I don't understand-Notes on the Lecture of Ancient Philology 1: Bibliography-Preface, Classic Department

Lectures on Ancient Philology and Mind Map of Bibliography (Preface Department)

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Preface to bibliography

1. What is a directory? (the meaning of the catalogue)

(1) table of contents (in modern sense): titles of chapters, sections or articles listed at the beginning of a book.

(2) Contents (in the traditional sense): refer to the titles of books, chapters and their abstracts.

1. Purpose: Only refer to the titles of the articles, chapters or titles listed.

2. Record: refers to the abstracts of articles, chapters and books.

2. What kind of bibliography do you want to talk about? (meaning of bibliography)

Bibliography of different research objects and contents

1. "Bibliography" taught by Library Department. How does the library compile the card catalogue and the book catalogue?

2. "Bibliography" in the history of China Bibliography. Starting with the earliest Liu Xin's Qilue, this paper gives a detailed account of the compilation of public and private bibliographies in past dynasties and their advantages and disadvantages.

3. Tell us how many striking varieties of ancient books (commonly known as ancient books or ancient books) have been circulated so far, that is, tell everyone the "items" of ancient books mentioned above. At the same time, I also tell you who wrote these books in what era and under what background, what main contents they wrote and what role they played at that time. In other words, we must summarize the contents of this book and let everyone know, that is, we must have not only "purpose" but also "record". This kind of "bibliography" is the knowledge that people who study and study ancient literature and history urgently need to master.

3. What is the function of this bibliography? (the role of bibliography)

? Scientific research and practice need ancient writers and historians to contact and use documents.

I can't participate in ancient history, and I can't find a party to do research at that time, so I have to use or rely on various documents left by the ancients with ancient books as the main body. By reading these documents, studying and sorting them out, we can understand the ancient literature and history. This is the practice of exploring ancient literature and history, which is usually called scientific research. Obviously, the first point of this scientific research or practice is to contact and use literature.

1. What are ancient books?

(1) The meaning of ancient books: refers to ancient books written in Chinese characters, which should be compiled for people to read, search and use for other purposes.

(two) the upper and lower limits of the generation of ancient books.

1.？ Upper limit: "Book" officially appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period.

2.？ Lower limit: it can be roughly drawn to the time of the Revolution of 1911 in the late Qing Dynasty. Those published after 19 12, compiled in traditional form and similar in nature to previous ancient books can also be classified as ancient books. It is the ancient books that sort out, annotate and compile.

2. How to classify ancient books-the classic and historical subset of the four-part classification?

3. How to introduce ancient books

"Bibliography" should not only talk about the "content" of ancient books, but also introduce the content of ancient books, that is, "record" ancient books. Specifically, it is about who wrote this book in what era and under what background, what is its main content, what role it played and how to use it today.

Bibliographic classics department

1. How to teach the Bible Department

(1) The traditional four-part method: based on the Book of Changes, books, poems and rituals. There are points in the Ministry. The disadvantage is that there are different trends of Confucian classics in different times. After the trend of Confucian classics is completed in the "Yi" category, it will inevitably be repeated in the "Book" category according to the trend of Confucian classics, so there is a lot of repetitive work.

(2) Talking about the Ministry Method: First talk about the emergence of Confucian classics, then divide it into several stages according to its development and evolution, and then talk about various Confucian classics and related works after talking about the trend of Confucian classics at this stage. The primary school category is still the old four categories, which are placed at the end of the Ministry of Economic Affairs.

2. Main reference books.

Lu Chengzhi (Simian) solved problems by classics, Liang Qichao solved problems by classics and their pronunciations, Liang Qichao's authentic ancient books and their dates, Qian's answer to Mr. Gu Jiegang's book (included in the first volume of Ancient History Discrimination) and Pi Re-discussed the problems of classical literature (included in the fifth volume of Ancient History Discrimination).

First, the origin of Confucianism and classics

(A) the development of ancient society

1. The Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period were feudal landlord societies, and the Warring States Period was a feudal landlord society. People at the bottom have changed from serfs to people who need to pay taxes, and they are a little free. With the progress of society, the ideological field has also changed. Why did society progress from feudal landlord society to feudal landlord society? The author did not elaborate on this point. )

(2) The emergence of Confucianism: knowledge was liberated from the "wishing history" that was used to playing tricks during the feudal system, so Confucius, who taught indiscriminately, recruited disciples to spread knowledge and produced the "Confucianism" school.

