Introduction of Confucius

Confucius' predecessor was the royal family of Shang Dynasty. The Shang Dynasty was destroyed in the Zhou Dynasty, and Zhou Chengwang made Wei Zi in the Song Dynasty, so he became a vassal from the royal family. Four spread to Song Gong, his eldest son Fu Fu He, and his second son lost. Song Gong did not pass the throne to his son, but to his younger brother Yang Gong. Brothers and sisters were the system of Shang Dynasty. However, it was popular for father and son to carry on the family line, so he killed his uncle Yang Gong and wanted his younger brother Fu Fu to be king. But if Fu Fu was the king, he would punish his younger brother for killing the king, which would add tragedy to the family, so Fu Fu did not accept it. His younger brother Li Li became Gong Li. Why is father still young? Confucius' predecessor changed from a vassal's family to a public servant's family. Until Confucius, Mencius of Lu said that Confucius was a saint.

Fu's great-grandson, Fu He, is taking an examination of his father. In the Song Dynasty, he assisted Dai Gong, Wu Gong and Gong Xuan, all of whom were official ministers. However, the father who is taking the exam is not complacent. Every time he orders, he is respectful and simple.

The father who is taking the exam gave birth to Kong Fujia. Confucius is his word and Jia is his name. Because he was given the family code, his descendants took the words of his ancestors as their surnames and were called Kong. Confucius is the sixth ancestor of Confucius. Song passed the title to his younger brother, namely Mu Gong, and Kong served as Fu. Mu Gong passed the throne to his brother's son as a martyr, and Kong was ordered to assist the heir. The father of China wanted to kill the king, so he killed Kong first.

Jia's great-grandson's name is Uncle. He fled to Shandong for fear of intimidation from Fahrenheit. As a doctor, my name is uncle Fang. Lu has east defense and west defense, and uncle defense governs the east, that is, the northeast of Feixian County today. Kong was originally Song Guiqing. After he fled to Lu, his position was lost. But if not, you can get the land and become a civilian. At that time, among the nobles and civilians, there were also emerging gentry, or nobles who were alienated from their descendants or ruined, and there were also handsome children among their husbands and civilians. Because they studied the art of the aristocratic class at that time, they were able to serve in the aristocratic class and received the support of Lu. All countries have such gentry, and Lu is the most prosperous. My uncle is in Shandong, and he is also a scholar. As a doctor, he only collected land, which is nothing compared with hereditary fiefs. At this point, the predecessor of Confucius changed from a noble or official family to a gentry family.

My uncle's grandson is Shu, who used to be a doctor, also known as Uncle Ge. The word is also called Zou, which is the city name, not the country name, which is different from Zou Guozhi. Shu's force is unparalleled, and he was famous for his bravery at that time. According to Zuo Zhuan, in the tenth year of Duke Xiang of Lu, the state of Jin led the allied governors to attack the forced Yangcheng of the state of Jin, and Liang Shu never joined the Lujun in the battle. Forced Yangcheng has two gates, one is the usual gate, which is used to open and close day and night; A heavy hanging door, hanging high on the floor, is generally not used, only needed in wartime. At that time, the forced Yang people deliberately opened the city gate to lure the enemy into the city, and then suddenly put down the hanging door to catch turtles in a jar. At this moment, Uncle Liang quickly lifted the heavy hanging door and let the people who had already entered the city quickly retreat. Shu is the father of Confucius.

Confucius, the youngest child in Shu, was born on August 27th, 21st (September 28th, 55/kloc-0 BC). My father's first two wives gave birth to nine daughters and a lame son. In order to get an ideal heir, my parents prayed in Nishan (a Niqiu Mountain) in the southeast of Qufu. Later, Confucius' mother gave birth to Confucius in a cave near Nishan, named Qiu He.

Confucius lost his father at the age of three, and his family fortune fell. He was maintained by his mother's efforts. Mother and son moved from Qiaoyi to Lucheng Queli, and the cultural environment here was very favorable for the growth of Confucius. When he was a child, Confucius began to learn culture under the instruction of his mother, and gradually became interested. He often decorates ritual vessels and performs etiquette as a game like an adult. As he grew older, he had a deeper understanding of Zhou Wenhua and a strong sense of learning. The details of Confucius' childhood education are unknown. However, at that time, the aristocratic families took learning music, archery, calculating books and six arts as their livelihood. Confucius' learning is to explore its meaning, its origin and evolution, and its judgment of right and wrong, so as to understand that there is morality in what he has learned.

