Fu Hao, the first female general in China history.

It is agreed that Princess Fu Hao is an outstanding female politician and strategist. Because of Fu Hao's good cultural accomplishment, Wu Ding, the king of Shang Dynasty at that time, often asked her to preside over very important sacrifices and read eulogies. She was also appointed as a fortune teller and became a female politician in the Wu Ding era. Fu Hao is also a strategist. She led troops to fight many times and made great achievements. After his wife died, Wu Ding was very sad. Fu Hao has a huge single burial tomb and a long worship ceremony. This was very rare in Shang Dynasty.

Fu Hao is one of Shang Ding's more than 60 wives and one of the three legal spouses. Good name. "Woman" is a kinship term. Jin Wen is also called "stepmother Xin" because her temple is called Xin, which is called in "Zhou Ji Oracle Bone Inscriptions". Zujia's mother is her "mother Xin". She was deeply loved by Wu Ding, was sealed in the field, shouldered the heavy responsibility of defending the land and collecting land, and died in Wu Ding's later years.

Fu Hao, the first female general in China history.

1976 A complete tomb was found in the northwest of Xiaotun, Anyang, Henan Province. Fu Hao's tomb is one of the most important archaeological discoveries in the ancestral temple area of Yin Ruins since 1928, and it is also the only well-preserved tomb of members of the Shang Dynasty royal family discovered since the scientific excavation of Yin Ruins. The tomb is 5 meters long from north to south. 6 meters, 4 meters wide from east to west and 7 meters deep. 5 meters. There is a great hall called "Mother Believers" by Oracle Bone Inscriptions on the tomb.

From Oracle Bone Inscriptions, we know that she presided over some important sacrificial activities and led many expeditions to Turkey, Qiang, Pakistan and other countries. In a war of conquering Qiang, she commanded a huge team of 13 thousand people, which was the most used in the foreign conquest of Shang Dynasty so far. Famous generals such as Guan and Hou Gao are often under his command. In the battle against Pakistan, Fu Hao led an ambush and cut off the retreat of the Pakistani army. When Wu Ding defeated the Palestinian army from the east, it drove it into an ambush and annihilated it, which was the earliest recorded ambush in the history of China War.

In Shang Dynasty, "the state affairs are to worship the capacity" (Zuo Zhuan), Fu Hao was often ordered to preside over various festivals such as offering sacrifices to heaven, ancestors and gods, and served as a diviner. He was an important member of Wuding ruling group. He also led the army to suppress slave resistance.

First of all, birth

During the Yin and Shang Dynasties, the status of mother and son influenced each other: only the mother of noble birth could be the wife of Shang Wang, that is, the queen, and only Wang Housheng's son was qualified to inherit the throne; Only when the son is made a prince or inherits the throne can the queen be included in the weekly sacrifice and shared with her husband after her death.

Fu Hao, the first female general in China history.

Wu Ding * * * has three wife, namely, the wife of Simuwu (Cong Wu), the wife of Si (Cong Xin) and Cong Gui. It happened that Wu Ding also had three sons with unusual identities, one of whom was called "the eldest son" (the prince) or "Xiao Wang" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. These three people were probably born by Fu Gui, Fu Hao and Cong Gui respectively, so all three people entered the Zhou Festival. Similarly, Zu Ding, King of Shang Dynasty, had four sons, namely Yang Jiahe, Pan Gengxun, Xiao Helian (the father of Wu Ding), while Cong Ji and Cong Gui were the two queens who lived in the same clan as Zu Ding. Probably these four brothers were born to these two queens, so they are also included in the weekly sacrifice.

In this way, Fu Hao, as the queen of Wu Ding, is at least the mother of a prince, with a prominent position, and is the legal spouse included in Zhou Jie and Wu Ding. She can never be a lowly person. She should be the daughter of her son's prince, and her son (Fu Haoguo) is also a vassal who occupies a very important position in the country.

Fu Hao, the first female general in China history.

