How did the ancients get this word?

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Names and sizes of ancient people in China.

Names and sizes of ancient people in China.

Chuzhuang

The names of ancient people in China, like modern people, are symbols used by people to represent individuals in social communication. Surname is the name used by a certain group of people (clan, family); A first name is a surname used by a person alone.

The surnames of people in ancient legends in China, such as Xiong, Niu and Qingyun, may all be clan surnames today. In ancient times, clans used natural objects as clan symbols, so most of these names were related to biological and natural phenomena. These family names may later evolve into surnames (such as bears, cows, clouds, etc. ). In ancient times, people often used place names (for example, the "fu" here is a place name), professional names (for example, Wu Xian, who was engaged in divination) and ancestral names (for example, Zhong You, a descendant of Xizhong) to address them. This kind of address is fixed as "surname" Such as Lu, Han and Song. Take the place name as the surname; Dongguo, Ximen, Chi, Liu, etc. Take the geographical location and scenery of their place of residence as their surnames; Teachers, wishes, history, etc. Take the occupation as the surname; Shangguan, Sima, Stuart, etc. Take the official position as the surname; Sun and Wang firstly mean that their ancestors were men or kings; Mu, Zhuang and other surnames are posthumous title of their ancestors. From the names of some people in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, we can also see traces of the formation of some surnames. For example, the exhibition bird is also called "Liu Xiahui" because of its habitat willow, the public transport class is also called "Luban" because of its Lu nationality, and Gongsunyang is also called "Weiyang" because of its patriotism, and he is named as the business king.

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(1) the ancient historians of the world called this clan symbol (which is also the object of clan worship) "totem".

Shang Yang and so on. In addition, some surnames, such as Hu Yan, Murong, and Wei Chi, also appeared in the communication between various ethnic groups in China.

The formation of surnames has different historical processes, and the same surname is not necessarily an origin. For example, some original surnames of Helan or Hedun were simplified to He, and some original surnames of Qing were changed to He to avoid the emperor's taboo. Surnames will also change due to political, geographical and ethnic reasons. For example, in the Five Dynasties, the surname "Liu" of Wu Yueguo was changed to "Jin" because it was taboo ("Liu" was homophonic with the Wu name "Qian Liu"); After Jingnan in the Ming Dynasty, Huang Zicheng's descendants changed their surnames to Tian because of avoiding disasters, and Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty changed Tuoba's surname to Yuan in order to promote Sinicization. Another example is that in the Han Dynasty (now Zhucheng, Shandong Province), Ge moved to Yishui, Shandong Province, and was called Zhuge in order to distinguish it from the local Ge's, while Tian's surname in the State of Qi moved abroad and was renamed as "the first" and "the second", ranking second (such as "Five Luns", a famous minister in the Eastern Han Dynasty). It can be seen that the surname is a symbol, which can change from time to time because of things, and it is not as mysterious and sacred as the defenders of the feudal patriarchal clan system advertised.

Names are personal symbols used in society. Some names left over from Xia and Shang Dynasties, such as Kong Jia, Pan Geng and Wu Ding, are all related to the main branch, which may be related to a certain time. Some names in the Spring and Autumn Period, such as "black buttock" and "black arm", should be named according to physiological characteristics. Zheng Zhuanggong's famous work Life is a documentary recording his mother's dystocia. It can be seen that some names were relatively simple. But at that time, the words used in some names also had specific meanings, which were more clear through the simultaneous appearance of "words". The word "Zi" is often the explanation and supplement of "Ming", also called "Biao Zi". Qu Yuan said in Li Sao: "The name is right and the word is clever"; "Constant" means "flat" and "spiritual average" means "original". His names "Ping", "Yuan", "Ming" and "Zi" have a meaningful connection. The relationship between "name" and "word" in ancient times is meaningful and the same.

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(1) Judy, the prince of the Ming Dynasty, attacked Nanjing in the name of crusade against Huang Zicheng, overthrew it, and established herself as emperor (that is, the founder of the Ming Dynasty). At that time, it was named "Jingnan".

