What are the official positions in the palace?

There were six ministers who assisted Xia Wang in the Xia Dynasty. Sikong is the head of the Six Immortals, Hou Ji is in charge of agriculture, Stuart is the bishop, Dali is the chief prison, and * * * industrial management is the best in construction, and he is in charge of animal husbandry in Shanze in a crisis. In addition, the Xia Dynasty initially established institutions responsible for military affairs, agriculture and taxation. The Shang dynasty established a central organization centered on the king. The assistant minister is Yin. Here are Si Tuleideng in charge of forced labor, Sikong in charge of engineering and Scott in charge of prison. In Shang Dynasty, "the great event of the country was to worship Rong", and the theocracy played an important role in political life, so the religious affairs officer in charge of sacrifice, divination and chronicle was the most prominent at that time. The central organization of the Western Zhou Dynasty has made great progress. There are three kinds of people who assist the king of Zhou: Taishi, Taifu and Taibao. There are "three doctors" under the three fairs: Chang Bo, also known as Mu, is in charge of local civil affairs; The appointment of officials is permanent, also called appointee; The person in charge of government affairs is a prospective husband. Administrative officers are divided into two systems: Qingshiliang and Taishiliao. In the Qing Dynasty, Liao had three officials, Situ, Sima and Li, who were in charge of farming, conscription and construction respectively. Taishiliao is the administrative department in charge of calendar, sacrifice, divination and cultural education. Compared with Shang Dynasty, the status of religious officials in Western Zhou Dynasty declined.

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is a period of social change. With the advancement of feudalism, important changes have taken place in the government institutions of various vassal States. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the main consuls who assisted the monarch and handled government affairs appeared one after another in various countries. Qin is called Shangqing, Yaqing and Dashuchang, Chu is called Lingyin, and Qi, Jin, Lu and Zheng are called Xiang. Although countries have different names, their status and positions are equivalent to the later "phase". The central institutions are improving day by day. Qi, Lu, Zheng, Chu and other countries have inherited the official system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Si Tuleideng, Sima and Sikou are still the chief executives of the government. Other important officials are: Sidian in charge of land tax, Sidian in charge of finance, Sidian in charge of mountain ze and hunting, etc. With the increase of contacts between vassal States, countries set up pedestrians to take the lead in diplomacy. The historian Tai Shigong has an important position, and his duty is to "remember the major events and write the alliance first". At the beginning of the Warring States, with the progress of political reform movements in various countries, the establishment of feudal autocratic centralized regime became an important feature of the central official system at this time. The prime minister and the prime minister of "the head of a hundred officials" have become the official positions generally set up in various countries. Due to historical and traditional reasons, the official system of various countries is still not unified. Great changes have taken place in the state of Qi, and the following five senses have been set: Datian, Daxing, Dajian, Dali and Fu. Chu is a department of its own, with Ling Yin as the highest official of the central government and Shang Zhuguo, Fu and General as senior government officers. Along the Sanjin, Qin took the advantages of other eastern countries and formed a unique official system, which was inherited by the Han Dynasty and became the basic framework of the central official system in the early feudal society.

The central official system in feudal society In 22/KLOC-0 BC, Qin Shihuang unified China and established an autocratic feudal empire. From then on to the Opium War of 1840, in the feudal society of more than 2,000 years, the development and evolution of the central official system roughly went through three stages. Qin and Han dynasties established the system of "three public officials and nine ministers" centered on the emperor. The three fairs are prime ministers, imperial envoys and Qiu, who are in charge of administration, supervision and military affairs. Jiuqing is the head of various departments of the central government: Feng Chang is the head of Jiuqing, in charge of ancestral temple etiquette and cultural education; The doctor in charge of the guard at the palace gate is Suwei's attendant; Wei Wei is the palace guard officer; Servants are in charge of the emperor's chariots and horses, and also in charge of the national horse administration; Ting Wei is the highest judicial officer of the central government; Dianke is in charge of ethnic affairs and employment; Zong Zheng specializes in royal affairs; The duty of treating the internal history of millet is to collect salt, iron, money, grain rent tax and national financial revenue and expenditure; Shaofu is in charge of the tax revenue of Shanhai pond and the handicraft manufacturing of the government, which is supplied to the royal family. In addition to Jiuqing, there are squadron leaders in charge of public security in Beijing, and civil builders in charge of palaces, ancestral temples and tombs. He will serve as Shaofu and Dachangqiu, responsible for publicizing the will of the Queen and managing court affairs. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, except Wei, Ting Wei and Shi were in charge of government administrative affairs, the functions of other ministers were mainly to serve the emperor and the court. It is one of the characteristics of the central official system in Qin and Han dynasties that state affairs are not separated from the monarch's family affairs, and government affairs are mixed with state affairs.