Second, sacrifice

"Worship for peace and honor is a national event", "worship" is in the first place, and businessmen also attach the most importance to sacrifice. Oracle Bone Inscriptions recorded that Fu Hao participated in many sacrificial activities. Oracle Bone Inscriptions's sacrificial names in Wuding period were ㄓ (ㄓ), ㄓ (ㄓ), ㄓ (ㄓ), ㄓ (ー). Before Wu Ding, the spouses of Zhong Ding and Zuding were married, as were the spouses of Yohito, Zuxin and Xiao B. Father B is Wu Ding's father Xiao Yi, whose name is Lian in the annals of bamboo books. These are very important sacrificial activities, which can be presided over by Fu Hao, which shows Fu Hao's high status.

Third, conquer

There are only two women in Wuding recorded by Oracle Bone Inscriptions, one is Fu Hao and the other is Fu Cong (Simuwu). According to Mr. Wang's statistics, * * has five countries: Turkey, Summer, India (or Pakistan), Iraq and Dragon. For example, Wu Ding summoned his troops and ordered Fu Hao to lead the army to cut land, which was the main enemy of the northwest of Yin Shang Dynasty. According to Mr. Hu Houxuan's textual research, it is Xia Fang, a descendant of Xia Dynasty. Finally, the country was conquered during the Wuding period.

According to Indian Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Wu Ding personally went to war and asked Fu Hao and Yun Xian to cooperate with India to attack the enemy from the east and drive the enemy into Fu Hao's ambush position.

Fu Hao, the first female general in China history.

The corpse side is the human side, later called Dongyi. There was no word Dongyi in Shang Dynasty, only human face or corpse face, which was called Dongyi in Zhou Dynasty. Zhou wrote "Dongyi", and "corpse" is called "Yi", which is also called "corpse side" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. This corpse is not a square country, but an alliance of many eastern countries that originally belonged to the Xia Dynasty. Fang has many tribes, vast land, rich products and powerful forces. The collection of corpses was a major war in which the Shang Dynasty expanded its territory and influence to the southeast. Wu Ding period, began to conquer the human side, mainly Wu Ding himself, followed by the main generals are Fu Hao and Hou Gao. However, the conquest of the corpse was finally completed by Zhou Shi.

Fu Hao is one of the most outstanding women in Wuding. Two bronze cymbals were unearthed from Fu Hao's tomb. One of the big graupel is 39 long. 5 cm, blade width 37. 5 cm, weighing 9 kg. The graupel is decorated with the tattoo of Shuang Hu's head and the inscription "Fu Hao". According to this, an article said that Fu Hao charged with two large cymbals, and inferred that "Fu Hao's arm strength is amazing", which is a misunderstanding caused by not understanding history. That kind of giant weapon can be held in both hands, but it is difficult to use with one hand. In fact, this ceremonial device as a symbol of power, like the flag used by the army, must be held by a special person (noble) and stand on the chariot. The poem long hair said, "The King of Wu (Tang) is sincere with his bow. If the fire is fierce, I dare to die. " This means that Shang Tang () attacked Valerian, and Tang himself held the banner in the chariot, and the courtiers attached it to the cymbals devoutly to show that he was conquered by destiny. "Historical Records of Zhou Benji" says that "(Zhou) helps people with his left hand and helps Bai Fang with his right hand". Both Huang Yue and Belarus are symbols of power and dignity, and they are used to command the three armed forces (persuade people), instead of bringing them to the front. Huang Yue is the Bronze Yue, because the bronze ware was yellow when it was first cast, and it was also called "gold" in ancient times. After a long time, it rusted and turned blue-black. Therefore, the shotgun is not a weapon in actual combat, but a ceremonial weapon symbolizing the authority of the commander-in-chief. It can be seen that the woman's right to conquer should be a great event at that time.

Fourth, fertility.

Fu Cha, as a woman and the wife of Wu Ding, the Shang king, of course, childbirth is also an important aspect. During the period of Wu Ding, an Oracle asked whether a woman was pregnant, and businessmen called pregnancy "being born".

Oracle Bone Inscriptions also has a very detailed record, which is Shen Jiari's divination. The Oracle asked, "Did the woman give birth smoothly?" Wu Ding personally judged: "If it is delivered on Sunday, it will be smooth; If you were born on Geng Day, it's great luck; If you give birth on the 30th and another day, it will not be smooth, and the baby will be a woman. "

According to these oracles, Fuxi gave birth many times, indicating that she had many children, and one of them became the Shang king, so she was included in the weekly sacrifice spectrum and shared with Wu Ding.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) government affairs

Fu Hao also participated in many government affairs. Wu Ding often sent Fu Hao out to handle affairs, and Zhen asked Fu Hao in the Oracle if he would like to come to big business. Wu Ding ordered Fu Hao to go somewhere. Is it going well?