For example, Zhang Heng, who invented the seismograph in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Mi Fei, a writer who beat drums and scolded Cao, have the word Zhengping in their names and words, among which the word "horizontal" is "flat"; The word "Shaoyou" written by Qin Guan in Song Dynasty and the word "Wu" written by Lu You are synonymous in terms of names and words. Another example is Ceng Gong, a calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty and a writer in the Song Dynasty. His words "Hao" and "Hao", "Gong" and "Gu" are synonyms. "Name" and "symbol" are meaningful complements. For example, Liang Hongzi, a writer who thought it was an example in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Hong and Luan were both famous birds. Lu Ji, a writer in the Western Jin Dynasty, was named Shi Heng. Ji Heheng is two stars in the Beidou. Bai Juyi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was named Lotte, so he was able to "live easily" because of "Lotte". Chao, a writer in the Song Dynasty, has no blame for his words (blame is negligence), and only "editing" can "blame". "Fishing" (fishing) and "firewood" (chopping firewood) are often lovers. Zheng Qiao, a historian of Song Dynasty and editor of Tongzhi, was a fisherman. "Fisherman" often wears "Dai Li", a writer named Li Yu in Qing Dynasty. The meanings of "name" and "character" are opposite, such as Zhu, a philosopher in Song Dynasty, Zi Ang, a painter in Yuan Dynasty, and Guan Tong, a writer in Qing Dynasty. Their names and characters are Ming, Dark, Bow, Ang and Tong respectively. The names and characters of the ancients are often taken from the classics of ancient books, such as: Xu Gan, one of the "seven sons of Jian 'an" at the end of the Han Dynasty, has a long word, and Confucius has a saying that "if you don't think, you will lose your mind"; Cao Cao's word Meng De, "Xunzi" has a saying that "the husband is a moral fuck". Qiyoun Siriyu of the Three Kingdoms, from the Book of Changes, "Clouds follow dragons and winds follow tigers"; The word hung-chien used by Lu Yu, a writer in the Tang Dynasty (who wrote the Book of Tea and was later honored as the "Tea God") was also taken from the Book of Changes. Gao Ming, a dramatist at the end of Yuan Dynasty, was sincere, which came from The Book of Rites. Yu Qian, a strategist in the Ming Dynasty, and Qian, a beginner in the Qing Dynasty, both used the allusion of "modesty and benefit" in Shangshu. There are some obvious and some vague connections between names and words. For example, the relationship between yin and tiger is obvious in the Tang Yin word Bohu in the Ming Dynasty. However, in the Qing Dynasty, Cao Yin's words were clear, but "Yin" and "Qing" were taken from the words "Yin only at night, Qing only at night" in The Book of Songs, which were obscure. Some people have more than one word. For example, the word "Tang Yin" mentioned above is full of fear, while the word "Pu Songling" is the immortal and sword minister of the Qing Dynasty.

The "name" and "word" of the ancients are also commonly used to represent generations in the family. In the pre-Qin period, Jia Bo (Meng) and Ji Cousins were often added before the first name and surname, such as Bo Yi and Shu Qi, with Bo as the elder brother and Shu as the younger brother. The word "Zhong" is the second child; Meng Jiangnv is Jiang's eldest daughter. After the Han Dynasty, the same word or radical was gradually used in "name" or "word" to express the reciprocal relationship. For example, Yan Gaoqing, a famous anti-An Lushan fighter in the Tang Dynasty, used the word "Qing" for his younger brothers Yan Yaoqing and Yan * * *, and his cousin Yan Zhenqing also used the word "Qing". Su Shi, a litterateur in Song Dynasty, and Su Zhe's brother * * * used the radical "car" to represent their peers. His sons (Ming Guangzong), Zhu Changyuan, Zhu, etc. , the second word * * with "often", the third word * * with "rhyme"; Zhu Youjian, Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty, hanged himself in Jingshan, his brother Zhu Youxiao (Xi of the Ming Dynasty), and his cousins Zhu Youlang (Li Yong of Nanming) and Zhu Yousong (Hong Guang of Nanming) used the word "you", and the third word was "you". In this case, the first word in the name is the surname used by father and grandfather, half of the second and third words are the generation names used by brothers and others, and only half of the words are specific to individuals.