/kloc-When he was 0/6 years old, his mother who lived alone with him died. Confucius planned to bury his mother and father together, but he lost his father at the age of three and never knew the location of his father's tomb, so he buried his mother shallow in the road of five fathers first. The funeral was so detailed that everyone thought it was a formal burial, but they didn't know it was a temporary shallow burial.

Later, I let Yu Yiman's father and mother bury it together. Wei is a place name, and Mann's father is a name. My father is a man named my father in my hometown. This man and Shu Lianggan are fellow villagers, so his mother knows where the tomb of Confucius' father is. After burying his parents in the garrison, Confucius said, "I heard that there were only tombs in ancient times, but now I in Kong Qiu travel around the world, and tombs can't be without signs." So he sealed the tomb and built a tomb four feet high. Disciples and Confucius attended the funeral together. Afterwards, Confucius went home first. Disciples fell behind and were caught in heavy rain. When the disciples came back, Confucius asked, "Why did you come back so late?" Disciple replied, "The tomb of the defense field was collapsed by the rain." Confucius was silent. Disciple said this several times again. Confucius said bitterly, "I heard that tombs were not built in ancient times." From this incident, we can realize that the affection between Confucius and his mother is very deep.

Scholar-officials learn Confucianism for officials, which is the foundation of a family life. Confucius had long been lonely and poor, and had to be eager to be an official. Fortunately, under the guidance of his mother, he learned to do a lot of rough work. Confucius said to himself, "I am cheap because I am few, so I can despise" (Zi Han). He used to be a small official, such as farming (managing livestock) and appointing officials (managing warehouses), and he did a good job.

He wants to look for opportunities to step on the threshold of high society. So, shortly after he buried his mother, something like this happened: Lu's attending doctor gave a banquet to entertain celebrities, and Confucius, wearing mourning clothes and a hemp belt around his waist, also rushed to attend. Ji Sun's retainer, yang hu, said to him, "We invite people with status, not people like you. You go! " Confucius was rejected and had to retire. He is deeply impressed by such humiliation, so he hates Yang Hu's guts. After this incident, Confucius understood that noble family background is not a passport to official career. To change the realistic status, we must rely on our own efforts.

Therefore, after the initial setback on the political stage, Confucius forgot to eat and sleep, and studied hungrily. He learned to be an excellent official, and he worked tirelessly for it. He often said that "three people must have my teacher" ("Shu Er"). When he entered the ancestral temple dedicated to the ancestors of Lu, he had to ask questions in detail about any buildings, utensils and etiquette, leaving a story of "One son enters the ancestral temple and asks questions about everything" (Bashu). He has a special interest in music. He went to the State of Qi to listen to a great musician play Shao, and he was fascinated. "I don't know the taste of meat in March" (Shuer). Zeng studied piano with master Lu. I have learned a tune 10 for more than a few days, and I am still practicing. Shi Xiang thought he could learn other tunes, but he said his skills were not good enough. A few days later, Shi Xiang thought that his skills had been improved and he could learn new music. He said not yet, because he didn't understand the inner spirit of this song. Later, he finally realized the spirit of this song and thought it was the work of King Wen. After listening to Confucius, Shi Xiang was very surprised and said, "That's right! My teacher said that this song is called "Wang Wencao". "

Confucius used every opportunity to increase his knowledge, and all scholars and intellectuals who visited Lu should ask them for advice. Sometimes I go abroad and learn from celebrities. According to legend, he once came to Luoyi, the capital of Zhou Dynasty, and invited Laozi to pay tribute to History of Zhou Dynasty, which benefited a lot. He lived to be sixty or seventy years old, and he has been studying and is still tireless. When Confucius traveled around the world, Ye Gong asked his disciple Lutz about him, but Lutz couldn't answer him. Confucius said to Luz afterwards, you can tell him my personality, "He is also a human being, who never tires of learning, never tires of teaching, forgets food when he is angry, forgets his worries when he is happy, and never knows how to grow old." ("Historical Records? Confucius became a great scholar because of his open-minded attitude and diligent learning spirit.