(3) the origin of the classic:

1. In the Spring and Autumn Period, people regarded Confucius' textbooks as "books", and in the Warring States Period, Confucian scholars called them "classics".

2. The original meaning of "essence" only refers to things with concise words. Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and Mohism all have classics.

3. Confucianism was designated as an official school from the Western Han Dynasty, and then Confucian classics became mysterious and became the source of all life ethics and ruling rules.

2. Confucius and Six Classics

(1) It was probably in the Warring States and the early years of the Western Han Dynasty that Confucius became popular with the Six Classics.

(2) The statement that Confucius taught the Six Classics in Zhuangzi and Historical Records is not credible, but the Analects is more credible.

(3) So now we can only say: Confucius used the original poetry books as teaching materials to teach his disciples, and the original rites and music were also used for teaching, but music was just a score, and rituals and music were just procedures and the like. I can't say it's a gift handed down later. I'll talk about it later. As for the Book of Changes and Spring and Autumn Annals, they are regarded as Confucian classics by Confucius' later studies and have nothing to do with Confucius himself.

There is a saying about the Book of Changes: "Confucius said: Add me a few years old, and I can learn the Book of Changes at the age of 50." The word "Yi" was changed to "Yi", which was naturally changed after the popularity of Confucius' teaching theory of the Six Classics in the Western Han Dynasty.

Three. Transmission and recording

The meaning of (1) biography: people who interpret classics were called "biographies" in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, which generally came into being earlier and were written on bamboo and silk a long time ago.

(2) Meaning: Generally speaking, the classic explanation came into being later and was written on bamboo and silk after word of mouth.

(3) The meaning of "Ji" originally refers to the historical records and the description of the ceremony, which is an ancient book except the Classic. In the Han dynasty, people also regarded it as a general term for ancient books.

(4) Special functions:

1. Because Zhuan was circulated together with Jing, Zhuan of Jing was often called this Jing in the Han Dynasty.

2. Some Confucian books, such as The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Filial Piety, are called "biographies" by the Han people because they are not regarded as "classics" used by Confucius for teaching.

Four. poetic sentiment

(1) How are the poems compiled?

1. Poems written by rulers and played in ancestral halls+poems collected by rulers after they became popular in society (poems in banquet poems).

These poems can't be written by serfs, but by rulers and their lower classes.

(2) When was the collection of poems compiled?

1. Probably compiled by Confucius before. The statement that "there are more than 3,000 ancient poems in historical records, but Confucius was negligent" is not reliable.

(3) What does "Ode to Ya" mean?

1. Gu Jiegang thinks it is related to the difference of musical instruments and tones.

2. The explanation in Preface to Mao Shi is the theory of later generations of Han and Confucianism, not the original meaning of Feng, Ya and Ode.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) book

(A) "Jin Wen Shang Shu"

1. According to legend, it was given by Qin Botu Fusheng during the reign of Emperor Wendi of the Western Han Dynasty.

2.*** 28.

(1) Yu Shu: Yao Dian (including this edition of Shun Dian, but without the first 28 words of Shun Dian) and Mo (including this edition of Yi Ji); Xia Shu: Yugong and Shigan;

(2) Shangshu: Tang Shi, Pan Geng, Emperor Gaozong's Tian, Xibo Qili and Wei Zi;

(3) Zhou Shu: Mu Shi, Hong Fan, Jin Teng, Da Gu, Kang Gu, Jiu Gu, Zi Cai, Zhao Gu, Luo Gu, Duo Shi, Wu Yihe.

1.？ Historical value: Our duty is to pass through the valley.

The first group (thirteen articles): Pan Geng, Dagao, Gao Kang, Jiugao, Zicai, Zhao Gao, Luogao, Toz, Duofang, Luhang, Hou Wensheng Ping and Feishi. This group, ideologically and verbally, is credible and true.

