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(former 145- former 90) Historian and writer of the Western Han Dynasty. Zichang, Zuo Fengyi, was born in xia yang (now southwest of Hancheng, Shaanxi). Born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty (145 BC), born in the sixth year of Emperor Jian Yuan of Han Dynasty (135 BC), died in 90 BC at the age of 55.

(Note 1: former 145 is taken from Taishi Gongxu Justice. According to Zhang Shoujie's Justice in the Tang Dynasty, note: "In the first year of Taishu, I moved to 42 years old." In the first year of Taichu (BC 104), it was pushed up for 42 years, which was said by Wang Guowei, Liang Qichao and others in the fifth year of Jingdi's Central Plains (BC 145). The former 135 is taken from Suoyin in Preface to Taishi Gong, and according to Zhang Hua's Natural History of Jin Dynasty, "Doctor Sima Qian, 28 years old, Gu Yijun Mao,". That is to say, in the third year of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty (BC 108), Sima Qian was promoted to Taishiling at the age of 28, which means that the sixth year of Emperor Wu Jian Yuan (BC 135) should be the year of Sima Qian's birth. Guo Moruo and others said this. Note: Those who hold the theory of "Six Years of Jian Yuan" try their best to prove that natural history is right, but think that Zhang Shoujie's record of justice is wrong. The main reasons are as follows: First, this article in natural history records the Hanshu, which records Sima Qian's name, age, place of residence, rank, years of official worship, salary and so on. So detailed and true, from the Han Dynasty literature records, its authenticity is beyond doubt. This is a kind of original data, and its value far exceeds that of general history books. Secondly, there is a sentence in Sima Qian's "Report to Ren 'an": "Unfortunately, my servants have long lost their second relatives." For example, according to heaven, Sima Qian was born in the fifth year of Jingdi, and his father Sima Tan died in the first year of Yuanfeng (1 10 BC). Sima Qian should be 36 years old. According to common sense, parents who died at the age of 36 can't say that they lost their parents early. For example, according to natural history, Sima Qian was born in the sixth year of Jianyuan, that is, his father died at the age of 26, so it makes sense to say that he lost his parents long ago. Third, Sima Qian's Letter to Ren An was written in the second year of Zheng He (9 1 BC). If he was born in Jingdi Zhongyuan for five years, he should be 55 years old this year. He became a doctor around the age of 20 and was invited to travel all over the country. Then, he should say that he has been waiting for the crime for more than 30 years. Obviously, Sima Qian will never forget what he did. It was not until 10 years later, that is, six years after Liang Wudi was founded, that it conformed to his theory.

In addition to Zhang Shoujie's "justice", those who hold the "five-year theory of Jingdi Central Plains" also put forward the following questions or arguments. First of all, Wang Guowei thinks that the year of "28" should be the mistake of "38" because later generations cited natural history. The Theory of Justice points out that Sima Qian's "forty-two years" is correct. Secondly, according to the second year of Yuan Shuo (BC 127) recorded in Historical Records, Biography of Rangers, he ordered the rich people all over the country to move to Maoling. Guo Jie had no property and was forced to move. Sima Qian also met Guo Jie. He said: "I don't think Guo Jie looks as good as a China person, and he still lacks words." If Sima Qian was born in Jianyuan six years ago, when he was only nine years old, he would never have had such profound observation and psychological activities on people. It seems more appropriate if Sima Qian was born in Jingdi for five years and was nineteen years old. Thirdly, according to History of the Scholars, Sima Qian learned ancient Chinese from Kong Anguo. However, according to the historical records of Confucius Family and Zi Tong Zhi Jian, Kong Anguo was a doctor in the second year of Yuan Shuo, and Sima Qian was nine years old in the second year of Yuan Shuo. It is impossible for a nine-year-old child to go to imperial academy to consult and discuss with a master of Confucian classics. If you were born in the fifth year of Emperor Jingdi's reign and this year is nineteen years, it seems reasonable.

Note 2: Where was Sima Qian born? "Preface to Taishi Gongxu" says: "The day of moving Longmen and plowing rivers and mountains." There have been two different views about where this Longmen is, one is in Hancheng, Shaanxi, and the other is in Hejin County, Shanxi.