In order to strengthen the imperial power, weaken the power of the prime minister and establish the system of China and North Korea, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty chose a group of lower-ranking court officials to participate in the political affairs. Among them, Shangshu, who once belonged to Shaofu and was in charge of documents for the emperor, and some court officials have greatly improved their status. Government affairs of the imperial court are often discussed with officials of the imperial court, such as Shangshu, Shizhong and General, and then the officials of "foreign dynasties" headed by the Prime Minister are informed. The actual role of foreign officials has been stripped, their status has declined, and China officials have been reused. The establishment of China-Korea system is not only the product of the contradiction between imperial power and relative power, but also the result of the expansion of imperial officials' power. After the Han Dynasty proclaimed itself emperor, the powers of Fu (renamed Tai Wei when Emperor Wu was emperor), Da (renamed the physician when Emperor Wu was emperor) and Prime Minister (renamed Da Situ when he mourned the emperor) were further weakened. The power of Shangshu was expanded, and Shangshu was appointed as the director, with five Cao's. The power of fashion books in the Eastern Han Dynasty was further expanded, and the Shangshu organization was called Taiwan, with 6 ministers/kloc-0, who were in charge of 2000 officials of the three public offices, officials, people, guests and stone officials, and 6 Cao Cao, the middle overseers, which divided or replaced some of the functions and powers of Jiuqing. From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the central government affairs were gradually transferred from Sangong to three provinces, and the administrative affairs were gradually transferred from Jiuqing to six ministries. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, autocratic centralization became more and more complete, and a system of three provinces and six departments with the emperor as the center was established. "In the third year of the Tang Dynasty, the provinces merged, and the master of the Chinese book gave an order, and the door owner blocked it, and the master of the Chinese book followed it." The governors of the three provinces have the post of prime minister, forming a mechanism of clear division of labor and mutual restraint among the three provinces. This is an important change in the administrative system. Shangshu province is the center of the central administration, which consists of six departments and twenty-four departments. Shangshu adopts the joint office system. Dutang lives in the center of the province and is the center of government activities. The governor of Shangshu Province, the left and right servants, and the left and right Cheng all work here, and there are left and right divisions, which are divided into six departments. The six departments evolved from six Cao Cao departments, headed by the official department, which is in charge of administrative affairs such as selecting and awarding officials, honors and examinations, and has four departments under its jurisdiction: the official department, the secretary-general, the secretary-general and the clerk. The Ministry of Housing is responsible for population, land, currency and taxation, and has four divisions: the Ministry of Housing, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Warehouse. The ritual department is in charge of etiquette, sacrifice and tribute, and consists of four divisions: ritual department, ancestral department, catering department and host and guest; The Ministry of War is in charge of selecting soldiers, maps, chariots, war horses and armor, and has four divisions: the Ministry of War, the staff side, the driving department and the treasurer department. The criminal department is in charge of laws and regulations, criminal law, exile and the policy of restoring bans, and has four divisions: the criminal department, the official department, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Ministry of Industry is in charge of Shanze, wasteland reclamation, construction and craftsmen, and has four divisions: Ministry of Industry, wasteland reclamation, security department and water department. Compared with the nine ministers in Qin and Han Dynasties, the six ministers formed in Sui and Tang Dynasties were a great progress in terms of name, authority and organizational system. In addition to the six departments, there are nine halls and five prisons, which evolved from the Qin and Han Dynasties. Since Wei and Jin Dynasties, Cao Liu has replaced some of Jiuqing's functions and powers. Jiuqing's name has been preserved, but his duties have changed greatly. The Northern and Southern Dynasties changed its name to Dian, and the chief official and adjutant were called Qing He respectively. Among the nine halls, the Taichang Hall is only responsible for sacrifice and etiquette, and the imperial examination belongs to the ritual department; Guanglu Temple, originally guarded by the imperial palace (evolved from doctors), specializes in wine, gifts and meals; Weiwei Temple specializes in weapons and etiquette tents, not guards; Taibu Temple is in charge of the administration of generals and horses, regardless of the emperor's chariots and horses; Ting Wei was renamed Dali Temple, in charge of interrogation and supervision, and the judicial administration was returned to the Ministry of Punishment; Crack temple sponsored etiquette, and foreign dynasties hired etiquette department; Sinong Temple manages warehousing, and the tax revenue belongs to the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development; The responsibilities of Zongzheng Temple have not changed; Taifu Temple is a newly-built temple in charge of the collection of gold and silver wires. The five supervisors are imperial academy, Shaofu, General, Military and Water Supervisors, who are in charge of school education, handicraft manufacturing of the state and the court, the construction of palaces, city corridors and government offices. Nine halls and five prisons are formally independent, but in fact they are offices that cooperate with six departments.