In addition to names and words, some ancient people also had numbers. "Hao" is a fixed alias, also known as another name. In feudal society, the middle and upper classes (especially literati) often took their own names (including fasting names and house names) based on their residence and interests. For example, Li Bai's Qinglian layman in the Tang Dynasty, Du Fu's Shaoling Yelao, Su Shi's Dongpo layman in the Song Dynasty, Liu Ruju layman in Tang Yin in the Ming Dynasty, Banqiao in Zheng Xie in the Qing Dynasty, and Bailu in Zhu Yongchun are all well known to future generations. Some nicknames (such as Su Dongpo, Zheng Banqiao, Zhu Bailu, etc. ) even more than their real names. Nicknames are created by users themselves, unlike names that are limited by family and generation, so you can express or flaunt some emotions of users more freely. Common nicknames such as "layman" and "mountain man" are intended to show that users despise Li Lu's interest. In the Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu's nickname in his later years was "Six-One Jushi". According to a thousands of books, a thousand volumes of ancient inscriptions, a piano, a chess game, a pot of wine and an old man himself, there were six ones. Lu You, a patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, was worried about the country and the people and was filled with indignation. Laughed at by dignitaries for not keeping etiquette, they called themselves "letting the birds fly" to show their contempt. Zheng Sixiao, a painter in the Southern Song Dynasty, changed his name to "Sonan" (meaning that his heart is turned to the south, which is similar to Wen Tianxiang's poem "My heart is like a needle stone, which does not mean that the south will never stop swearing") and "Chinese" (written as "Song" means not forgetting the old country). Zhu Da, a painter in the late Ming Dynasty, took the nickname "Badashanren" after his death in the Ming Dynasty (the eight images cry, don't cry, don't laugh, don't laugh, meaning "in distress") to express his grief and indignation at missing his motherland. Of course, more bureaucratic gentry and feudal literati take all kinds of nice nicknames, but they are just pretences of being arty and chasing after fame.

There are also "nicknames", which are recognized by others and are descriptions and descriptions of people. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Prissy was demoted to Chu, and Qin Mugong redeemed Qin Xiang with five skins (Yingu, referring to the black ram). He is called "Dr. Wu", which is an ancient nickname. Li Yifu, a traitor in the Tang Dynasty, was called "the knife in laughter" (the origin of the idiom "the knife in laughter"), also known as "the cat"; In the Song Dynasty, Wang Jue was the prime minister for more than ten years, and did nothing but "take orders, take orders and send orders". At that time, the nickname was "Three Orders". These two nicknames vividly outline the faces of feudal bureaucrats. In Water Margin, Liangshan hero 108 people all have nicknames, and most of them accurately describe the character, specialty or physiological characteristics. These nicknames are well known names.

In addition to the above words and figures, there are names that are often used instead of names in history:

1. Place names (including place of birth, place of residence and place of employment, etc. For example, Kong Rong in the Eastern Han Dynasty was called Kong Beihai, Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty was called Han Changli, Liu Zongyuan was called Liu Liuzhou, and Su Zhe in the Song Dynasty was called Su Yuncheng. In feudal times, naming people after their names was a sign of respect, and it was called "looking to the ground". But at the end of the Qing Dynasty, someone made a couplet: "Hefei, the prime minister, is thin in the world, and Changshu, the farmer, is barren in the world." The first part refers to Li Hongzhang (a native of Hefei), a former minister of Beiyang (prime minister), and the second part refers to Weng Tonghe (a native of Changshu), a former minister of agriculture, but satirizes the greed and luxury of feudal bureaucrats with the pun of "sighing at the ground".

2 official titles (including titles and titles, etc.). ). For example, Ma in the Eastern Han Dynasty (once a general), Ban Chao in the army called Ban Dingyuan (once named Ding), Cai Yong called Cai Zhonglang (once a corps commander), Ji Kang in the Three Kingdoms called Ji Zhongsan (once a doctor in three provinces), and Du Fu in the Tang Dynasty called Du Fu and Du Fu (once a work-study program).

3. The honorifics given by disciples or descendants. For example, Zhou Dunyi in the Song Dynasty called Mr. Lian Chuan, Lv Benzhong in the Northern Song Dynasty and Lv Zuqian in the Southern Song Dynasty successively called Mr. Donglai, Gui Youguang in the Ming Dynasty called Mr. Zhenchuan, and Wang Fuzhi called Mr. Chuanshan. There are also honorifics ("personal secrets") given by masters and descendants after death, such as Wang Tong's writings in Sui Dynasty and Jing Festival in Jin Dynasty.

Four, posthumous title, that is, the honor awarded after the death of the emperor. For example, Bao Zheng in Song Dynasty called Bao and Yue Fei, Xu Guangqi in Ming Dynasty called Xu, and Ji Yun in Qing Dynasty called Ji Wenda.

Fifth, add adjectives before surnames to refer to specific people with the same surnames. For example, Da Daihe refers to the scholars of Han Dynasty and Dai Sheng's uncle (the Book of Rites written by them is also called Da Daihe Li), while the writers of Jin Dynasty, Ruan Ji and Ruan Xian, are also called Da Ruan and Xiao Ruan respectively ("Da Ruan" and "Xiao Ruan" are synonyms for "uncle" and "nephew"), and writers of Southern Dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, Lao Du (also called Dadu) specifically refers to Du Fu, while Xiao Du specifically refers to Du Mu. Lao Su, Da Su and Xiao Su refer to Su Xun, Su Shi and Su Zhe in Song Dynasty.

