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Chess, also known as chess, is called Xiangqi in English. 1. Ivory chess pieces in the former Liuqinshan Opera. Six black and six white. "Chu Ci evokes the soul": "There are six numbers in chess." Wang Yi's note: "After the banquet, set up six chopsticks, cover them with chopsticks, and use ivory as chess. It's beautiful and kind." Hong Xingzu quoted Humboldt's Jing Bo in his supplementary note: "Twelve pieces, six white pieces and six black pieces." 2. One of the ancient board games, also called Xiang. According to legend, it has existed since the Warring States period. Liu Han said to "Talking about Wanshan": "Yan plays chess and dances with Zheng women." Later, Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty made the Elephant Classic and collected hundreds of lectures. It is said that "Xiang Jing" has the image of the sun, the moon and the stars to contain soldiers. Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi The militarist recorded a volume of Xiang Jing, which was written by Emperor Wu of Zhou, but this book has not been circulated. The Ancient Chess Map written by Sima Guang in the Song Dynasty is different from today's chess. It is said that the chess that is popular today was made by Niu Sengru in Tang Dynasty. Carve logs or teeth and bones into 32 pieces, half red and half black. Two people play chess, the red side is responsible for the official, opponent, gun, cannon and five soldiers; The black side will take two generals, two elephants, two chariots, two horses, two cannons and five soldiers. When playing chess, both sides play popular chess in order to win by catching the dead hole of one of the generals. The arrangement of chess pieces was influenced by the battle forms of ancient two armies. By the Zhou dynasty, the basic establishment of the army was composed of five infantry, and the combat weapons were also bows, spears, spears and halberds. This is why there are five pieces on each side of the chess team.

Edit this brief history of chess

According to ancient cultural relics and documents, Chatulanka developed into Chastelain Zi in Khosrau I Anushirvan, Persia, and was introduced to China through the Silk Road as an elephant play in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and became Baoying chess in the Tang Dynasty. Finally, China people were transformed into the present China chess in the Song Dynasty. Some Soviet scholars published articles, trying to refute the Indian origin theory. 1972 Yugoslav historian bijiv's monograph "chess-a symbol of the universe" draws the conclusion that chess first appeared in China in 569 AD, and then gradually spread. But it was later proved that Bijifu was wrong, because the earliest board game Chatulanka was recorded and unearthed in Indian literature three centuries ago. Yan Shu's Lei Yao records that chess was introduced to China in the early years of Wei and Huang Dynasties in the Three Kingdoms. The shape of chess is constantly changing. At present, the theory of Indian origin is still dominant in the world. The ancients played chess.

