Cultural history of seal script?

The calligraphy of seal script appeared in the pre-Qin and Fu periods in China. Archaeologists proved that Oracle Bone Inscriptions was painted on tortoise shells and animal bones. Because it is used for divination, it is called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. But it already has the basic elements of China's calligraphy art: pen, structure, composition and so on. During the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, the inscriptions carved on Zhongding Yi wares, namely the inscriptions on bronze inscriptions, also known as Zhong Dingwen, were widely popular. After the unification of Qin Shihuang, it was collectively called Xiao Zhuan, also known as Qin Zhuan. The so-called seal script is actually an official script. It is a standardized common font for official documents. According to the literature. Before the Qin Dynasty, Chinese characters had no special names. Seal script evolved from Qin characters in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Because this is the official book. Small seal is only suitable for grand occasions. Such as remembering merits and carving stones. Uncle's imperial edict. Soldiers and tigers. The fonts of standard seal script are arranged neatly. This pen is round and round. These lines are long and even. Presenting a solemn and beautiful style. Compared with Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen, it has some basic features: slender shape. And the taut tension extends downward. It constitutes the visual illusion that the upper part is dense and the lower part is sparse. This is also related to the top-down layout. Even lines, no matter how long stippling is. The strokes are even in thickness. This kind of strength. A pen with even speed. Give people a pure and simple aesthetic feeling. In addition, the font structure tends to be simple and fixed. The layout of seal script can better form the order of vertical and horizontal lines. Qin Zhuan is different from a square pen. He uses a round pen. The round pen is represented by Qin carved stone. Fang Bi is represented by the amount of copyright in imperial edicts of the Qin Dynasty. This is a vulgar style in Qin Zhuan. The Han and Wei Dynasties were a spent force for Qin Zhuan. Except for inscriptions, seals and objects. There are few independent seal scripts. Tang seal. Recovered from lee. Ren's majestic spirit is gone forever. Epigraphy in the song dynasty and the restoration of calligraphy in the yuan dynasty. The right to use seal script increased slightly. There are many people who are famous for their seal scripts, but they lack the power to surpass them. The wind of inheriting yuan dynasty in ming dynasty. Step evenly. In Qing dynasty, seal script was full of flowers. In promoting the Tang dynasty to surpass the Qin dynasty and enter the stage of great prosperity. Since the Han Dynasty, it is generally believed that Da Zhuan was written by Zhou Xuanwang Taishi Zhuan (827 BC). For example, Hanshu has 15 history books, and Ban Gu notes: "Zhou Xuanwang wrote 15 seals." Xu Shen also said: "Wang Xuan wrote fifteen pieces of Da Zhuan, which is different from ancient Chinese." Ancient Chinese or others, that is, Taishi increased and lost ancient Chinese, so Dazhuan is also called "Zhu Wen". Therefore, later generations all think that Da Zhuan is a form after ancient prose. Among the stone carvings handed down from ancient times, Shi Guwen is the most representative. This kind of stone tool is undoubtedly the oldest and most reliable stone cultural relic in China. It is now in the Palace Museum in Beijing. Shi Guwen has an important position in the history of calligraphy. The oldest rubbings known in the world are Song rubbings collected by Fan Tianyi Pavilion in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. The font is roughly between Zhou and Qin Xiao Zhuan. It is known to belong to the calligraphy system before Qin Shihuang. Compared with Xiao Zhuan, it can be called Da Zhuan, which is a masterpiece of Da Zhuan. Its font is small and complicated, like a ritual vessel in Zongzhou period, which is relatively complete and can be called neat. Kang Youwei called Shi Guwen in "Guangyi, One Boat, Two Cans": "When gold falls to the ground, the grass clouds are strange, and it is not annoying to cut it all. The body is slightly flat, and the insect is similar to qi. Shigu is not only the first antique in China, but also the first method for calligraphers. " It can be said that it is appreciation. Shi Guwen was cherished by Yilin, but after the Northern Song Dynasty, calligraphy research flourished and few people set foot in it. Until the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the wind of archaeological respect for monuments revived, and the stone drum characters were especially valued by calligraphers. Wu Da, you can get strict rhymes. Wu Changshuo, on the other hand, was angry that he was a man in ancient times. Both of them regard contemporary calligraphy as the most important thing for future generations.