Zhang Shoujie, the earliest advocate of Hancheng in Shaanxi Province, said in Historical Records Justice that Longmen Mountain is in xia yang County (now Hancheng). At the same time, there are two surnames, Feng Hetong, living in Xucun, a ghost town in Hancheng. They both consider themselves descendants of Taishigong. They claimed to be Sima's family, because Sima Qian was imprisoned, and later generations felt humiliated, so they changed their surnames: adding a vertical to the left of Sima's word "Si" became the word "Tong"; Add two points to the left of the word "horse" to become the word "feng", and list it as Sima Qian Temple in Zhichuan Town, Hancheng, Shaanxi Province.

People who hold the view of Hejin County in Shanxi believe that Longmen (including Longmen Mountain and Yumenkou) has been recorded in Hejin County in Shanxi since ancient times. The Yellow River flows out of Yumenkou from northwest to southeast and turns sharply from north to south, which is exactly what Sima Qian called "the day of farming, animal husbandry and mountains". It is reported that there used to be a monument to "the hometown of Taishi Gong Sima in Han Dynasty", but it was unfortunately destroyed when water conservancy was built. And now there are Sima residents in the village.

Sima Tan, the father of Sima Qian, made an official order in the central government of Han Dynasty, in charge of imperial books, collecting historical materials and studying astronomical calendars. Sima Tan intended to write a general history, but his wish didn't come true and he died. When he died, he told Sima Qian to finish his unfinished business.

Sima Qian worked hard as a child. At the age of ten, he began to learn the ancient prose at that time. Later, he followed Dong Zhongshu and Kong Anguo to study "The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram" and ancient Chinese history. Emperor yuan Shuo of the Han dynasty was three years old, and Sima Qian was twenty years old. With the desire for knowledge, he traveled all over the famous mountains and rivers of the motherland, inspected historical sites and collected legends from all over the country. Sima Qian broadened his horizons and increased his knowledge by on-the-spot investigation of places of interest and historical facts before and after the founding of the Western Han Dynasty, which made a good preparation for the later compilation of Historical Records. After Sima Tan's death, Sima Qian inherited his father's footsteps, formulated imperial edicts, and was able to see a large number of books, documents and national archives, which was an indispensable condition for Sima Qian to compile historical books.

In the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Sima Qian began to write historical records. In the second year of Tianhan, Li Ling led the troops to attack the Huns with Li Guangli, and they were defeated and surrendered. Emperor Wu asked Sima Qian what he thought of Li Ling, so Sima Qian said that Li Ling surrendered because he was outnumbered and had no reinforcements, and the responsibility was not entirely on Li Ling. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty thought that Sima Qian intended to excuse Li Ling's return, so he denounced Li Guangli, the love brother of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. As a result, Sima Qian was thrown into prison and sentenced to corruption. Three years later, he was pardoned and released from prison, and worked harder to write history books. In about two years, the compilation was basically completed. Many years after Sima Qian's death, his grandson Yang Yun made this immortal masterpiece of more than 520,000 words public.

Sima Qian 10 years old began to study ancient literature biographies. During Yuan Guang and Yuan Shuo of Han Dynasty, he studied under the modern writer Dong Zhongshu's "The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram" and the ancient prose writer Kong Anguo. At the age of 20, he roamed south from Chang 'an, the capital, and traveled all over the Jianghuai Valley and the Central Plains, where he visited local customs and collected legends. Soon, he became a doctor, bodyguard and retinue of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and accompanied him to the Western Seas many times, and sent envoys to Bashu.

In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), Sima Tan, the stepfather of Sima Qian, was the official of Taishi, in charge of astronomical calendar and royal atlas, so it depends on the books collected by historians. In the first year of Taichu (before 104), he, Luo and others customized calendars to replace the Zhuan Xu calendar inherited by Qin, and the new calendar adapted to the needs of the society at that time.

This/Sima Qian/(originally published in Reading 1997) has been abridged from time to time, and now it is published in full. After defending Li Ling, who surrendered to the Huns, he was sentenced to prison and charged with corruption. After he was released from prison, he worked as a secretary, continued to write angrily, and finally finished the writing of Historical Records. People call his book Taishi Gongshu. It is the first biography of China, which has a far-reaching influence on later historiography. Historical Records has vivid language and vivid image, and is also an excellent literary work. Sima Qian also wrote a book, Bao Ren 'an, describing his imprisonment and his ambition to write a book, which was praised by all previous dynasties.

Sima Qian is a great historian in the history of China. "He was jailed for his outspoken suggestions, but he became even more furious, wrote books and created historical records of famous historians at home and abroad, leaving a precious cultural heritage for the people of China and the people of the world.