Chess has a long history in China. There was a name for chess in the Warring States period, but it refers to six pieces made of ivory. For example, in "Chu Ci Evocation", there are six books and chess; Cao Cao goes hand in hand, forcing each other; When you become a cockroach, you will seek it and you will be white. "Shuo Yuan" contains: Yong Zhoujian said: "The first step is Wang Qian, ... Yan Douqi dances Zheng Nv. Therefore, as early as the Warring States period, Liubo became popular among the nobles. Liu Bodang was born in the clan area around the Zhou Dynasty (BC 1 1 century) in southern China. The chess system consists of three instruments: chess, chopsticks and chessboard. Both sides play chess, and each side has six pieces. It is said that there are many kinds of chess pieces: owl, Lu, pheasant, calf and stopper (two pieces). However, ancient cultural relics prove that Liu Boqi's son is not multi-armed, which is due to the confusion of Sui Pu's mistakes. Owl, deer, pheasant, calf and plug are the permutation and combination of throwing tools, not weapons. The chess pieces are carved with ivory. Bam, equivalent to dice, must be thrown before playing chess. The chessboard is a square chessboard. Liu Bo, on the other hand, "throws six moves and plays six games of chess", fighting wits and attacking each other in order to win one more game, which is different from eating Wang Weisheng's chess and has no evolutionary relationship. Just as Qiu Chuji and Wu Cheng'en both wrote The Journey to the West with the same name, Liu Bo and China have the same name only once. Later, a board game called "Sai" appeared, but it had nothing to do with chess. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Sai Opera was quite popular, and it was also called "Wu Ge". The chessboard unearthed from the Western Han Tomb in Yunmeng, Hubei Province and the painted wooden figurines unearthed from the Mo Zuizi Han Tomb in Wuwei, Gansu Province can reflect the description of the shape of Sai Opera in Bian Shao's Sai Fu in the Han Dynasty. Liu Bo, Cisse and Chess are completely different in rules, pieces and chessboards, and there is no evolutionary relationship between them. It is claimed on the Internet that Dr Joseph Needham, a famous British scholar, clearly pointed out in his History of Science and Culture in China that chess was invented by China on the basis of divination, which is also untrue, because in his History of Science and Technology in China, Book VI, Chapter 26, Physics (1) Magnetism and Electricity (8) Magnetism, Divination and Chess, the original text is about astrolabe chess, and astrolabe chess is also used for divination, not chess. Chess was first called elephant play, which appeared in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, meaning symbolic game. By the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wudi (reigned in 56 1 ~ 578) wrote Xiang Jing, while Wang Bao wrote Xiang Xu and Xiang Jing Fu, marking the completion of the second major reform of chess. After Emperor Wu of Zhou Dynasty, according to the chess series Xiang Jing at that time, there were images of the sun, the moon and the stars, so it was named Xiang Xi, which was called Xiang Xi in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Later, Baoying chess evolved into an eight-by-eight black-and-white chessboard with a three-dimensional shape in the Tang Dynasty. Shi Chang's "Buddhist Collection", Volume 222, said that "those who start with chariots, horses, generals and soldiers instead of the sun, the moon and the stars are different from cows, monks and sons. Chess invented by Emperor Yuwen Yong of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, chess activities were carried out steadily, which was frequently recorded in history books, the most important of which was a story about Censhun's dream of chess in the first year of Baoying (AD 762) in Niu Sen as a Mystery Record. Combining Suzhou brocade decorated with four patterns of "Qin, Qi, Calligraphy and Painting" and bronze chess pieces with figures painted on the back unearthed in Kaifeng, Henan, we can draw the conclusion that the shape of chess in Tang Dynasty is quite similar to that of early chess. The popularity of chess at that time can be seen from many records in poetry legends. The three-volume version of Xiang Bo Xiang's Opera Song may be a work of the Tang Dynasty. It is a misinformation to claim that Wu Zetian dreamed of playing chess with Luo Shen. According to the sixth suggestion in the supplement of the History of the Tang Dynasty, Wu Zetian dreamed of playing backgammon in the novels Nine Swords in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Di Zhuan, Tian Zhongji and Lei Xin. The marquis of Wu asked Diyun, "Last night, I dreamed of landing with someone, but I won many battles. Why? " Right: "It is providence that those who lose on both sides of the earth are built without uterus. Take this as a symbol of your majesty's concern. Can Anke keep an empty position for a long time? Modern chess style was not formed until the Song Dynasty. Cheng Hao, a Neo-Confucianist in the Song Dynasty, wrote a poem about chess: "Most chess is a play, like turning over a play to learn how to fight. There are also Zhou's famous works in chariots and horses, all of which have official Chinese names. China's army is heavy on all sides, striding lightly outside the river, but laughing at itself with its wrinkles, it is as strong as Liu Xiang. "There is no mention of guns in his poems, and he was the last one to join. Of course, it was only after China invented gunpowder and firearms that it was reflected in chess. The Song Dynasty was an era when chess was widely popular, and its form also changed greatly. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Sima Guang's Elephant Drama in Seven Countries, His Elephant Drama Style and Chess, Chao's Elephant Drama Map and other works came out one after another, and Elephant Drama was also deeply loved by the people. At that time, there were elephant play and elephant play in chess in the Northern Song Dynasty, both of which had cannon pieces. As big as playing modern chess, there are 32 pieces, and the size of the disk is set to vertical 10 and horizontal 9. The general lives in the Nine Palaces, and there is no scholar, so he is given two pieces. After that, chess became more popular, and many literati loved it, and chess players became a profession. It was not until the Southern Song Dynasty that the word chess began to refer to China's present chess. In the Southern Song Dynasty, elephant play became the present form of chess. The general stays at the bottom of Jiugong, and there is already a scholar. Chen's Shi Lin Guang Ji records the earliest two complete sets of chess and the oldest arrangement of "Two Dragons Going to Sea". After nearly a hundred years of practice, chess became a modern pattern at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty: 32 pieces, 1 general in black and 65,438 generals in red, 2 chariots, horses, cannons, elephants and scholars, and 5 soldiers. During the Southern Song Dynasty, chess became a household name and a very popular chess activity. Writers such as Li Qingzhao and Liu Kezhuang, politicians such as Hong Zun and Wen Tianxiang all like playing chess. In the "chess to be called" formulated by the court, players account for more than half. There are professionals called "chess players" and craftsmen who play autocratic chess and chessboards. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Hong Mai's Chess Classic, Chen's Chess Manual and Chen's Guang Ji also appeared. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, chess continued to be popular among the people, and its technical level was constantly improved. There are many summative theoretical monographs, among which the most important ones are Dreaming, Eighteen Changes of Jin Peng, The Secret of Orange, Shu Ya, Plum Blossom Music, Zhuxiangzhai Chess Manual and so on. Scholars such as Yang Shen, Tang Yin, Lang Ying, Luo Qi and Yuan Mei all like playing chess. The emergence of a large number of famous chess players shows that chess is loved by people from all walks of life. Orange secret