Confucius was famous for his erudition when he was 20 years old. His fame spread from the streets to the court. When he got his son at the age of 20, the monarch of Lu sent a big carp to congratulate him. Confucius was flattered, so he named his son carp, Apollo. It goes without saying that there is hope for yue longmen, a carp, which shows that Confucius is eager to try politics.

By the time Confucius was 30 years old, he had a solid learning foundation. When he said that he was "thirty years old", he meant that he had mastered the etiquette, music, shooting, imperial examination, calligraphy and six arts that literati had to learn at that time, so that he could gain a foothold in society. Confucius is knowledgeable and well known; Some children of nobles and civilians began to ask Confucius for advice. It turns out that Zhou and the governments of various vassal States have people who are specially responsible for educating aristocratic children. But at this time, the old and new systems alternated, the society was in turmoil, the ceremony collapsed and the official school was abandoned. In order to spread the traditional knowledge of rites and music and the way of governing the country in the Zhou Dynasty, Confucius launched a private school and gathered disciples to teach. He adopted the teaching methods of inspiration, induction, discussion and summary, and received the effect of learning from others. It can be said that his thought was formed and perfected in the discussion with his disciples.

Confucius came to Qi with Duke Lu at the age of 35. Qi Jinggong asked Confucius how to govern the country, and Confucius told him, "Jun Jun, minister, father and son." (Yan Yuan) That is to say, a monarch should be like a monarch, a minister should be like a minister, a father should be like a father, a son should be like a son, and a monarch, a minister and a son should do their own things. Qi Jinggong was very satisfied with this and thought, "If there is no millet, I can't eat it!" ! I want to use Confucius as an official and help myself.

However, Yan Ying and other Qi ministers opposed the Confucian thought of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and music, and even more opposed Confucius' occupying a high position. So Qi Jinggong's determination to reuse Confucius wavered. I will never ask Confucius for advice on how to govern the country again, but on the surface, I am still very polite. He said to him, "I can't give you a position as a minister, just like Lu treats his family." I will not give up my position to you, just as Lu treats history; The specifications I gave you are between Ji Sun and Sun Meng. " Later, Qi Jinggong told Confucius face to face: "I am old and lack of energy, so I can't hire you." Confucius heard this marching order and that someone in Qi was trying to frame him, so he had to pack his bags in a hurry, leave Qi and return to Lu.

Confucius became more and more famous. 5 1 year-old was appointed as the chief executive of the capital. At that time, the monarch of Lu and Ji, who was in power, were facing increasing threats from the Third Ring Road and his family, and they needed to cherish Confucius' talent and reputation. In addition, because Confucius didn't get the favor of Yang Hucheng and He, Ji had a certain affection for him. This gave Confucius the opportunity to be an official. Confucius once said: "Governing the people by administrative orders and binding them by criminal law can temporarily avoid crimes, but I don't know that crimes are shameful;" Governing the country by virtue and regulating the people by courtesy, the people are not only ashamed, but also convinced. "

Obviously, Confucius' governance method is to build a harmonious society with strict hierarchy like Zhou Dynasty. This is the way he used it when he was in office. A year later, Zhongdu changed its face: the people live and work in peace and contentment, each in his proper place, respect the old and love the young, be strong but not bully the weak, not be connected, men and women are not chaotic, and business is not bullied ... Therefore, all four aspects are competing to learn. Confucius established a certain political prestige in Shandong.

Confucius was promoted to mediocrity because of his outstanding achievements. Soon, Kong Yu was promoted to head of judicial work. Although Confucius swept the door as a shepherd, he did not think that simply resorting to criminal law could improve social order. Therefore, on the one hand, he advocates fair handling of litigation events, and opposes only one-sided judgment. On the other hand, he considers how to fundamentally eliminate interpersonal conflicts and crimes. In his view, if everyone has the heart of benevolence and righteousness, has a high moral standard, and the whole society forms a strong moral public opinion, then litigation can disappear fundamentally.

