable.

Second, excesses, abuse of financial resources:

Qin Shihuang was eager for quick success and instant benefit, and showed no sympathy for the people's feelings. He built great projects and fought everywhere year after year. Internally, he built roads, canals and the Great Wall. Externally, he hacked the Huns and launched hundreds of battles. Every project or every battle must serve the broad masses of people. In particular, the first emperor built Epang Palace for his own luxury, and built the tomb of Mount Li near the capital, which consumed more than 700,000 civilian workers. It is estimated that the number of people who served in military service at that time far exceeded 2 million, accounting for more than one third of adult men. Such heavy taxes and heavy labor are really unbearable for the people.

Third, severe punishment, public resentment boiling:

Since Shang Yang's political reform in Qin Dynasty, laws and regulations have been very strict. One person was sentenced to death and three families were punished. A family breaks the law and people are often punished by hard labor or torture. In the Qin Shihuang period, he was a "full-time prison officer", which pushed severe punishment to the peak.

Fourth, muzzle thoughts and burn books to pit Confucianism:

Qin Shihuang also applied harsh laws to the ideological field, arbitrarily controlling thoughts and imprisoning freedom of thought. As long as there are "poems", "books" and hundreds of languages, they will be burned. This is the famous "book burning order". In addition, because some alchemists who asked for the elixir of life on behalf of Qin Shihuang made rude remarks, criticized the failure of the government and invited them to flee, the first emperor ordered the imperial censor to investigate the Confucian scholars in Beijing and arrested more than 460 people, all of whom were called "Confucian scholars" in Xianyang.

Thinking level of evaluating the merits and demerits of ancient politicians

(1) Whether to achieve national reunification and promote historical development.

② Whether to adjust political measures to maintain social stability.

③ Whether to adjust economic measures, pay attention to improving production conditions and promote economic development.

(4) whether to take measures to promote cultural prosperity.

⑤ Whether to take measures to consolidate national unity and promote the integration and unity of all ethnic groups.

⑥ Whether to resist foreign aggression and defend national sovereignty and national interests.

Qin Shihuang burned books to bury Confucianism? Just say he started it, but it's not Qin Shihuang's responsibility. Organize it yourself.

Punishment? Isn't there a death penalty now? Only through punishment can social stability be well protected.