6. Use several surnames to address specific people. For example, "Louis" refers to Shang Yi Yin and Zhou; "Ban Ma" (or "Ban Ma") refers to Sima Qian (author of Historical Records) and Ban Gu (author of Hanshu); Among the poets in the Tang Dynasty, "Du Li" was Li Bai and Du Fu, and "Bai Yuan" was Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi. Liu Han is Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan. There is also the aforementioned big thank Xiao Xie collectively called "two thanks", and another poet in the Southern Dynasties, Xie Tiao collectively called "three thanks"; "Er Cheng" refers to the brothers Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, scholars in the Song Dynasty. Su Xun, Su Shi and Su Zhe are also called "Three Sus".

7. In the Tang Dynasty, people were often called by their names and official positions. Wang Weiyou's poem "Send Yuan Er to the nunnery" ("Advise you to have a glass of wine, and the west leaves Yangguan for no reason" is one of the famous sentences), while in Tang poetry, there are many famous articles such as answering Wang Twelve, admonishing your friend Liu, getting drunk with Li for 11 billion yuan and nine, sending Pei Eighteen South, and sending Twenty-two Yuan Qiu. For example, Li Bai is Li 12, Han Yu is Han 18, Liu Zongyuan is Liu 8, and Yuan Zhen is Yuan 9. The first line can also be combined with the name and official position, such as Pei Tunan called Pei Eighteen Tunan, Du Fu said Bai Juyi called Bai Twenty-two Sheren. There was also this custom in the Song Dynasty, such as Qin Guan's name, Ouyang Xiu's name was Ou Jiu, and Huang Tingjian's name was Huang Jiu.

Most of the above place names and official titles are used by others or future generations to show respect or convenience, but I don't use them myself. This is not the same as the name. However, since these appellations have been used for a long time in history, most of them have been fixed. For example, Kong Rong was called "Kong Beihai" because he was a prime minister in Beihai, but his native place did not call him Lu; Wang Anshi was called "Wang Linchuan" because of his native place, but he was not called Yinxian because he was an official in Yinxian. Du Fu used to be Yuan Wailang and Zuo Shiyi of the Ministry of Industry, so he was called "Du Gongbu" and "Du Shiyi". However, he also served as a military staff officer, but he was not called Du or Du staff officer. In the Tang Dynasty, Li He was called "Long Valley" only by his native place, while in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Bao Zhao was called "Joining the Army" only by his job title. Du Li refers to Li Bai and Du Fu, not Li He and Du Mu. Mi Youren, the son of Mi Fei, a painter in the Song Dynasty, was also known as Xiaomi, but Mi Fei did not call him Laomi, but mostly called him Minangong and Mi Dian. To sum up; Not all ancient people can use land names or official names instead; Not all place names and official names related to someone can be used to represent someone. This is a customary habit in history, and it may not be reasonable.

In feudal society, surnames, names, characters and numbers not only reflect the feudal patriarchal clan system and ethical concepts with their glyphs and meanings, but also are often directly used as tools for political struggle. Besides "posthumous title", "giving surnames" and "giving names" are also means for rulers to maintain or strengthen their rule. Zhu Xie Chixin, a Shatuo native in Tang Dynasty, was given the titles of "Guo surname", "Li" and "Guo Chang" for his contribution to suppressing peasant uprisings. In the Five Dynasties, Li's grandson used the surname "Li" to establish the post-Tang Dynasty, that is, the post-Tang Zhuang Sect. Yang Zhao, the younger brother of Yang Guifei, the favorite concubine of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, was named "Guo Zhong" and was a hot minister of Tianbao Dynasty. Zhu Wen, a traitor to the uprising army in Huang Chao, Tang Xizong, was named "Quanzhong" after the Tang Dynasty. After he usurped the Tang Dynasty and established the Liang Dynasty, it was inconvenient to use the name given by the Tang Dynasty and changed his name to "Huang". Zheng He, the eunuch of the Ming Dynasty, whose real name was Ma, was given the surname "Zheng" because he rose with the prince (he was a famous "eunuch" and was ordered to lead a fleet to Nanyang seven times). At the end of Ming Dynasty, the national hero who expelled Dutch colonists and recovered Taiwan Province Province was also given the surname "Zhu" by Emperor Long of Nanming (so people in Fujian and Taiwan called him "Guo Shi"). In contrast to the role of "giving names" and "giving names", rulers also use political power to force others to change their names and persecute and suppress them. Due to the struggle within the imperial clan, Sun Hao, Emperor Wu of the Three Kingdoms, changed his cousin Sun Xiu's surname to "Li"; Tang Xuanzong also changed the surname of the emerging king Li Jin to "Li". After Yong Zhengdi came to power in the Qing Dynasty, he forced his younger brother (when his rivals were vying for the throne, Yi Yin changed its name to "Akina" (Manchu: dog) and Yi Yin changed its name to "Sishei" (Manchu: pig). Wu Zetian is also a ruler who is keen on changing his surname. After she proclaimed herself emperor, she changed her then and later name to "heir" and changed her surname to "Wu". Also forced the queen Wang of Zhongzong to change her surname to "python". Emperor Taizong once gave Li the surname, but it was cancelled because he opposed Wu Zetian.