The second group (12 articles): Shi Gan, Tiandi, Xibo Li, Wei Zi, Mushi, Hong Fan, Jin Teng, Wuyi,,,. In this group, some people have a smooth style of writing, unlike the ancient people of China, and some people have a heavy concept of ruling by men, unlike the thoughts at that time. This is either a forgery by later generations, a recitation by historians, or a translation of true and ancient prose, but it is by no means a work of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

The third group (three articles): Yao Dian, Mo,. This group must be fakes from the Warring States to the Qin and Han Dynasties, which was related to the theories of various schools at that time. There were many books at that time, and these three were the best.

(2) This Book of History is the Book of History in the Notes to Thirteen Classics and the Book of History in the Biography of the God of Wealth in Song Dynasty.

1. It was presented by Shi Meipei (also known as Yimei) of Zhang Yu in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, with Kong Anguo's annotation, the so-called Biography of Kong Anguo.

2. * * * Article 58. Compared with Jin Wen Shang Shu, there are 25 articles added.

3. The twenty-five articles added and the biography of Kong Anguo are all forged. Pseudo-ancient literature and history and pseudo-Confucius biography.

(3) The first-hand historical materials of Jinwen Shangshu are useful, but the pseudo-ancient prose Shangshu can never be used, but the annotations are of certain reference value.

6. Attach an anecdote.

(1) Also known as Zhou Shu, there are 70 original works, but 10 is lost.

(2) Confucius did not delete books.

(3) There are many useful information, so we should be good at choosing.

Seven. well-behaved

① Zhou Li (ancient prose) > Book of Rites (present) > Rites (present)

(2) "Li" in the Five Classics of the Western Han Dynasty refers to the "Li" handed down from ancient times.

(3) * * * Seventeen articles, which are compiled by Dade, Dai Sheng and Liu Xiang, each with its own differences. This edition is based on Belu, but the reality of Dade is more reasonable.

(4) It should be the program of ceremonies arranged by people during the Warring States Period.

(5) It is useful for studying the society and folk customs at that time.

Eight. The Book of Rites

(1) The Book of Rites is a collection of biographies and notes about ceremonies, so its title is just The Book of Rites.

(2) Two copies:

1. "wearing Li Ji": 85 articles.

2. Little Li Ji: 49 articles. It was approved by Ma Rong and Lu Zhi (Shuye Tong). This book is easy to understand. The Book of Rites refers to the Book of Rites written by Xiao Dai.

(3) The Book of Rites is more meaningful than the Book of Rites, so it was later promoted to the Book of Rites and replaced it as one of the Five Classics. Today, it is also very useful to understand the social customs in the pre-Qin period.

Nine. Attach a big gift

(1) * * * Eighty-five, 40 handed down from generation to generation, namely, Articles 39 to 42, 46 to 81.

(2) The works about "Ceng Zi" in Li Ji of the Great Generation should be regarded as the remnants of 18 "Ceng Zi" in Han Shu Literature and Art Annals.

(3) "Five Emperors' Virtue" is the blueprint for writing Historical Records and Biography of Five Emperors.

X. Etiquette

(1) There are six books describing the official system, namely, Tianguan Zhazai, local official Situ, Guan Chun Zongbo, Xiaguan Sima, Qiu Guan Sikou and Dongguan are missing, supplemented by "taking an examination of Gong Ji". There are several officials under each system, and their duties are described separately.

(2) Different views on preparation time:

1.？ Author of ancient prose: edited by Zhou Gong in the early years of Western Zhou Dynasty.

2.？ Follwed, Liu Xin forged, Qian Mu denied.

3.？ Qian Mu and Guo Moruo: Works in the Warring States Period

(1) Why did the Warring States Period produce national-scale works? Such as Zhou Li, Yu Gong and Shan Hai Jing.

I think this is because in the Warring States period, people generally demanded the unification of China, so various books with unified arrangements appeared. Zhou Li talked about unified official position, Yu Gong talked about unified border property, and even Shan Hai Jing talked about unified sacrifice arrangement.

Xi。 Additional music

(1) Although Tian Yun, Zhuangzi at the end of the Warring States Period had the so-called Confucius' theory of "governing poetry, calligraphy, rites, music, the Book of Changes and the Six Classics of Spring and Autumn", there was actually no Jing Yue.