As a great commander-in-chief, Confucius' greatest achievement was to win a diplomatic victory for Lu at the Oracle bone conference. Oracle bones and tortoise shells are an alliance between the two emperors of Qilu. At that time, Qi was strong and Lu was weak. Qi wanted to oppress Lu by forming an alliance. Confucius attended the meeting as Lu's main assistant and courtesy officer. When he saw that Qi had organized a group of unscrupulous people in an attempt to create chaos and hijacked it in the name of offering "the joy of the Quartet", he stood up and accused him of rudeness. Zhou Li is the code of conduct of the rulers, and rudeness has become a scandal. With a genial smile, Gong Jing immediately admitted his mistake and waved the crowd back. Qi people refused to stop there. When drafting the Covenant, they suggested that if Qi had something to send troops, Lu must send 300 chariots to help, otherwise it would be a breach of the Covenant. Confucius pointed out in a tit-for-tat way that the State of Qi must return the land of Wenyang seized by the State of Lu, otherwise it would be the end of the alliance. In this way, Confucius resisted Qiang Qi's diplomatic offensive with courage and wit, and won honor and interests for Lu.

Confucius' victory at the Oracle bones conference further enhanced his prestige. Ji Sun, who manages Lu, asked him to be acting prime minister. This is the culmination of his political career. But it didn't last long, and then it soon went downhill. In the final analysis, the political ideal of Confucius is completely different from that of Ji Sun. In the political arena of Lu at that time, the power of the official position had declined, while the power of the three private ministers, namely, Shu Suntong and others, was very strong. They kept Lu Jun at a respectful distance from him and mastered the real power of Lu. However, there are also problems in the private sector. The servants of Sanqing took advantage of managing domestic affairs, secretly managed and expanded their power, and then controlled domestic affairs. Deeply saddened by these indecent acts, Confucius always advocated "opening public offices to curb private interests", but he did not have the power and opportunity. Now that he has power, he sees an opportunity in the rebellion with Uncle Suntong. He wants to take action with the specific goal of "capturing the three capitals".

At first, three ministers, namely, Uncle, Uncle and History, all established their capitals in their own territories, which were called Fei, Tai and Cheng respectively. As the political center and military fortress of the territory, it is managed by the retainer. After the contradiction between the retainer and the three ministers reached the point where it could not be alleviated, they often regarded these cities as rebel strongholds. In 502 BC, Yang Hucheng, his courtier, rebelled, and Hou, his uncle's courtier, rebelled in 500 BC, which made Ji and Shu very angry. Confucius took this opportunity to put forward a plan to reduce the three capitals. On the surface, it is to deal with courtiers, but in fact it is to kill two birds with one stone, and even to crack down on Sanqing together. Sanqing was in favor of this plan at the beginning, so the fee and fee were removed. When it was torn down into a city, they suddenly realized that without their own capital, they would not have their own status, so they changed their attitude, seemingly quietly, but actually supported the retainer stone to stick to the city and not tear it down.

As a result, Confucius and Lu, who went out in person, were defeated by Chengcheng, and the plan to capture the three capitals had to be abandoned. Confucius' situation became difficult. At this time, two unfavorable things happened one after another. First of all, Qi gave Lu Jun and Ji Sun a song and dance troupe and a beautiful horse. After Ji Sun accepted the gift, they didn't go to the court or see Confucius. The second is the sacrifice to the suburbs of Lugong. According to the usual practice, after the ceremony, the meat is given to the ministers, one piece at a time to Confucius, but this time it is not given to Confucius to show indifference. The duke of Lu changed his face, and Confucius could not stay in Lu any longer. He decided to leave Lu, hoping to realize his political ideals in other vassal countries.

At the age of 55, Confucius left his parents' motherland with a heavy heart and began to travel around the world for 14 years. The so-called nations are just Wei, Chen, Cao, Song, Zheng, Cai, Chu and other countries. Among them, only Wei and Chen lived for a long time and got a salary. Other countries just passed by. Wang Wei and Chen Wang received Confucius and even gave him high courtesy, but their purpose was to use Confucius' reputation to raise themselves, and they didn't want to promote Confucius' ideas. Other monarchs don't even have this courtesy. In 493 BC, Confucius left Weiguo and went south to Cao and Zheng, and neither country received him. In the Song Dynasty, Fu Huan even tried to kill him and make him escape in disguise.

/kloc-During the period of 0/4 years, Confucius' life was prosperous, difficult and even dangerous, and he always took it calmly. After eating Wei Jun's 60,000 welcome salary, he will not change his political attitude; Kuang Ren and Huan Xuan tried to kill him, but he remained calm as usual. On the way through Chen and Cai, many disciples were hungry, but he still gave lectures, played the piano and sang songs, showing the spirit that wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and powerful people can't bend.