On the issue of names, there are also "taboos" that reflect the absolute dominance of feudal emperors in politics and personality. In other words, a Chinese character originally used as a name by the whole society, once used by contemporary emperors, was monopolized by emperors and banned by subjects. This character is called "taboo", which is the so-called "taboo". Violation of this rule is "crime", "disrespect" and even "disobedience", which has become a serious problem related to a person's life. On the issue of names, it also fully embodies the tyranny and cruelty of autocratic emperors.

The above-mentioned names and brands of feudal society are all components of feudal patriarchal clan system, ethics and morality, and even direct tools for feudal emperors to show their arrogance and arbitrary rule. From this point of view, we just use the name as the code name of the ancients today, and we don't need these things anymore. However, because they exist for a long time in history and are widely used, we cannot completely avoid them. For example, Wen Tianxiang, the author of Song Zhengqi, has the word "goodness" and "Song Rui" (these three words are synonymous). Throughout the ages, he was often called "Wenshan" (self-titled), "Wen Prime Minister" (official position) and "Wen" (title), and his works were also titled "Wenshan Collection" and "Wen Prime Minister Collection" respectively. Another example is that there are more than 50 kinds of works named "Wang" in Sikuquanshu, most of which are named by font size or other names, such as Ji (Tang character), Ji (Ming Wang's name), Wang Yangming Ji (Shou Ren's respectful name) and Gongquanshu (Shou Ren posthumous title). There are also many anthologies of people from wang xing, the titles of which have no names at all, such as Linchuan Collection (An's ancestral home is Linchuan), Notes of Fengzhou, The Inscription of Yizhoushan People (Shizhen, also known as Fengzhou, also known as Yizhoushan People) and Yuyang (Wang Qingshizhen, a native of Yuyang Mountain People). If we don't know the names of the ancients, it will add a lot of difficulties to our reading of ancient works and documents. On the other hand, these font sizes exist objectively in the feudal social history of China. As a means for users to express their interests, they can also be used as a reference for us to study the ideological life of ancient Chinese characters, such as the aforementioned "release people", "wooden cave people" and "Badashan people". Names, figures and figures are also named according to their principles and meanings, and writers of classical literature also use them to name and number the figures in their works, as an auxiliary means to shape and portray the figures and express the author's love and hate. The 14th introduction of Wu Yong in Water Margin said: "This man is an intellectual, a pedant of ideographic characters, and a brilliant teacher ..." A few strokes, through the introduction of names, characters and numbers, outlined the outline: an intellectual (a pedantic figure), but not a pedantic pedant (his name is linked with words, so he applies what he has learned), and he is resourceful. So is the artistic image of Wu Yong in the story. It is well known that the names of many characters in A Dream of Red Mansions also have their own meanings. The archetypes of characters in Wu's novels Qing Man and Flowers on the Sea were the famous characters at that time. The names, figures and figures of the characters in the novel are all related to the names, figures and figures of the prototype, and we can trace their origins according to their relationships. For example, Wei Yibo in "Evil Sea Flower" is Li Hongzhang (Su Yibo), Ding Yuting is Ding (Yu Ting, homonym), and the square character Antang is Yuan Shikai (Wei Ting, the relationship between cause, generation, creation, comfort and Tang Ting, is the name and word in the novel). In addition, "Hao" is often used as a pseudonym by ancient literati, especially painters and calligraphers. For example, the Ming Dynasty's Jin Ping Mei is called Laughing Life in Lanling, and the Qing Dynasty's Travel Notes of Laocan is called Hongdu Bailiansheng. The poems written by Baoyu and others in a Dream of Red Mansions should be distinguished first. As for calligraphy and painting, there are many other names. As can be seen from the above examples, the knowledge of ancient people's surnames, names, characters and numbers is still very useful for us to read ancient books and study ancient people's thoughts, styles and ancient social life, and we need to know something about it.