(2) Twenty-three pieces of Yue Ji may be On Yue Lun, which is the same as Yue Ji preserved in the Book of Rites.

(3) What Shi and Long mentioned in The Book of Songs should be music scores.

Twelve. easy

(A) superstitious activities in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties have different methods.

1. Yin Shang: burn it with tortoise divination, with the navel of tortoise or the shoulder blade of ox to predict good or bad luck.

2. Zhou: Zhou people used a yarrow to predict good or bad luck.

(2) Yi Zhuan, collectively known as "Ten Wings"

The Book of Changes in the Four Saints is false.

According to the textual research on the story of Gu Jiegang's Book of Changes Guayi (contained in the third volume of Ancient History Discrimination), "Book of Changes (namely Guayi) was written in the Western Zhou Dynasty" and "Book of Changes should not be written before the Warring States Period at the earliest, but in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty at the latest".

(d) Reference Book: The Origin of Rong Zhaozu's Divination

Thirteen. Chunqiu classic

Confucius has nothing to do with Chunqiu Jing.

(2) The Spring and Autumn Annals was compiled by Lu Chunqiu, but it was not written by Confucius. It was probably the work of Confucius during the Warring States Period.

(3) Reference books: A Study of Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period by Shuye Tong and A Comprehensive Study of Three Biographies of Mandarin in the Spring and Autumn Period by Gu Jiegang.

Fourteen Zuo zhuan

② Zuo Zhuan (ancient prose) > Ram Zhuan (present) > Gu Liangzhuan (present)

Fifteen. Ram biography

(1) The Biography of the Ram is a biography explaining the political theory of Chunqiu Jing. It quoted many teachers' explanations.

(2) Question: Why is it called Biography of the Ram? If it was finally decided by this scholar named Ram, how could he call himself "Zi Ram"? This question has not been answered yet.

(3) It is a good material for studying the history of ancient political thought in China. If we study the history of the Spring and Autumn Period, there are few places to supplement Zuo Zhuan.

Sixteen. Gu liangchuan

(a) the lowest value.

(2) Gu Jiegang and Qian: It may be the illusion of "ram".

Seventeen. The Analects of Confucius

(1) The Xieji of Yanhe was adopted in the Notes to Thirteen Classics.

1. Qian: This was originally a disciple of Ceng Zi described by Confucius' words and deeds.

2. Kang Youwei: "Ceng Zi teaches in Lu, and its transmission should be based on Lu."

3. Cui Shu: According to the textual research of The Analects of Confucius and people close to him, the first ten of the twenty articles in The Analects of Confucius are more reliable, and the words written by Confucius are all called "Zi Yue" and the last ten are called "Zi Yue", so the reliability is less.

4. Tradition: made by Confucius disciples.

Eighteen. filial piety/mourning

(1) Creation time:

1. Huang Yongnian: Written after the popularization of the Confucian Six Classics (Huang Yongnian)

2. Lv Chengzhi: According to Lv Chunqiu, this book was cited as an ancient book.

3. Some scholars think it was written in the Western Han Dynasty.

Nineteen. elegant

When explaining Er Ya, Lu Chengzhi's teacher Zi Jing pointed out: "The exegesis of this edition is almost the same as that of Mao Zhuan, and the interpretation of music is the same as that of Zhou Guan Da Le Si. Kyushu is different from Yu Gong and Zhou Guan, which is the result of ancient knowledge."

Twenty. Mencius

(a) * * * Article 7

(2) During the Northern Song Dynasty, it became one of the Thirteen Classics. Zhu in the Southern Song Dynasty included it in the Four Books.

(3) To understand China's traditional thought, we must read Mencius.

The content of this paper is the introduction of the first volume of the Catalogue of Lectures on Ancient Philology and the source and content nature of the second volume. Next time, we will push the third section, the fourth section of classics, the fifth section of Song and Yuan Dynasties, the sixth section of Qing Dynasty and the sixth section of primary schools of the Catalogue of Lectures on Ancient Philology.

Editor: Uncertain Uncertain.