After the founding of New China, chess entered a new stage of development. From 65438 to 0956, chess became a national sport. Since then, national competitions have been held almost every year. 1962 The China Qi Xiang Association, a subsidiary of the All-China Sports Federation, was established, and corresponding subordinate associations were also established in various places. Over the past 40 years, due to the promotion of mass chess activities and competitions, the level of chess has improved rapidly, and outstanding players have emerged, among which the most famous players are Yang Guanlin, Hu Ronghua, Liu Dahua, Zhao Guorong, Li Laiqun, Lv Qin and Xu Yinchuan. The four major chess games in the world (Weiqi, China Chess, Chess and General Chess) are all related to the political system of this country. The political system reflected by chess is the feudal society in China, and it is almost a microcosm-there are Zhang Zhongjun (Jiugong), Wei Shi (scholar, official), civil servants (that is, the elephant and face of China chess are not allowed to cross the river), military commanders (cars, horses, guns) and soldiers (soldiers, soldiers). In order to promote the popularization and promotion of this project in the world, on February 23rd, 2009, according to the official reply of the State Sports General Administration, it was agreed to change the English translation of "China Chess" to "Chess". (Tijing Zi [2006]No. 123) "Chess" is one of the 78 sports officially launched in China.

Edit the chess, movements and comments of this paragraph.

chessboard

The place where the chess pieces move is called a chessboard. On the rectangular plane, nine parallel vertical lines and ten parallel horizontal lines intersect, and * * * has ninety intersections. Chess pieces are placed at the intersection. The middle part, that is, the blank area without vertical lines between the fifth and sixth horizontal lines of the chessboard, is called "River Boundary". In the middle of China's chessboard, there is often a gap with the words "Chu River" and "Han Boundary" written on it, which is the "Chu-Han War" in the history of chess. According to historical records, the "Chu River Han boundary" was located in Xingyang and Gaoping in ancient times, with the Yellow River in the north, Mangshan Mountain in the west, the plain in the east and Songshan Mountain in the south, which was a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties. In 203 BC, Liu Bang sent troops to attack Chu, and Xiang Yu was short of food and soldiers, so he was forced to put forward the requirement of "dividing the world, cutting the gap for Han in the west and Chu in the east". Since then, there has been a statement from the Chu and Jianghan circles. There are still two ancient city ruins in Guangwu Mountain of Xingyang, one in the west is called Hanwang City, and the other in the east is called Bawang City, which is said to have been built by Liu Bang and Xiang Yu. Between the two cities, there is a big ditch about 300 meters wide, which is what people usually call the gap, and it is also the basis for marking the boundary river on the chessboard. The square between the two ends, that is, between the fourth and sixth vertical lines at both ends, is called "Jiugong" (with exactly nine intersections), which symbolizes the military account. Initial chess position of chess piece

The whole chessboard is divided into two equal parts by the river boundary. In order to record the game and learn chess, the current rules stipulate that each vertical line in the red side is represented by chinese numerals 1 to 9 from right to left, and each vertical line in the black side is represented by Arabic numerals 1 to 9. Our own chess pieces always use their own line numbers, regardless of whether the chess pieces "cross the river". Before the game starts, the red and black sides should put the chess pieces in the designated position. Every step of any chess piece, walking sideways like a car, writes "advance", "retreat" and "flat".

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