Women should send people to do things. Fu Hao also cooperated with the minister to work for the king. A good wife will also meet many wives. "Polygamy" is Wu's general term for concubines. There are more than 60 concubines in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Wu Ding, which come from different countries and tribes and all have noble status. Fu Hao summoned many wives on the land, which shows that Fu Hao's status is higher than many wives.

Fu Hao will also meet old people. The ruler met the old man (then the middle-aged Gao Dezhao's old man) to show that he respected the old man and cared about his subjects. Wu Ding also sent Fu Hao to do it, which shows his trust in Fu Hao and his noble position.

Fu Hao also paid tribute to the big businessmen. Oracle Bone Inscriptions said, "Fu Hao shows ten villages." Bin. "Ji" and "Shi" mean sacrifice, while "Tun" means purity, which is the Oracle Bone Inscriptions unit of measurement used for divination. Two shoulder blades (left and right shoulder blades) of cattle are pure, and "Ten Tun (pure)" is twenty shoulder blades of cattle. The last "Bin" was a fortune teller in Wu Ding's time. He got Oracle Bone Inscriptions from Fu Hao, so he engraved his name on the Oracle Bone Inscriptions to show that he signed for it. It is also recorded that she paid tribute to big merchants, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions said, "It is good to enter 50". In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, it is always said that how many tuns (pure ones) are Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and it is Jabu who only says numbers without quantifiers, which is a tortoise shell for divination. This is a very rare and precious thing in ancient times, and it is called "treasure turtle". It shows that women are kind and rich.

When a prisoner or slave escaped, she was also asked to arrest him. Oracle Bone Inscriptions said, "Chastity: Women are good at grasping" (set). The writing of "catching" Oracle Bone Inscriptions is like holding a "lucky" shape in both hands. "Luck" is a prisoner's instrument of torture, and "catch" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions means to arrest a prisoner.

In a word, Fu Hao is involved in many big business affairs. She participates in everything a man can do. She doesn't want to be a man.

Six: Sacrifice and funeral

Fu Hao didn't live long because of his poor health. She died during the Wuding period. There are prophecies about the death of women. Zhen asked if he wanted to offer Fu Hao a guest sacrifice and a royal sacrifice. There is also a rare astronomical phenomenon recorded in Wuyi and Wen Ding's Oracle Bone Inscriptions: when women were sacrificed, it rained fire, which is probably what we call a meteor shower today. If it is true, it should be an earlier meteor shower record in the history of China.

Businessmen even took revenge on Fu Hao's spirit in heaven. Businessmen believe that a good woman still has the ability to deal with enemy countries and are in awe of her. Oracle Bone Inscriptions recorded that Wu Ding dreamed of a good wife, saying that Wu Ding dreamed of a good wife, so there would be no disaster, right? This also shows Wu Ding's yearning for women.

Fu Hao, the first female general in China history.

Wu Ding's emphasis on female kindness can be seen from the burial of female kindness. Muhao Tomb contains 16 martyrs and 6 dogs. There are 1928 funerary objects in the tomb, including bronzes, jade and stone tools, bones and teeth, and more than 6,800 shells, which are placed in coffins, coffins and fillers respectively. Bronze ritual vessels ***2 10, some in pairs, some in sets, and most of them have inscriptions on Nuwa, which were used by the tomb owner for banquets or sacrifices before his death. Among them, Fu, Fu Fang Yi, Fu Zun and Si Si Zhu are rare bronze treasures. Two bronze cymbals are symbols of women's military strength before their death. There are four bronze mirrors in the tomb, which shows that China used bronze mirrors at least during the Wuding period of Shang Dynasty. Among the funerary jade articles, there are exquisite jade articles from Shang Dynasty. /kloc-more than 0/0 jade statues are valuable materials for studying the hair styles of clothes at that time. There are also three ivory cups with handles, which are also rare ancient art treasures. Judging from the form of Mu Hao's tomb and the rich sacrifice, Mu Hao has a noble position and is very rich.