Before and after Zongshen Yuanfeng, the central institutions in the Song Dynasty were very different. There were three provinces and six departments before Yuanfeng, but they existed in name only. Taking "discussing peace under the same book" as the real prime minister, taking politics as the deputy minister and always taking administration; In addition, the Privy Council was established to take charge of the military, and the three departments, namely, the Transportation Department, the Iron and Salt Department and the Expenditure Department, were in charge of the finance, resulting in the separation of administrative, military and financial powers, and the power of the Prime Minister was greatly weakened. The powers of the six ministries have also been eroded by the increasing number of institutions. Such as the official department, the ownership of the examiner's East Hospital, the Imperial Palace, the examiner's West Hospital and the third-class hospital; Ministry of housing, belonging to the third division; Does belong to the courtyard of etiquette; Ministry of war, the power belongs to the Privy Council; The criminal department affiliated to the trial court picketed the criminal supervision department in Beijing; Ministry of industry, the third division of the right to build a case. There is a similar situation in the power transfer of some temples and prisons in the nine halls and five prisons. In five years (1082), Zongshen Yuanfeng carried out the reform of the central official system, abolished the three departments and all miscellaneous departments, and basically returned to the pattern of three provinces and six departments in the Tang Dynasty. Different from the Tang Dynasty, Shang Shu shot the left servant and assistant minister under the door as assistant ministers, while Shang Shu shot the right servant and assistant minister in the middle book as assistant ministers in the middle book, which was the position of prime minister (later renamed as left and right prime ministers). In addition, the position of Privy Council was retained. The central administrative system of the Yuan Dynasty changed the three provinces of Tang and Song Dynasties into one province-Zhongshu Province, which is the highest administrative organ and consists of six departments.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the autocratic centralization of feudal monarchies in China developed to the extreme. Zhu Yuanzhang made a major adjustment to the central official system in the early Ming Dynasty. First of all, the prime minister system since Qin and Han Dynasties was abolished as a cabinet system for consulting and handling daily affairs. In terms of supervision, Yushitai was changed to Duchayuan since the Han Dynasty; Militarily, the commander-in-chief was changed to the commander-in-chief of the fifth army Improve the status of the six departments, report directly to the emperor, and establish a huge eunuch institution and factory health secret service organization under its control. Among them, the abolition of the prime minister and the formation of the cabinet are the main contents of the government system adjustment. The Cabinet is composed of bachelor of imperial academy, which is divided into first assistant, second assistant and group assistant. Its main duty is to "draft the ticket", that is, to draft the imperial edict on behalf of others and reply to the memorial. After Yongle, the bachelor of cabinet gradually participated in politics, not only as a consultant, but also as a real power. Subsequently, the cabinet was changed from the emperor's advisory secretary in the early Ming Dynasty to the national administrative center.

The Qing dynasty, established by Manchu nobles, was initially discussed through the meeting of the Eight Banners and the King. During the Yongzheng period, the northwest used soldiers frequently. In order to discuss military affairs in time, a quartermaster room was set up, which was later renamed as "Handling Military Affairs Department" or simply Military Affairs Department. At first, it was a temporary organization. Later, it not only replaced the King's Council, but also expanded its power. It became the central auxiliary political department that handled the national military and political affairs under the direct control of the emperor. Its characteristics are: high efficiency, high speed and confidentiality. The functions and powers of the six ministries in Qing dynasty were reduced, and they were no longer administrative centers, so they could not directly issue government decrees. In the Qing Dynasty, only Dali Temple, Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Taibu Temple and Split Temple were left as temple supervisors. The ancestral hall is above the six departments. Only imperial academy was left in the five prisons, and the other four prisons were merged into the Ministry of Industry. After the Opium War, in order to adapt to the invasion of foreign powers and maintain the feudal regime, the Qing court carried out official system reform and institutional adjustment (see "Political System Reform in the Late Qing Dynasty"). In the early years of Hongwu, the central official system of the Ming government still followed the old system of Han and Tang Dynasties. Later, with the gradual strengthening of Ming Taizu's ruling power, it formed its own new system. According to Records of Ming Taizu (239), in June of the 28th year of Hongwu (A.D. 1395), Taizu wrote a letter to the officials of Wenwu, saying, "Since ancient times, there have been three ways of public discussion, and six ministers have divided their duties. Since the Qin dynasty, he has been the prime minister, but he has not made a death. Because of this, there were wise men in Han, Tang and Song Dynasties, but most of them monopolized politics with villains. I set up five offices, six departments, Duchayuan, General Political Department, Dali Temple and other offices to manage world affairs, and I dare not press each other, so everything is safe in the court. Heirs are not allowed to set up prime ministers in the future. If any minister dares to work for the establishment, the civil and military officials will immediately collapse and be severely punished. " This system is neither retro nor completely innovative. However, after the evolution of time, the system in the middle of the Ming Dynasty was very different from that in the early period.