In recent years, his main achievements are in academic research and teaching. He read a lot of books, thought a lot and told the students. The students who traveled around the world with him have made great progress. He paid great attention to educating his disciples about the world outlook and outlook on life under difficult circumstances. When Chen was starving to death, he knew that some disciples were unhappy, so he invited to talk first.

He asked Lutz, "We have encountered such great difficulties. Does it mean that there is something wrong with our Tao (theory)? " Lutz said, "People don't trust us. Maybe we haven't reached benevolence yet. People won't let us pass, maybe we haven't reached wisdom yet? " Confucius said to him, "The benevolent will believe. Why are there Bo Yi and Shu Qi?" If a wise man can go all over the world, how can there be a prince? "

Next, Confucius and Zi Gong talked about this problem. Zi Gong said, "Your Tao is too high for anyone in the world to accept. Can you lower your own way for others to accept? " Confucius said: "A gentleman should strive for the truth, not please others and let them accept it. You are not like this, your ambition is not far away! "

Finally, Confucius' name was Yan Hui, and Yan Hui's understanding was better than both of them. He said, "Your Tao is so great that no one in the world can accept it. But what does it matter? Such a world, not accepted, shows the true nature of a gentleman. It is our shame not to practice Buddhism. Now that the Tao has been overhauled, the princes don't need it. This is their shame. " Confucius was very satisfied with this answer and greatly encouraged Yan Hui. These three proud students received urgent admonition and their ideological realm was improved.

In the third year (492 BC), Ji died. Before he died, he regretted the uselessness of Confucius and told Ji Kangzi, who followed him as Qing, to ask Confucius to return to China. But because of opposition, it was not realized at that time. Later, Confucius' students You Ran and Zi Gong successively returned to Lu as officials, especially You Ran, who led the army of Lu to defeat the invading army of Qi in the spring of 484 BC, made great contributions and recommended Confucius together with other disciples. Ji Kangzi finally made up his mind to send a generous gift and invite Confucius back to China. The 68-year-old Confucius was tired of hopeless lobbying and running, so he accepted Ji's invitation and returned to Lu this year, ending his years of exile.

Confucius did not change his political attitude after returning to China, so he could not be appointed. In 484 BC, Ji Kangzi wanted to implement land tax, and sent Ran to seek the opinions of Confucius who had just returned to China. The so-called land tax is to collect military expenses by field, which is much more than the original. Confucius thought that this practice did not conform to the rites of Zhou and expressed his opposition. He said that if you don't obey the etiquette and indulge in greed, it is not enough to collect land tax. Ji Kangzi didn't listen to Confucius. In 48 1 year BC, Chen Heng (also known as Tian Chengzi) of Qi killed Qi Jiangong and took control of Qi. Jane Gong was incompetent, and Chen Hengxing's New Deal was quite popular, but Confucius thought that killing a king no matter what was wrong. He fasted and bathed, and made solemn reports to Duke Lu and Sanqing successively, asking them to send troops to beg for Chen Heng, but these people simply ignored him. Confucius is really conservative in these two things, but he sincerely believes that only by acting according to etiquette can the country have order and peace.

The conflict with Ji Kangzi and some of his disciples made Confucius' later life after returning to Lu a bleak scene from the beginning. Ji Kangzi's cold reception will not cause great pain to Confucius who lost his fame and fortune. But for Confucius, who has devoted himself to the fiery real life for decades, this cannot help but make him feel lonely and isolated from the real society. The breakdown of the relationship with some disciples not only caused Confucius to feel external loneliness with few companions, but also caused Confucius to feel internal loneliness that no one understood spiritually. He sighed to Zigong: "No one in the world understands me!"

Lu can't use Confucius, because he can see clearly, so he doesn't want to be an official. After returning to Shandong, he devoted himself to education and the collation of ancient books. According to historical records, there were 3,000 disciples before and after his return, among whom 72 were familiar with Six Arts, and a considerable part of them were educated after his return to Shandong.

There are many documents handed down from Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. In order to study ancient culture and the construction of teaching materials, Confucius edited and arranged six classics: Shu, Li, Shi, Yue, Yi and Chunqiu. In the era of Confucius, there were Xia Shu, Shangshu and Zhou Shu, who kept three generations of government documents respectively. Confucius classified them into books (also known as Shangshu). There are three existing books on etiquette: Zhou Li, Yi Li and Li Ji. Confucius talked about three rites and compiled Yi Li, which is a book about rites from the perspective of personal behavior norms.

Poetry Collection is a collection of poems in the Zhou Dynasty. Confucius believes that these poems can not only be used in political and social occasions, but also increase knowledge, cultivate sentiment and cultivate moral consciousness. He copied poems from different books, deleted the duplicates, left the best books, and adjusted and classified them according to the original tune of the poems. Ancient poetry and music are unified, in fact, poetry is the lyrics filled in music. Confucius can sing and dance well, and he knows music theory. He is a versatile musician. He matched 300 poems with music correctly, so that he could string songs one by one. To be sure, he made up Yue, as he himself said: "If I defend myself against Lu, I will get my own place." (Zi Han) It's a pity that I lost my joy.

Yi is a book of divination of Zhou people, but it contains rich political wisdom and philosophy of life. Confucius liked the Book of Changes in his later years and read it repeatedly, so that the pimp who runs through bamboo slips in the Book of Changes was broken many times. He studied Yi not for divination, but for trying to figure out the truth and explaining it philosophically. Later, Confucian scholars wrote the Book of Changes to explain the Book of Changes, which included Confucius' thought of the Book of Changes. In his later years, Confucius liked to read and talk about the Book of Changes, and probably did some sorting work.

Spring and Autumn Annals is a chronicle of Lu, and Confucius also made great efforts to revise this book. He first collected and sorted out historical materials, and then carried out his thoughts in the form of words, praising and criticizing historical figures and events with extremely concise words, with the aim of making people understand right and wrong, good and evil. Mencius said, "Confucius became the Spring and Autumn Annals, but the rebels were afraid." ("Mencius? Confucius made outstanding achievements in collating ancient documents, and it was because of his efforts that some ancient books and records in China were preserved. His books, poems, rites, music, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Period are cultural treasures of world historical significance, which provide rich materials for people to study the ancient history of China.

In 48 1 year BC, when he was compiling Spring and Autumn Annals, he captured a monster, which is said to be Lin. Lin is a kind beast. He came out at the wrong time and was caught. Confucius thought this meant that his ideal could not be realized and sighed, "I am poor!" " "So I don't write, don't write the Spring and Autumn Annals.

This loneliness and desolation are associated with the sadness brought by misfortune in family life. Just one year before returning to Lu, his wife died. When he returned to Lu, his half-brother was dead. Only his only son Kong Li and his son Kong Ji greeted him. The warmth of children and grandchildren undoubtedly gave Confucius great comfort. However, just one year after Confucius returned to Lu, he died at the age of 50. Losing a child in old age is extremely sad. Confucius has only one relative left, Kong Ji. With the help of crutches, Confucius bent even harder, and his beard and hair became whiter. He hobbled along with the help of his grandson. This added sadness to Confucius' lonely and desolate evening scene.

The death of Yan Hui and Lutz increased this loneliness and desolation. Confucius finally couldn't bear too many blows and became seriously ill. Zi Gong came to visit the patient. He said to his beloved disciple who followed him for many years: "There has been no Tao in the world for a long time, but unfortunately no one can follow me." And sighed: "Taishan is not good! The beams and columns are destroyed! The philosopher is dying! " ("Historical Records? Seven days later, Lu Aigong died in the 16th year (479 BC) and was buried in the north Surabaya River in Lucheng. Many disciples guarded his tomb for three years and Zigong for six years. Some disciples and Lu people moved their homes to his grave and guarded them. Lu has paid homage to Confucius on time from generation to generation, and Confucian scholars often walk in the tomb of Confucius.

Until the Han Dynasty, Sima Qian, a great historian, went to Qufu to inspect historical sites, and he also saw that the legacy of rites and music handed down by Confucius had not been cut off. He said with emotion: "All kings in the world are wise and glorious at that time, but if not, it would be embarrassing." Confucius is a civilian, and by more than ten generations, people who study have respected him. Since the Emperor and the Prince, China's words and six arts have compromised with the master, which is the most sacred! "("historical records? Confucius family ")